Coronavirus infections are frequent viral infections in several species. As soon as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) appeared in the early 2000s, most of the research focused on pulmonary disease. However, disorders in immune response and organ dysfunctions have been documented. Elderly individuals with comorbidities exhibit worse outcomes in all the coronavirus that cause SARS. Disease severity in SARS-CoV-2 infection is related to severe inflammation and tissue injury, and effective immune response against the virus is still under analysis. ACE2 receptor expression and polymorphism, age, gender and immune genetics are factors that also play an essential role in patients' clinical features and immune responses and have been partially discussed. The present report aims to review the physiopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and propose new research topics to understand the complex mechanisms of viral infection and viral clearance.

• MeSH
• angiotensin konvertující enzym 2 genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• COVID-19 komplikace   imunologie   metabolismus   virologie   MeSH
• cytokiny metabolismus   MeSH
• energetický metabolismus MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mediátory zánětu metabolismus   MeSH
• náchylnost k nemoci imunologie   MeSH
• podskupiny lymfocytů imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• přirozená imunita MeSH
• receptor angiotensinu typ 2 metabolismus   MeSH
• replikace viru MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 fyziologie   MeSH
• syndrom uvolnění cytokinů etiologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• virové receptory metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin frequently found in cereals, and pigs are one of the most sensitive farm species to DON. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of DON in very low doses on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and on particular lymphocyte subpopulations. The cells were exposed to 1, 10 and 100 ng/mL of DON and lymphocyte viability, proliferation, and cytokine (Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-8, IL-17, Interferon (IFN) γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α production were studied. Cells exposed to DON for 5 days in concentrations of 1 and 10 ng/mL showed higher viability compared to control cells. After 18 h of DON (100 ng/mL) exposure, a significantly lower proliferation after mitogen stimulation was observed. In contrast, an increase of spontaneous proliferation induced by DON (100 ng/mL) was detected. After DON exposure, the expression of cytokine genes decreased, with the exception of IL-1β and IL-8, which increased after 18 h exposure to 100 ng/mL of DON. Among lymphocyte subpopulations, helper T-cells and γδ T-cells exhibiting lower production of IL-17, IFNγ and TNFα were most affected by DON exposure (10 ng/mL). These findings show that subclinical doses of DON lead to changes in immune response.

• MeSH
• cytokiny biosyntéza   genetika   MeSH
• exprese genu účinky léků   MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• leukocyty mononukleární účinky léků   imunologie   MeSH
• podskupiny lymfocytů účinky léků   imunologie   MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• proliferace buněk účinky léků   MeSH
• trichotheceny toxicita   MeSH
• viabilita buněk účinky léků   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The diverse repertoire of T-cell receptors (TCR) plays a key role in the adaptive immune response to infections. Using TCR alpha and beta repertoire sequencing for T-cell subsets, as well as single-cell RNAseq and TCRseq, we track the concentrations and phenotypes of individual T-cell clones in response to primary and secondary yellow fever immunization - the model for acute infection in humans - showing their large diversity. We confirm the secondary response is an order of magnitude weaker, albeit ∼10 days faster than the primary one. Estimating the fraction of the T-cell response directed against the single immunodominant epitope, we identify the sequence features of TCRs that define the high precursor frequency of the two major TCR motifs specific for this particular epitope. We also show the consistency of clonal expansion dynamics between bulk alpha and beta repertoires, using a new methodology to reconstruct alpha-beta pairings from clonal trajectories.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• epitopy imunologie   MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• imunologická paměť MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• podskupiny lymfocytů imunologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• receptory antigenů T-buněk genetika   imunologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• T-lymfocyty imunologie   fyziologie   virologie   MeSH
• transkriptom MeSH
• vakcína proti žluté zimnici imunologie   farmakologie   MeSH
• virus žluté zimnice imunologie   MeSH
• vysoce účinné nukleotidové sekvenování MeSH
• žlutá zimnice imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are fundamental for B cell selection and antibody maturation in germinal centers. Circulating Tfh (cTfh) cells constitute a minor proportion of the CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood, but their clonotypic relationship to Tfh populations resident in lymph nodes and the extent to which they differ from non-Tfh CD4+ cells have been unclear. Using donor-matched blood and tonsil samples, we investigate T cell receptor (TCR) sharing between tonsillar Tfh cells and peripheral Tfh and non-Tfh cell populations. TCR transcript sequencing reveals considerable clonal overlap between peripheral and tonsillar Tfh cell subsets as well as a clear distinction between Tfh and non-Tfh cells. Furthermore, influenza-specific cTfh cell clones derived from blood can be found in the repertoire of tonsillar Tfh cells. Therefore, human blood samples can be used to gain insight into the specificity of Tfh responses occurring in lymphoid tissues, provided that cTfh subsets are studied.

• MeSH
• buněčné klony cytologie   MeSH
• CD4-pozitivní T-lymfocyty imunologie   MeSH
• dárci tkání MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• folikulární pomocné T-buňky imunologie   MeSH
• hemaglutininové glykoproteiny viru chřipky imunologie   MeSH
• krční mandle imunologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• podskupiny lymfocytů imunologie   MeSH
• receptory CXCR3 metabolismus   MeSH
• velikost buňky MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural MeSH

BACKGROUND: Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is one of the most frequent primary immunodeficiencies and is characterized by disturbed immunoglobulin production and dysregulation of the immune system. Results of previous studies suggest a higher prevalence of bronchial asthma (BA) in CVID patients than in the general population. We initiated this study to evaluate lung functions and identify risk factors for BA and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) in patients with CVID. METHODS: Twenty-three patients with CVID were included in this study. In all of them, spirometry and a metacholine bronchoprovocation test were performed. We also investigated the role of atopy, eosinophilic inflammation, and potential risk factors such as gender, age, or immunoglobulin levels at the time of diagnosis. RESULTS: BHR was confirmed in 12 patients (52%), all of whom had normal FEV1 and FEV1/FVC. However, BHR-positive patients had significantly decreased MEF25. BHR-positive patients had also more symptoms related to bronchial obstruction, with 8 of them (35%) being suspected of having BA at the end of the study. A higher prevalence of BHR was found in females, with a relative risk of 2.89. CONCLUSIONS: An increased prevalence of BHR and BA was detected in CVID patients compared to the general population. BA may develop despite the disturbed immunoglobulin production, and the majority of patients display nonatopic and noneosinophilic properties. These results suggest a limited role of atopy and eosinophilic inflammation in the pathogenesis of BA in CVID patients.

• MeSH
• běžná variabilní imunodeficience komplikace   MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• bronchiální astma diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• bronchiální hyperreaktivita diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• bronchoprovokační testy MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• imunoglobulin G krev   imunologie   MeSH
• imunoglobulin M krev   imunologie   MeSH
• kožní testy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• podskupiny lymfocytů imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• respirační funkční testy MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

CD molecules are surface molecules expressed on cells of the immune system that play key roles in immune cell-cell communication and sensing the microenvironment. These molecules are essential markers for the identification and isolation of leukocytes and lymphocyte subsets. Here, we present the results of the first phase of the CD Maps study, mapping the expression of CD1-CD100 (n = 110) on 47 immune cell subsets from blood, thymus, and tonsil using an eight-color standardized EuroFlow approach and quantification of expression. The resulting dataset included median antibody binding capacities (ABCs) and percentage of positivity for all markers on all subsets and was developed into an interactive CD Maps web resource. Using the resource, we examined differentially expressed proteins between granulocyte, monocyte, and dendritic cell subsets, and profiled dynamic expression of markers during thymocyte differentiation, T-cell maturation, and between functionally distinct B-cell subset clusters. The CD Maps resource will serve as a benchmark of antibody reactivities ensuring improved reproducibility of flow cytometry-based research. Moreover, it will provide a full picture of the surfaceome of human immune cells and serves as a useful platform to increase our understanding of leukocyte biology, as well as to facilitate the identification of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets of immunological and hematological diseases.

• MeSH
• B-lymfocyty imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• CD antigeny biosyntéza   MeSH
• datové soubory jako téma MeSH
• dendritické buňky imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• granulocyty imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• imunofenotypizace MeSH
• internet MeSH
• leukocyty imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfopoéza MeSH
• monocyty imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• peptidové mapování MeSH
• podskupiny lymfocytů imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• průtoková cytometrie MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• separace buněk MeSH
• T-lymfocyty imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Porcine thymus contains three independent populations of cells that have rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain VDJH genes. The first population can be found exclusively in medulla and it consists of existing mature B cells and plasma cells. The second consists of developing B cells characterized by the presence of selected VDJH rearrangement, similar to B cell lymphogenesis in the bone marrow. The third population is entirely unaffected by selection mechanism for productive VDJH rearrangement and represents T lineage cells that rearrange immunoglobulin genes. Transcription of unselected VDJH repertoire is not allowed in T cells. Sequence analysis of unselected VDJH repertoire from T cells also revealed important consequences for B cell lymphogenesis and selection of B cell repertoire. As far as we know, this is the first evidence that some species completely rearrange VDJH genes in T cells. Our results also support the finding that B cells actively develop in the thymus.

• MeSH
• B-lymfocyty imunologie   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• geny pro těžké řetězce imunoglobulinů genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plod imunologie   MeSH
• podskupiny lymfocytů imunologie   MeSH
• prasata genetika   růst a vývoj   imunologie   MeSH
• T-lymfocyty imunologie   MeSH
• thymus růst a vývoj   imunologie   MeSH
• V(D)J rekombinace genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Imunitnú odpoveď delíme na prirodzenú a adaptívnu, i keď takéto striktné delenie je sporné, lebo jeden typ imunity ovplyvňuje druhý a naopak. Navyše existuje skupina buniek a imunitných mechanizmov, ktoré stoja niekde na rozhraní. B-lymfocyty a T-lymfocyty sú základnými predstaviteľmi adaptívnej imunity. Ani jedni z nich netvoria jednotnú populáciu. B-lymfocyty majú 3 subpopulácie (folikulové, B1 a marginálnej zóny). Pri T-lymfocytoch je situácia zložitejšia. Existujú 2 základné skupiny, tie s antigénovým receptorom α, β a tie s antigénovým receptorom γ, δ. T-lymfocyty αβ sú veľmi heterogénne; poznáme pomocné, cytotoxické a regulačné. Navyše pomocné T-lymfocyty sa delia na 7 subpopulácií. Okrem uvedených efektorových B-lymfocytov a T-lymfocytov, každá skupina má svoj náprotivok v podobe pamäťových buniek, pričom pamäťové T-lymfocyty sú 3 typov. Ďalšie skupiny lymfocytov označujeme ako nekonvenčné. Reprezentujú ich bunky NK, NKT a MAIT. Napokon v nedávnej dobe sa objavila skupina buniek, ktorá je práve na rozhraní medzi prirodzenou a adaptívnou imunitou. Ide o prirodzené lymfoidné bunky (Innate Lymphoid Cells - ILC). Tie tiež nie sú jednotné; v súčasnosti rozlišujeme 3 ich základné populácie: ILC1, ILC2 a ILC3. Navyše v rámci danej rodiny možno rozlíšiť ďalšie subpopulácie. Vymenovanie uvedených typov buniek poukazuje na komplexnosť a vzájomnú prepojenosť imunitných procesov v záujme udržania biologickej integrity jedinca.

Immune response is divided into natural and adaptive although such strict division is rather contentious as one type of immunity influences another one and vice-versa; moreover, there are cells and immune mechanisms, which stay somewhere in an interface. B and T lymphocytes represent principal cells of adaptive immunity. Not one of them form a uniform population. B cells comprise of three subpopulations (follicular, B1, marginal zone). Concerning T cells, the situation is more complicated. There are two basic populations, that expressing T cell receptors α, β and that expressing γ, δ receptors. T cells αβ are very heterogeneous; we can distinguish helper, cytotoxic and regulatory cells. Moreover, among T helper cell, are there seven subsets. Except the above-mentioned effector B and T cells, each group has its counterpart in the form of memory cells, wherein the memory T cell are of three types. The other group of lymphocytes represent so-called unconventional cells. NK, NKT a MAIT are their representatives; they are also heterogeneous. Ultimately, a novel group of cells appeared recently. It stays just on the interphase between natural and adaptive immunity. We know these cells under the name innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). They are also not uniform - three basic populations are well characterized: ILC1, ILC2, ILC3. Moreover, in the frame of each family, we can distinguish more subsets. Enumeration of said cell types indicates complexity and mutual interconnection of immune processes in order to maintain biological integrity of an individual.

• Klíčová slova
• ILC-buňky,
• MeSH
• B-lymfocyty * fyziologie   imunologie   MeSH
• buňky NK fyziologie   imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• podskupiny lymfocytů fyziologie   imunologie   MeSH
• T-lymfocyty * fyziologie   imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• ILC-buňky, innate lymphoid cells,
• MeSH
• alergie imunologie   MeSH
• atopická dermatitida imunologie   MeSH
• Crohnova nemoc imunologie   MeSH
• cytokiny MeSH
• imunitní systém * imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• interleukiny MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfocyty * imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• podskupiny lymfocytů imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• ulcerózní kolitida imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND/AIM: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are complex, and severe heterogeneous neurodevelopmental pathologies with accepted but complex immune system abnormalities. Additional knowledge regarding potential immune dysfunctions may provide a greater understanding of this malady. The aim of this study was to evaluate the CD57(+)CD3(-) mature lymphocyte subpopulation of natural killer cells as a marker of immune dysfunction in ASD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three-color flow cytometry-based analysis of fresh peripheral blood samples from children with autism was utilized to measure CD57(+)CD3(-) lymphocytes. RESULTS: A reduction of CD57(+)CD3(-) lymphocyte count was recorded in a significant number of patients with autism. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that the number of peripheral CD57(+)CD3(-) cells in children with autism often falls below the clinically accepted normal range. This implies that a defect in the counter-regulatory functions necessary for balancing pro-inflammatory cytokines exists, thus opening the way to chronic inflammatory conditions associated with ASD.

• MeSH
• antigeny CD3 metabolismus   MeSH
• antigeny CD57 metabolismus   MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• imunofenotypizace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• počet lymfocytů * MeSH
• podskupiny lymfocytů imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• poruchy autistického spektra imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• přirozená imunita * MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH