Mikrobiota osídlující různé tělní oddíly poskytuje za fyziologických podmínek člověku komplexní podporu, která se výrazně podílí na jeho zdraví. Je proto přirozené, že k rozvoji mikrobioty dochází již ve velmi časných fázích ontogenetického vývoje. Přes kontroverznost tvrzení máme jasné důkazy přítomnosti bakterií ve fetálních tkáních ve druhém trimestru intrauterinního vývoje s prokázanou imunitní reakcí plodu na ně. Podstatným pozitivním podnětem pro rozvoj mikrobioty je porod per vaginam a kojení. Tím matka předá kojenci selektivní vzorce své mikrobioty. Prebiotika mateřského mléka stimulují rozvoj mikrobioty trávicí trubice, jejichž definitivní vzor je ovlivněn časově optimálním zařazením pevné stravy. V časném postnatálním období dochází vysoce regulovaně k osídlení ústní dutiny, kůže a dýchacího systému. Dysbiotické osídlovací vzory získané v časném dětství mají nezvratné negativní dopady na zdraví člověka po celý další ontogenetický vývoj.
Microbiota occupying different body compartments under physiological circumstances provides the complex support participating substantially on human health. It is therefore natural that the expansion of microbiota takes place very early during ontogenetic development. Despite some controversy, there is substantial evidence of the presence of bacteria in the tissue of midterm fetuses, with documented immune response to these bacterial stimuli. The optimal stimulus for the development of body microbiota is vaginal birth and breast‐feeding. Selective maternal microbial patterns are transferred to the newborn this way. Mother milk is enriched with prebiotic oligosaccharides, which are essential for the stimulation of gut microbiota of a toddler. The final shape of gut microbiota in a breast‐fed kid very much depends on the optimal timing of solid food introduction. Highly regulated gradual development of oral cavity, respiratory tract and skin microbiota is seen early in the postnatal period. Abnormal dysbiotic microbial patterns gained early in childhood may exert and irreversible negative influence on further ontogenetic development.
BACKGROUND: Natural killer cells (NK) and innate lymphoid cells with their subsets (ILC) are part of the innate immune system. OBJECTIVE: The aim is to evaluate how NK cells and ILC cells interact in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients (with and without dupilumab therapy) compared to control group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Complete dermatological examination was performed in all patients included in the study (19 AD patients with dupilumab, 17 AD patients without dupilumab). Surface molecules expressed on NK cells and ILC cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The association between NK cells and total ILC cells, ILC-1, ILC-2, ILC-3, NCR+ILC3, NCR-ILC3 were compared in AD patients and in the control group. The non-parametric Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used for this statistical analysis. We evaluated the association of parameters with AD severity at the time of treatment.Non-parametric Mann-Whitney, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used. RESULTS: We confirmed the higher association between NK cells and total ILC cells in AD patients without dupilumab therapy (in 30.3 %) and in healthy controls (in 27.2 %); this association is low in AD patients with dupilumab therapy (in 0.1 %). The higher association was confirmed between NK cells and ILCs subsets only in AD patients without dupilumab therapy; in these patients the highest association was confirmed between NK cells and ILC-2 cells (in 38.6 %). No statistically significant difference in the count of NK cells and ILC cells was found between mild and moderate form of AD patients treated with dupilumab. CONCLUSION: Targeting these cell types or the cytokines they produce could represent potential therapeutic strategies for controlling inflammation and alleviating symptoms in AD patients.
- MeSH
- atopická dermatitida * farmakoterapie imunologie MeSH
- buňky NK * imunologie účinky léků MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- humanizované monoklonální protilátky * terapeutické užití farmakologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lymfocyty imunologie účinky léků MeSH
- mezibuněčná komunikace MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- podskupiny lymfocytů imunologie účinky léků MeSH
- přirozená imunita účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Neutrophils are frequently found in the cytological picture of synovial fluid in several joint pathologies, and a higher proportion of them can even wrongly indicate these cases as purulent inflammation. For reliable differentiation between purulent and non-purulent cases, we use the cytological energy analysis of the synovial fluid. Using this method, we examined 350 knee joint synovial fluid samples. Overall, we found that the percentage of neutrophils ranged between 20.0% and 50.0% in 44 (12.6%) cases and was above 50.0% in 231 (66.0%) cases. In the same group, only 85 (24.3%) highly anaerobic synovial fluid samples were evaluated as purulent inflammation, and another 17 (4.9%) cases were evaluated as very likely purulent inflammation. Further, we quantified the immediate risk of purulent inflammation using the "purulent score" (PS). Of the total of 350 samples, 103 (29.4%) cases were classified as having a very high risk of purulent inflammation (PS = 4), 53 (15.1%) cases were classified as having a significant risk of purulent inflammation (PS = 3), 17 (4.9%) cases were classified as having a moderate risk of purulent inflammation (PS = 2), and 75 (21.4%) cases were classified as having no immediate risk of purulent inflammation (PS = 1). Based on our results and analyses, the cytological energy analysis of synovial fluid is an effective method that can be used to detect and specify joint inflammation and the risk of septic arthritis development.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Atopic dermatitis, also known as atopic eczema, is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by red pruritic skin lesions, xerosis, ichthyosis, and skin pain. Among the social impacts of atopic dermatitis are difficulties and detachment in relationships and social stigmatization. Additionally, atopic dermatitis is known to cause sleep disturbance, anxiety, hyperactivity, and depression. Although the pathological process behind atopic dermatitis is not fully known, it appears to be a combination of epidermal barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation. Skin is the largest organ of the human body which acts as a mechanical barrier to toxins and UV light and a natural barrier against water loss. Both functions face significant challenges due to atopic dermatitis. The list of factors that can potentially trigger or contribute to atopic dermatitis is extensive, ranging from genetic factors, family history, dietary choices, immune triggers, and environmental factors. Consequently, prevention, early clinical diagnosis, and effective treatment may be the only resolutions to combat this burdensome disease. Ensuring safe and targeted drug delivery to the skin layers, without reaching the systemic circulation is a promising option raised by nano-delivery systems in dermatology. In this review, we explored the current understanding and approaches of atopic dermatitis and outlined a range of the most recent therapeutics and dosage forms brought by nanotechnology. This review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases.
- MeSH
- atopická dermatitida * farmakoterapie MeSH
- humanizované monoklonální protilátky * MeSH
- kontrolní skupiny MeSH
- leukocyty MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pyl MeSH
- roční období MeSH
- T-lymfocyty MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The aim of this study was to conduct QuantiFERON Monitor (QFM) testing in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), which is used to monitor the state of the immune system through the non-specific stimulation of leukocytes followed by determining the level of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) released from activated cells. Additionally, we tested the level of selected cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-15, IL-33, VEGF) from stimulated blood samples to further understand the immune response. This study builds upon a previously published study, utilizing activated serum samples that were initially used for IFN-γ determination. However, our current focus shifts from IFN-γ to exploring other cytokines that could provide further insights into the immune response. A screening was conducted using Luminex technology, which yielded promising results. These results were then further elaborated upon using ELISA to provide a more detailed understanding of the cytokine profiles involved. This study, conducted from August 2019 to June 2023, included 280 participants: 98 RRMS patients treated with fingolimod (fMS), 96 untreated patients with progressive MS (pMS), and 86 healthy controls (HC). Our results include Violin plots showing elevated IL-1α in pMS and fMS. Statistical analysis indicated significant differences in the interleukin levels between groups, with IL-1ra and age as key predictors in differentiating HC from pMS and IL-1ra, IL-1α, age, and EDSS in distinguishing pMS from fMS. These findings suggest cytokines' potential as biomarkers in MS progression and treatment response.
- MeSH
- antagonista receptoru pro interleukin 1 MeSH
- cytokiny MeSH
- imunitní systém MeSH
- interferon gama MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- roztroušená skleróza * diagnóza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- atopická dermatitida * MeSH
- B-lymfocyty MeSH
- humanizované monoklonální protilátky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- roční období MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- dopisy MeSH
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to analyze the absolute count of leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, T cells, natural killer cells, B cells and to evaluate the expression of functionally important CD23 and CD200 molecules on B cells in patients suffering from atopic dermatitis (AD), (with and without dupilumab therapy). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 45 patients suffering from AD - 32 patients without dupilumab treatment (10 men, 22 women, average age 35.0 years), 13 patients with dupilumab treatment (7 men, 6 women, average age 43.4 years) and 30 healthy control (10 men, 20 women, average age 44.7 years). Immunophenotype was examined by flow cytometry (Navios Flow Cytometer - Beckman Coulter). The blood count was examined with a Sysmex XN 3000, Sysmex SP10, microscope DI60 for digital morphology evaluating cell division and microscope Olympus BX40. We compared the absolute count of leukocytes and their subsets, T cells (CD4, CD8), natural killers cells, absolute and relative count of B lymphocytes and expression of surface molecules CD23 and CD200 on B cells in AD patients and in control group. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis one-factor analysis of variance with post-hoc (follow-up multiple comparison) and Dunn's test with Bonferroni modification of significance level were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: We confirmed the significantly higher number of neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils and higher expression of CD23 and CD200 on B cells in peripheral blood of AD patients (either with or without dupilumab) therapy. We demonstrated the lower number of CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated the difference in the count of white blood cells populations in patients suffering from AD compared with healthy control. There were a differences in the expression of immunoregulatory molecules CD23 and CD200 on B cells in AD patients (either with or without dupilumab therapy) in comparison to healthy controls.
- MeSH
- atopická dermatitida * farmakoterapie MeSH
- B-lymfocyty MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- humanizované monoklonální protilátky farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monocyty MeSH
- stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
