Autori prezentujú prípad I. trimestrového potratu s klinicky suponovanou skorou formou kompletnej moly hydatidózy. Histopatologická a imunohistochemická analýza vylúčila kompletnú molu, ale histomorfologický profil naznačoval parciálnu hydatidóznu molu. Genetická analýza vylúčila parciálnu molu na základe biparentálnej kompozície genómu, ďalšie genetické analýzy odhalili trizómiu chromozómu 16. Trizómia chromozómu 16 je častou príčinou potratov v I. trimestri a môže viesť k vysoko abnormálnej histomorfológii placenty napodobňujúcej parciálnu molu. Genetické analýzy sú v týchto prípadoch rozhodujúce pre správnu diferenciálnu dia gnostiku, a teda pre stanovenie adekvátnej dispenzárnej starostlivosti a prognózy pre ďalšie gravidity.

The authors present a case of 1st trimester miscarriage where an early, complete hydatidiform mole was clinically suspected. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses excluded a complete mole, but the histomorphological profile was in concordance with a partial hydatidiform mole. Genetic analysis excluded a partial mole based on biparental genome composition, where further genetic analyses detected trisomy of chromosome 16. Trisomy of chromosome 16 is a frequent cause of 1st trimester abortions and may lead to highly abnormal placental histomorphology mimicking a partial mole. Genetic analyses are crucial for proper differential diagnosis and for the determination of adequate follow-up and prognosis for further pregnancies.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16 genetics   MeSH
• Hydatidiform Mole * diagnosis   genetics   classification   complications   MeSH
• Molecular Mimicry genetics   MeSH
• DNA Mutational Analysis classification   methods   MeSH
• Placenta anatomy & histology   pathology   MeSH
• Abortion, Spontaneous etiology   genetics   MeSH
• Trisomy * genetics   pathology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Case Reports MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Východiská: Lynchov syndróm (LS) je autozomálne dominantné dedičné ochorenie, ktoré sa prejavuje zvýšením rizika vzniku nádorových ochorení, a to predovšetkým kolorektálneho a endometriálneho karcinómu. Nedávne štúdie preukázali aj asociáciu medzi LS a nádorovým ochorením prsníka. Cieľom tejto štúdie je poukázať na možný výskyt prítomnosti mutácií v génoch asociovaných s LS u pacientov s rakovinou prsníka a na potrebu zahrnúť vyšetrenie Lynch asociovaných génov u pacientov s familiárnym a opakovaným výskytom rakoviny prsníka ako aj s výskytom ďalších Lynch asociovaných nádorových ochorení. Materiál a metódy: Analyzovali sme vzorky nádorového tkaniva od 78 pacientov s primárnym nádorom prsníka. U pacientov sme analyzovali panel génov asociovaný s rizikom vzniku rakoviny prsníka, pričom sme sa v rámci našej štúdie sústredili primárne na výskyt mutácií v mismatch-repair génoch. DNA izolovaná z nádorového tkaniva bola sekvenovaná pomocou metódy sekvenovania novej generácie (next generation sequencing – NGS) a podrobená analýze pomocou nástroja Ingenuity Variant Analysis. Na potvrdenie zárodočnej mutácie sme vyšetrili krvnú vzorku pacientky pomocou NGS. Výsledky: V rámci našej analýzy sa nám v nádorovom tkanive prsníka podarilo identifikovať variant v géne PMS2 u jednej pacientky. Prítomnosť mutácie naznačuje, že vzniknuté nádorové ochorenie môže byť následkom LS. Z hľadiska patogenity sa jednalo o pravdepodobne patogénny variant, nakoľko sme odhalili deléciu v exónovej oblasti, ktorá viedla k frameshift mutácii. Navyše sme identifikovali aj jednonukleotidové patogénne varianty v génoch TP53 a PIK3CA. Pre definitívne stanovenie diagnózy LS u pacientky sme vyšetrili krvnú vzorku, kde sme tiež identifikovali mutáciu génu PMS2. Záver: LS je u mnohých Lynch asociovaných nádorových ochorení poddiagnostikovaný. V prípade familiárneho výskytu rakoviny prsníka a ďalších Lynch asociovaných génov je však dôležité myslieť aj na možnú diagnózu LS a v prípade, že pacient spĺňa diagnostické kritéria, uskutočniť aj genetické vyšetrenie Lynch asociovaných génov.

