- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
Acute orofacial pain is associated with significant disability and has a detrimental impact on quality of life. Although various origins of the pain in trigeminal territory can be identified an odontogenic pathology is the most common cause of acute orofacial pain in patients. Due to complex pathophysiology drugs with multitarget action might provide beneficial effect in pain management. The aim of the present study was to experimentally examine the anti-nociceptive effects of tapentadol, an opioid agonist and a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (MOR/NRI), in our animal model of orofacial pain. We tested the effect of tapentadol at gradual doses of 1, 2 and 5 mg/kg during thermal and mechanical stimulation in the trigeminal area of adult rats. We observed that tapentadol exhibits antinociceptive effect at dosages of 2 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg and only in association with mechanical stimulation.
- MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- obličejová bolest farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- opioidní analgetika farmakologie MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- tapentadol farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Neurostimulation methods are used in the treatment of chronic pain, although mainly for pharmacology resistant pain. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neurostimulation method using low direct current (0.029-0.08 mA/cm2) applied to a cathode and anode, which directly stimulates the cranial surface. The applied current causes the most significant changes directly under the electrodes: the cathode reduces the excitability of cortical neurons, whereas the anode increases excitability. The effect of stimulation usually lasts a few hours up to a few days. We observed 19 patients with chronic orofacial pain. Inclusion criteria for the study were the following: orofacial pain, stable analgesic medication for at least one week before the beginning of stimulation and during its course, and age 18-75 years old. Patients with severe organic brain damage or seizure disease (epilepsy) were not included. The most common diagnosis was secondary trigeminal neuralgia after dental surgery. We measured thermal and tactile stimulation on the face before and after tDCS, then at 14 days. The total follow-up period lasted six months. We evaluated pain on a numerical scale (0-10) at each follow-up. We used sets of inventories focused on the examination of pain (a short form of McGill inventory), depression, anxiety, and pain interference with daily activities. tDCS is a non-invasive stimulation technique that is affordable and can be easily administered, especially when compared to other neurostimulation techniques. Only 15 patients out of the total number of 19 responded to the questionnaires.
OBJECTIVE: Tapentadol exhibits a synergistic dual effect effect (MOR / NRI) -agonist effect on noradrena-line reuptake inhibition (NRI). Tapentadol is effective on pain with neuropathic characteristics, therefore we decided to use it in an experimental model of acute orofacial pain. METHODS: The Orofacial Stimulation Test, developed by Ugo Basile, measures hypersensitivity to thermal or mechanical stimulation of the trigeminal area. In the experiment, rats had to voluntarily contact a thermal or mechanical stimulator with their unshaved vibrissal pad in order to access a food reward. Twenty adult laboratory rats (average weight 345 grams) were tested. Intraperitoneal tapentadol was used in doses of 1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg. RESULTS: The results of the pilot study indicate that intraperitoneal administration of tapentadol (2 mg/kg) increased mechanical anti-nociception in rats.
- MeSH
- akutní bolest farmakoterapie patofyziologie MeSH
- centrální jádro amygdaly fyziologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- měření bolesti metody MeSH
- naloxon farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- obličejová bolest farmakoterapie patofyziologie MeSH
- opioidní analgetika terapeutické užití MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- tapentadol antagonisté a inhibitory terapeutické užití MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- yohimbin farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Pain increased the number of free radicals in the body. Previously, we studied changes mainly in oxygen and nitroxide free radicals and described these changes relative to the lipids and saccharides. In this article we focus on changes relative to proteins. Assessment of AGE products (advanced glycation end-products) was carried out by measuring fluorescence. Patients were divided into two groups: 15 patients with acute pain and 17 patients with chronic pain. Acute pain was associated with a variety of surgical procedures and patients were examined before and after surgical procedures. The group of patients with chronic pain suffered from various types of chronic pain, but mainly back pain. In patients with acute pain, total protein (TP) decreased after surgery, as did the level of AGE and the AGE/TP ratio. Nonetheless, post-operative pain increased. In patients with chronic pain, neither total protein, AGE, or AGE/TP changed, despite significant pain relief being reported after treatment. Changes in proteins, as biochemical markers, before and after pain treatment did not show any significant changes. In patients with acute pain, the recorded changes only lasted for 3-5 days after the operation. While in chronic pain, there were no significant changes at all. The assumption that changes in proteins, as biomarkers, would have the same importance as changes in lipids and saccharides was not proven.
- MeSH
- akutní bolest krev terapie MeSH
- biologické markery krev MeSH
- chronická bolest krev terapie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- měření bolesti metody MeSH
- opioidní analgetika terapeutické užití MeSH
- paracetamol terapeutické užití MeSH
- pooperační bolest krev terapie MeSH
- produkty pokročilé glykace krev MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Otrava vodou patří mezi poměrně vzácně se vyskytující diagnózy na interních odděleních. Jedná se o život ohrožující stav, při kterém se může rozvinout mozkový edém s neurologickou symptomatologií až smrtí. Patofyziologickým podkladem je hypoosmolární hyperhydratace, s přesunem vody do buněk. Stav může mít řadu patologických příčin, vyskytovat se jako nežádoucí účinek některých léků, v rámci jiných onemocnění, z iatrogenních příčin, nebo je důsledkem extenzivního příjmu hypoosmolárních tekutin u jinak zdravých lidí.
Water intoxication is a relatively rare occurrence in departments of internal medicine. It is a life-threatening condition in which cerebral oedema with neurological symptomatology or even death can occur. The pathophysiology involves hypo-osmolar hyperhydration, with a shift of water into the cells. The condition can have a number of pathological causes, occur as an adverse effect of certain medications, as part of other diseases, due to iatrogenic causes, or as a result of excessive intake of hypo-osmolar fluids in otherwise healthy individuals.
- Klíčová slova
- hypervolemie,
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hypertenze diagnóza etiologie terapie MeSH
- intoxikace vodou * diagnóza etiologie terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- minerály krev metabolismus moč MeSH
- pití * MeSH
- poruchy vědomí diagnóza etiologie MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- svalové křeče diagnóza etiologie MeSH
- vodní a elektrolytová nerovnováha * komplikace terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
We studied the ability of monkeys and humans to orient in one spatial frame ("response frame") according to abstract spatial stimuli presented in another spatial frame ("stimulus frame"). The stimuli were designed as simple maps of the "response space". We studied how the transformations of these stimuli affected the performance. The subjects were trained to choose a particular position in the response frame - either on a touch screen (monkeys) or on a keyboard (humans) - according to schematic spatial stimuli presented on the stimulus screen. The monkeys responded by touching one of four circles shown in corners of a rectangle displayed on the touch screen. The correct position was signaled by the stimulus ("map") presented on the stimulus screen. The map was a complementary rectangle, but only with one circle shown ("pointer"). The position of this circle indicated the correct position in the response frame. In the first experiment we only manipulated stimuli presented on the computer screen. The "map" was originally shown in the same position and orientation as the "response pattern" but later the position and the rotation of the map on the screen were changing. Such transformations of the stimuli allow us to study the mental operations that the animals performed and how particular mental transformations mutually differed. In the second experiment we tested whether the monkeys relied more on stimuli presented on the screen or on the surrounding stable environment and objects. We compared the performance of animals in tasks with rotated virtual maps in a stable surrounding environment with the performance in tasks where we rotated the surrounding frame (computer monitor), whereas the stimuli on the screen remained stable. In the third experiment we tested human subjects in analogous tests to compare the ability and cognitive strategies of monkeys and humans in this task. We showed that the mental strategies that monkeys used for orientation in one spatial frame according to the map presented in the other spatial frame depended on the type of stimulus manipulation. We demonstrated that for monkeys there was a difference between solving "mental rotation" and "mental translocation" in this experimental design. We showed that humans were able both to mentally rotate and translocate the displayed stimuli. However, the mental rotation was more difficult than mental translocation also for them. These experiments help us to understand how the monkeys perceive the abstract spatial information, create the representation of space and how they transform the information about the position obtained from one spatial frame into another. The comparison between humans and monkeys allows us to study this cognitive ability in phylogeny.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kognice fyziologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Macaca mulatta MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- reakční čas MeSH
- rotace MeSH
- rozpoznávání obrazu * MeSH
- vnímání prostoru fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Studovali jsme schopnost lidí reagovat na vizuální stimuly zobrazované na počítačovém monitoru určitou operantní odpovědí. Použili jsme Stimuly dvojího typu: „prostorové", které v sobě obsahovaly jednoznačné geometrické pravidlo („Mapy"), a „neprostorové", které žádné implicitní pravidlo neobsahovaly a umožnily řešit úlohu jen prostou asociací stimulu s příslušnou odpovědí („Stimulus-reakce"). Zkoumali jsme, jak se Uší výkon a kognitivní strategie v případě, že budeme s prostorovými stimuly manipulovat (posunovat je a rotovat) a srovnávali jsme reakční čas a počet chyb s jakým lidé reagovali na prostorové a neprostorové stimuly. Ukázali jsme, že translace mapy neměla žádný nebo pouze velmi malý vliv na výkon subjektů, naopak rotace mapy vedla k poklesu výkonnosti. Pokud prostorové stimuly byly s nulovou nebo s malou rotací, byla výkonnost při řešení úlohy s prostorovými stimuly (s implicitním pravidlem) vyšší než při řešení obdobné úlohy s neprostorovými stimuly (bez impicitního pravidla). V případě velkých rotací byla naopak výkonnost horší než za použití prostého spojení „stimul - reakce" na základě vybavení z paměti.
We have studied the ability of humans to react to abstract visual stimuli presented on a computer screen. We used two kinds of stimuli: (a) sim- ple maps including implicit geometric rule and (b) patterns without any implicit information. We study how cognitive strategies and efficiency in the task would differ when we manipulate the spatial stimuli (translate and rotate them on the screen) and we compare the re action time and the number of errors when the humans reacted to spatial and non-spatial stimuli. We showed that map translations had none or only a little effect on subject’s performance. On contrast, map rotations caused de crease of performance. The efficiency was higher in tasks with spatial stimuli than with non-spatial stimuli in case that the spatial stimuli were not rotated or only with small rotations. Contrary, big rotations led to the decrease of efficiency.
- Klíčová slova
- geometrie, prostorová kognice,
- MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- matematika MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy normy statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- orientace MeSH
- paměť MeSH
- podněty MeSH
- prostorové chování MeSH
- reakční čas MeSH
- rotace MeSH
- rozhodování MeSH
- software MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- vnímání prostoru MeSH
- vnímání tvaru MeSH
- výzkum MeSH
- zraková percepce MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Schopnost vytvářet vnitřní reprezentace prostředí je vlastní řadě živočišných druhů, včetně člověka. Jednou ze základních složek této prostorové kognice je schopnost vnímat geometrii prostoru. V předchozích experimentech jsme ukázali, že makaci jsou schopni orientovat se v reálném prostoru na základě abstraktních stimulů zobrazovaných na monitoru. Ve stávajících experimentech se zaměřujeme na detailní zkoumání strategie, jakou k abstrakci prostoru makaci používají. V prezentovaném experimentu jsme sledovali, jak makaci vnímají abstraktní geometrickou informaci zobrazovanou na počítačovém monitoru a jak tuto informaci používají pro orientaci v reálném prostoru. Prezentované stimuly byly navrženy jako jednoduchá symbolická reprezentace »odpověďového prostoru", ve kterém makaci volih mezi jednotlivými diskrétními pozicemi. Byli tak nuceni dekódovat informaci obsaženou v jednom prostorovém rámci a transformovat ji pro orientaci (pro prostorovou volbu) v jiném prostorovém rámci. Stimuly, podle kterých se makaci měli orientovat, byly navrženy původně jako reprezentace „odpověďového prostoru". Během experimentu jsme manipulovali jednotlivými geometrickými vlastnostmi stimulů, abychom identifikovali, které z těchto rysů jsou pro vnímání této prostorové reprezentace nejdůležitější. Identifikovali jsme někoUk možných strategií, které mohli makaci pro řešení úlohy používat.
The ability to create an inner representation of a space is crucial for most animal's species, including human. One of the esse ntial parts of this spatial cognition is the ability to perceive and decode geometry of the space. In previous experiments we demonstrated that macaques are able to orient in a real space according to abstract visual stimuli p resented on a computer screen. In the present experiments we focus on detailed analysis of strategy used by monkeys to abstract geometric information about sp ace. In the present experiment we study how the monkeys perceive the geometrical information shown on the computer screen and how th ey use this information for orientation in the real space. Presented stimuli were designed as a simple symbolic representation of a „r esponse space“ where the subjects choose among the particular separate positions. Therefore they had to decode the information from one spatia l frame and use it for orientation in the other spatial frame. The stimuli provided for orientation were initially designed as a representation of the “response space”. During the experiment we manipula- ted particular geometrical features of the stimuli to identify which of these features are the most important for representatio n of the space. We proposed few possible strategies which the monkeys could use for solving the task.
- Klíčová slova
- makaci, mentální transformace, prostorová kognice, geometrie,
- MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- fyzikální stimulace metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- kognice MeSH
- modely u zvířat MeSH
- vnímání prostoru fyziologie klasifikace MeSH
- zraková percepce MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
We showed previously that macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta) could orient in real space using abstract visual stimuli presented on a computer screen. They made correct choices according to both spatial stimuli (designed as an abstract representation of a real space) and nonspatial stimuli (pictures lacking any inner configuration information). However, we suggested that there were differences in processing spatial and nonspatial stimuli. In the present experiment we show that monkeys could also use as a cue abstract spatial stimuli rotated with respect to the real response space. We studied the ability of monkeys to decode abstract spatial information provided in one spatial frame (computer screen) and to perform spatial choices in another spatial frame (touch panel separated from the screen). We analyzed how the monkeys were affected by the type of training, whether they perceived the stimuli as "spatial" or "nonspatial," and which cues they used to decode them. We compared humans to monkeys in a similar test to find out which cognitive strategy they used and whether they perceive spatial stimuli in the same way. We demonstrated that there were two possible strategies to solve the task, simple "fitting" ignoring rotations and "remapping," when the stimulus was represented as an "abstract space" per se.
- MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- kognice fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Macaca mulatta fyziologie MeSH
- orientace fyziologie MeSH
- podněty MeSH
- prostorové chování fyziologie MeSH
- rotace MeSH
- světelná stimulace MeSH
- vnímání prostoru fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