Background: Lynch syndrome (LS) is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder which causes an increased risk of cancer, especially colorectal and endometrial carcinomas. Recent studies have shown an association between LS and breast cancer as well. The aim of our study is to highlight the possible presence of mutations in genes associated with LS in patients with breast cancer and the need to include the examination of Lynch-associated genes in patients with a family history of breast cancer as well as in patients with recurrent breast cancer, as well as with the occurrence of other Lynch-associated cancer. Materials and methods: We analyzed tumor tissue samples from 78 patients with primary breast cancer. Our samples were tested with a gene panel associated with the risk of developing breast cancer, while in our study we focused primarily on the occurrence of mutations in mismatch-repair genes. DNA isolated from tumor tissue was sequenced using next generation sequencing (NGS) and analyzed using the Ingenuity Variant Analysis tool. To confirm the germline mutation, we examined the patient‘s blood sample using NGS sequencing. Results: As a result of our analysis, we managed to identify a mutation in the PMS2 gene in one patient‘s breast tumor tissue. The presence of this mutation indicates that the resulting cancer may be a consequence of LS. As for pathogenicity, this was probably a pathogenic variant, as we detected deletions in the exon region, which led to frameshift mutation. Moreover, we also identified single-nucleotide pathogenic variants in the TP53 and PIK3CA genes. To definitively establish the diagnosis of LS in the patient, we examined a blood sample, where we also identified a mutation of the PMS2 gene. Conclusion: LS is underdiagnosed in many Lynch-associated cancers. However, in the case of a familial occurrence of breast cancer and other Lynch-associated genes, it is important to think about a possible diagnosis of LS and, if the patient meets the diagnostic criteria, to carry out a genetic examination of Lynch-associated genes.

• MeSH
• Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis diagnosis   genetics   pathology   MeSH
• Genetic Predisposition to Disease MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Mismatch Repair Endonuclease PMS2 genetics   MeSH
• Mutation MeSH
• Breast Neoplasms * genetics   MeSH
• Pilot Projects MeSH
• Germ-Line Mutation MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

A case of double trisomy 16 and 22 in the second pregnancy loss is presented. DNA analyses (short tandem repeats genotyping) of miscarriage specimen was indicated because of ultrasound suspicion of partial hydatidiform mole. After the partial hydatidiform mole exclusion, further DNA analyses focused on the most common aneuploidies causing pregnancy loss, detected double trisomy 16 and 22 in the product of conception. The couple was referred to clinical genetic consultation and normal parental karyotypes were proved. For further explanatory purposes, archived material from the first pregnancy loss was analyzed and trisomy of chromosome 18 was detected. By comparison of allelic profiles of the mother, father, and both losses, the maternal origin of all aneuploidies was proven what can be attributed to frequent meiosis errors, probably due to advanced maternal age (44 years at the first loss and 45 years at the second loss). In conclusion, aneuploidies can mimic partial hydatidiform mole. Genetic analysis is helpful on the one hand to rule out partial hydatidiform mole and on the other hand to identify aneuploidies and in this way to determine the cause of miscarriage.

• MeSH
• DNA MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Hydatidiform Mole * diagnosis   genetics   MeSH
• Uterine Neoplasms * diagnosis   genetics   MeSH
• Abortion, Spontaneous * diagnosis   genetics   MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Trisomy diagnosis   genetics   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Case Reports MeSH

Despite the rapid progress in the field of personalized medicine and the efforts to apply specific treatment strategies to patients based on the presence of pathogenic variants in one, two, or three genes, patient response to the treatment in terms of positive benefit and overall survival remains heterogeneous. However, advances in sequencing and bioinformatics technologies have facilitated the simultaneous examination of somatic variants in tens to thousands of genes in tumor tissue, enabling the determination of personalized management based on the patient's comprehensive genomic profile (CGP). CGP has the potential to enhance clinical decision-making and personalize innovative treatments for individual patients, by providing oncologists with a more comprehensive molecular characterization of tumors. This study aimed to highlight the utility of CGP in routine clinical practice. Here we present three patient cases with various advanced cancer indicated for CGP analysis using a combination of SOPHiA Solid Tumor Solution (STS, 42 genes) for DNA and SOPHiA RNAtarget Oncology Solution (ROS, 45 genes and 17 gene fusions with any random partners) for RNA. We were able to identify actionable genomic alterations in all three cases, thereby presenting valuable information for future management of these patients. This approach has the potential to transform clinical practice and greatly improve patient outcomes in the field of oncology.

• MeSH
• Genomics MeSH
• Precision Medicine MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neoplasms * diagnosis   genetics   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Autori prezentujú prípad parciálnej hydatidóznej moly, kde DNA analýza (STR – genotypizácia krátkych tandemových opakovaní) poukázala na triandrickú monogynickú tetraploidnú kompozíciu genómu s gonozómovým komplementom XXXY. Uvedený genetický nález, ktorý je zriedkavý v porovnaní s typickými, diandrickými monogynickými triploidnými parciálnymi molami, klinicko-patologicky koreluje s parciálnou molou. Genetická analýza definitívne potvrdila podozrenie na parciálnu molu. Pre vylúčenie možnosti pôvodu molárnej gravidity ako zadržané produkty koncepcie po predchádzajúcej tehotnosti ukončenej interrupciou, boli porovnané STR profily molárnej gravidity a produktu predcházajúcej koncepcie. Genotypizácia krátkych tandemových opakovaní je užitočná molekulárno-genetická metóda v diferenciálnej diagnostike parciálnej hydatidóznej moly, kde sú klinicko-patologické nálezy často nejednoznačné.

The authors present a case of a partial hydatidiform mole where DNA analysis (STR – short tandem repeat genotyping) showed a triandric monogynic tetraploid genome composition with a XXXY gonosomal complement. This genetic finding clinicopathologically correlates with a partial hydatidiform mole, although it is rare in comparison with the typical, diandric monogynic triploid partial moles. The genetic analysis definitively confirmed the suspected diagnosis of a partial mole. To exclude the possibility that molar pregnancy represented retained products of conception after elective pregnancy termination, STR profiles from molar pregnancy and previous products of conception were compared. Short tandem repeats genotyping is a useful molecular genetic method in the differential diagnosis of partial hydatidiform moles, where clinical-pathological findings are frequently ambiguous.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Fertilization genetics   MeSH
• Genotyping Techniques methods   instrumentation   MeSH
• Abortion, Induced MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Hydatidiform Mole * diagnosis   genetics   physiopathology   MeSH
• Tetraploidy * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Case Reports MeSH

Endometrial carcinoma (ECa) is one of the most common neoplasia of the female genital tract. The phosphatase and tensin (PTEN) homolog is the most frequently mutated tumor suppressor gene in endometrial carcinoma. PTEN encodes a phosphatase, a key regulatory enzyme involved in a signal transduction pathway that regulates cell growth, migration and apoptosis. The study evaluates an association between the morphological appearance of endometrial hyperplasia and ECa, and the presence of PTEN variations, PTEN protein ́s level and intracellular localization. A total of 67 archived formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded human biopsy tissue specimens with normal proliferative and secretory endometrium, endometrial hyperplasia without atypia and endometrial atypical hyperplasia, endometrioid the grade G1 and G3 and serous subtype of ECa were evaluated by sequencing for the presence of mutations in coding regions of PTEN gene of endometrial epithelial cells. The PTEN gene expression and intercellular localization of PTEN protein were evaluated immunohistochemically by immunoreactive score (IRS). PTEN mutation spectrum in endometrial carcinoma was identified for Slovak population. 28 non-silent mutations were identified in PTEN, twelve of them were novel, not annotated in Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer. Higher frequency of PTEN mutations was observed in serous carcinoma compared to global average. No correlation was observed between samples ́ IRS, PTEN cellular localization and identified mutations. PTEN sequencing can be beneficial for patients considering prognosis of disease and sensitivity to treatment.

• MeSH
• Endometrium metabolism   pathology   MeSH
• PTEN Phosphohydrolase genetics   MeSH
• Endometrial Hyperplasia * genetics   pathology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Mutation MeSH
• Endometrial Neoplasms * diagnosis   genetics   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Slovakia MeSH

Fighting resistance to antibiotics and chemotherapeutics has brought bioactive peptides to the fore. Peptaibols are short α-aminoisobutyric acid-containing peptides produced by Trichoderma species. Here, we studied the production of peptaibols by Trichoderma atroviride O1 and evaluated their antibacterial and anticancer activity against drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant bacterium and cancer cell lines. This was substantiated by an analysis of the activity of the peptaibol synthetase-encoding gene. Atroviridins, 20-residue peptaibols were detected using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Gram-positive bacteria were susceptible to peptaibol-containing extracts of T. atroviride O1. A synergic effect of extract constituents was possible, and the biolo-gical activity of extracts was pronounced in/after the peak of peptaibol synthetase activity. The growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was reduced to just under 10% compared to the control. The effect of peptaibol-containing extracts was strongly modulated by the lipoteichoic acid and only slightly by the horse blood serum present in the cultivation medium. Peptaibol-containing extracts affected the proliferation of human breast cancer and human ovarian cancer cell lines in a 2D model, including the multidrug-resistant sublines. The peptaibols influenced the size and compactness of the cell lines in a 3D model. Our findings indicate the molecular basis of peptaibol production in T. atroviride O1 and the potential of its peptaibol-containing extracts as antimicrobial/anticancer agents.

• MeSH
• Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology   MeSH
• Drug Resistance, Bacterial * MeSH
• Fungal Proteins metabolism   MeSH
• Hypocreales enzymology   metabolism   MeSH
• Horses MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Ligases metabolism   MeSH
• Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus drug effects   MeSH
• MCF-7 Cells MeSH
• Cell Line, Tumor MeSH
• Neoplasms drug therapy   MeSH
• Peptaibols analysis   metabolism   pharmacology   MeSH
• Antineoplastic Agents pharmacology   MeSH
• Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Akútna myeloidná leukémia (AML) je značne heterogénny podtyp leukémie, ktorý predstavuje 25 % všetkých detských leukémií. Prítomnosťou genetických mutácií v kmeňových krvotvorných/progenitorových bunkách produkuje kostná dreň veľké množstvo abnormálnych nediferencovaných leukocytov (blastov), čo výrazne narúša správnu diferenciáciu buniek. AML je indukovaná dvomi zásahmi. Chromozomálna translokácia počas hematopoézy vnútromaternicového vývoja predstavuje prvý zásah. Tak vzniknú preleukemické fúzne gény (PFG), ktoré sa môžu neskôr transformovať druhým zásahom (bodová genetická mutácia - delécia, inzercia...) na funkčný malígny klon. Medzi charakteristické fúzne gény AML patria napríklad AML1-ETO, PML‐RARA či MLL‐AF9, ktoré následne produkujú hybridné proteíny so zmenenou funkciou. Viaceré štúdie poukazujú na to, že tieto PFG sú považované za dôležitý prognostický nástroj pri hodnotení ochorení. Zatiaľ čo výskyt PFG charakteristických pre akútnu lymfoblastickú leukémiu (ALL) je relatívne dobre preskúmaný a odhadoval sa na 1 až 5 % v pupočníkovej krvi zdravých novorodencov, PFG relevantné pre AML stále nie sú dostatočne objasnené.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly heterogeneous subtype of leukemia, accounting for 25 % of childhood leukemias. By the presence of genetic mutations in hematopoietic/ progenitor stem cells, the bone marrow produces a large number of abnormal undifferentiated leukocytes (blasts), which significantly impairs the proper differentiation of cells. AML is induced by two interventions. Chromosomal translocation during hematopoiesis of intrauterine development is the first intervention. This creates preleukemic fusion genes (PFG), which can later be transformed by a second intervention (point genetic mutation - deletion, insertion ...) into a functional malignant clone. Characteristic AML fusion genes include AML1-ETO, PML-RARA or MLL-AF9, which in turn produce hybrid proteins with altered function. Several studies suggest that these PFGs are considered an important prognostic tool in disease assessment. While the incidence of PFG characteristic of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has been relatively well studied by several research groups and has been estimated at 1 to 5% in the umbilical cord blood of healthy neonates, PFG relevant to AML are still not sufficiently clarified.

• MeSH
• Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute * diagnosis   genetics   MeSH
• Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha genetics   MeSH
• Oncogene Proteins, Fusion * genetics   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit genetics   MeSH
• Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein genetics   MeSH
• Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein genetics   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Cieľ: Cieľom práce bola genetická charakterizácia súboru prípadov suspektných z parciálnej moly hydatidózy na základe nejednoznačného morfologického obrazu placentárneho tkaniva. Súbor a metodika: Práca predkladá výsledky genetickej analýzy súboru 10 pacientok s rôznymi klinickými prejavmi reprodukčných strát, u ktorých bola na základe histopatologického vyšetrenia suponovaná parciálna mola hydatidóza. Kompozícia genómu produktu koncepcie bola určená genotypizáciou krátkych tandemových opakovaní (STR – short tandem repeats) použitím komerčnej súpravy „Devyser Compact v3“ (Devyser). Výsledky a závery: Z 10 vyšetrených prípadov bol v piatich zistený diandrický monogynický triploidný genóm charakteristický pre parciálnu molu. V štyroch prípadoch boli vylúčené aneuploidie chromozómov 13, 18, 21, X a Y, v jednom prípade bol diagnostikovaný Patauov syndróm. Pri nejednoznačnom histopatologickom obraze môže patológom v diferenciálnej diagnostike parciálnej moly významne pomôcť konzultačná DNA analýza (ideálne STR genotypizácia). Histopatologický obraz parciálnej moly hydatidózy môže byť v skorých štádiách gravidity v niektorých prípadoch neúplný a nejednoznačný, čo môže viesť k falošne negatívnemu výsledku vyšetrenia. Na druhej strane, mnohé iné patológie, napr. aneuploidie alebo digynická triploidia, môžu mať histopatologický obraz podobný parciálnej mole, čo naopak vedie k falošnej pozitivite vyšetrenia. Presná diagnostika parciálnej moly hydatidózy použitím molekulárnych genetických metód prispeje k stanoveniu adekvátnej dispenzárnej starostlivosti.

Objective: The aim of the study was the genetic characterization of a set of cases with an unclear morphological profile of the placental tissue suspected of a partial hydatidiform mole. Patients and methods: This work presents the results of a genetic analysis of a group of 10 patients with various clinical manifestations of reproductive loss, where a partial hydatidiform mole was suspected on the basis of a histopathological examination. The composition of the genome of the products of conception was determined by short tandem repeats (STR) genotyping using a commercial kit “Devyser Compact v3 (Devyser) “. Results and conclusions: Out of 10 analyzed cases, five had diandric monogynic triploid genome, characteristic for a partial mole. Aneuploidies of chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X and Y were excluded in four cases and Patau‘s syndrome was diagnosed in one case. In the case of an unclear histopathological profile, consultative DNA analysis (ideally STR genotyping) can significantly help the pathologist in the differential diagnosis of a partial mole. The histopathological profile of a partial hydatidiform mole may be in some cases incomplete and unclear, especially in the early weeks of gestation, which can lead to false negativity of the examination. On the other hand, other pathologies, for example aneuploides or digynic triploidy, may produce a histopathological profile similar to a partial mole, which leads to false positivity. Accurate diagnosis of a partial hydatidiform mole using molecular genetic methods contributes to the determination of adequate dispensary care for patients.

• MeSH
• Aneuploidy MeSH
• Genotyping Techniques methods   MeSH
• Clinical Studies as Topic MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Microsatellite Repeats MeSH
• Hydatidiform Mole * diagnosis   genetics   MeSH
• Placenta MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH

Cieľ štúdie: Zhrnúť možnosti genetickej analýzy moly hydatidózy a poukázať na perspektívy v diagnostike tejto choroby. Typ štúdie: Prehľadový článok. Názov a sídlo pracoviska: Ústav lekárskej biológie, genetiky a klinickej genetiky, Lekárska fakulta UK a UNB, Bratislava, Slovenská republika. Metodika: Prehľad publikovaných literárnych údajov z internetových databáz PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus a tlačenej literatúry z obdobia 1963–2019. Výsledky: Článok prináša informácie o význame karyotypizácie, prietokovej cytometrie, FISH (Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization), VNTR-RFLP analýze (Variable Number of Tandem Repeats-Restriction Fragment Lenght Polymorphism), VNTR-PCR analýze (Variable Number of Tandem Repeats-Polymerase Chain Reaction) a STR (Short Tandem Repeat) genotypizácii moly hydatidózy. Sumarizuje možnosti využitia týchto metód v diferenciálnej diagnostike molárnej gravidity (parciálnej a kompletnej moly hydatidózy) a nonmolárneho hydropického abortu. Záver: Metódy genetickej analýzy umožňujú identifikáciu molárnych gravidít aj v prípadoch, keď vo včasných štádiách gravidity nie je histopatologický obraz jednoznačný.

Objective: To summarize the possibilities of the genetic analysis of hydatidiform moles and point out its perspectives in the diagnostics of this disease. Design: Review. Setting: Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Methods: Analysis of published literature data from the internet databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and printed literature from the period 1963-2019. Results: This review refers on karyotyping, flow cytometry, FISH (Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization), VNTR-RFLP analysis (Variable Number of Tandem Repeats-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism), VNTR-PCR analysis (Variable Number of Tandem Repeats-Polymerase Chain Reaction) and STR (Short Tandem Repeat) genotyping of hydatidiform moles. The article summarizes possible application of these methods in the differential diagnostics of molar pregnancy (partial and complete hydatidiform moles) and nonmolar hydropic abortions. Conclusion: Genetic analyses offer precise identification of types of molar pregnancies when histopathological diagnosis is not clear during early stages of pathology.

• MeSH
• Genetic Techniques MeSH
• Gestational Trophoblastic Disease * genetics   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Hydatidiform Mole genetics   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH