• MeSH
• analgetika aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• anestetika lokální aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• antiflogistika nesteroidní dějiny   farmakologie   MeSH
• bolest farmakoterapie   MeSH
• ketamin aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• komplikace těhotenství MeSH
• léková kontraindikace MeSH
• opioidní analgetika aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• psi MeSH
• těhotenství u zvířat účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky MeSH
• psi MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Little is known about factors influencing gestation length in heavier types of horses. The objective was to assess the effects of the weight and age of mares, weight and sex of foals, lactation, month and year of conception, month of foaling, stallion and mare on gestation length in the endangered Old Kladruber breed that once served as a heavy coach horse for ceremonies of the Imperial Court in Vienna. The study was performed at the stud farm Slatinany, Czech Republic and reports data from foaling seasons between 2001 and 2018. A total of 649 gestations were included in the study. Gestation in mares weighing 680 kg and more was 1.9 days shorter than in those weighing up to 639 kg (P < 0.0001). Gestation in lactating mares was 3.9 days shorter than in non-lactating mares (P < 0.0001). Gestation was longest in mares conceiving in March (343.9 ± 0.60 days); thereafter it gradually shortened, with the shortest (P < 0.0001) in mares conceiving in July (334.9 ± 0.90 days). Gestation length in mares increased (P < 0.0001) from February foaling (340.4 ± 0.73 days) to March foaling (343.6 ± 0.55 days), and then decreased (P < 0.0001) up to the end of the breeding season in June (336.7 ± 0.92 days). Year of conception had an effect on GL (P < 0.02). Gestation in mares carrying male foals was 2.0 days longer than in those carrying female foals (P < 0.01). Gestation in mares delivering foals weighing 70 kg and more was 1.0 days longer than in those delivering foals weighing up to 60 kg (P < 0.01). Mare's age had no effect on gestation length. In conclusion, gestation length was associated with the weight of mares and foals, lactation, month and year of conception, month of foaling, and sex of foals.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• koně fyziologie   MeSH
• ohrožené druhy MeSH
• těhotenství u zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Many studies have shown that animal vocalizations can signal individual identity and group/family membership. However, much less is known about the ontogeny of identity information-when and how this individual/group distinctiveness in vocalizations arises and how it changes during the animal's life. Recent findings suggest that even species that were thought to have limited vocal plasticity could adjust their calls to sound more similar to each other within a group. It has already been shown that sows can acoustically distinguish their own offspring from alien piglets and that litters differ in their calls. Surprisingly, individual identity in piglet calls has not been reported yet. In this paper, this gap is filled, and it is shown that there is information about piglet identity. Information about litter identity is confirmed as well. Individual identity increased with age, but litter vocal identity did not increase with age. The results were robust as a similar pattern was apparent in two situations differing in arousal: isolation and back-test. This paper argues that, in piglets, increased individual discrimination results from the rapid growth of piglets, which is likely to be associated with growth and diversification of the vocal tract rather than from social effects and vocal plasticity.

• MeSH
• akustika MeSH
• individualita MeSH
• kojená zvířata MeSH
• novorozená zvířata MeSH
• počítačové zpracování signálu MeSH
• skupinové procesy MeSH
• Sus scrofa klasifikace   psychologie   MeSH
• velikost vrhu MeSH
• vokalizace zvířat klasifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• zvuková spektrografie MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The objective was to assess the effects of the month of conception, month of calving, sex of the calf, and twins on gestation length (GL) in Holstein cows and heifers in two dairy herds with different milk yields. The study was performed in northeast Czech Republic over a 6-year period on two commercial dairy herds with a mean annual milk production of 11,060 kg per cow in the higher milk-producing herd and 8854 kg per cow in the lower milk-producing herd. Gestation length in cows that conceived in different months of the year was longer in the higher milk-producing herd than that in the lower milk-producing herd throughout the year (P < 0.01), whereas GL in heifers was almost the same in both herds. Gestation length in cows that conceived in different months of the year was longer than that in heifers through the whole year in both herds (P < 0.05). Similar results were found in cows and heifers that calved in different months of the year. Gestation length in cows and heifers that conceived in the first months of the year was longer than in those that conceived in the last months of the year in both herds (P < 0.05). Gestation length in cows and heifers that calved in late fall and throughout winter was longer than in those that calved in spring and summer in both herds (P < 0.05). Gestation length in females carrying male calves was longer than in those carrying female calves (P < 0.0001). Gestation length in cows (P < 0.0001) and heifers (P < 0.05) carrying singles was longer than in those carrying twins in both herds. In conclusion, results indicate that GL in Holstein cattle is associated with the month of conception, month of calving, herd, parity, sex of the calf, and twins.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• dvojčata MeSH
• laktace MeSH
• parita MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• skot fyziologie   MeSH
• těhotenství u zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• skot fyziologie   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

HtrA serine peptidase 3 (HTRA3) is an important reproduction-related gene. In this study, we cloned the full-length coding sequence of the porcine HTRA3 gene using RT-PCR. Sequence analysis of this gene revealed that the pig HTRA3 gene encodes a protein of 453 amino acids, which has high homology with the HTRA3 protein of five species: water buffalo (96 %), killer whale (96 %), sperm whale (96 %), Yangtze River dolphin (96 %) and smalleared galago (93 %). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the pig HTRA3 gene has a closer genetic relationship with the HTRA3 gene of cattle. PCR-HpaIIRFLP was established to detect the GU373693:c.1140 G>A substitution of the porcine HTRA3 gene coding sequence, and eight pig breeds displayed obvious genotype and allele frequency differences at this mutation locus. Association of this SNP with litter size traits was assessed in Large White (N = 200) and Landrace (N = 200) pig populations, and the results demonstrated that this polymorphic locus was significantly associated with the litter size of all parities in Large White and Landrace sows (P < 0.05). Therefore, the HTRA3 gene could be a useful candidate for increasing the litter size in pigs. These data serve as a foundation for further insight into this novel porcine gene.

• MeSH
• frekvence genu MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus genetika   MeSH
• klonování DNA MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• serinové endopeptidasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• skot MeSH
• velikost vrhu MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Litter size is one of the most reliable state-dependent life-history traits that indicate parental investment in polytocous (litter-bearing) mammals. The tendency to optimize litter size typically increases with decreasing availability of resources during the period of parental investment. To determine whether this tactic is also influenced by resource limitations prior to reproduction, we examined the effect of experimental, pre-breeding food restriction on the optimization of parental investment in lactating mice. First, we investigated the optimization of litter size in 65 experimental and 72 control families (mothers and their dependent offspring). Further, we evaluated pre-weaning offspring mortality, and the relationships between maternal and offspring condition (body weight), as well as offspring mortality, in 24 experimental and 19 control families with litter reduction (the death of one or more offspring). Assuming that pre-breeding food restriction would signal unpredictable food availability, we hypothesized that the optimization of parental investment would be more effective in the experimental rather than in the control mice. In comparison to the controls, the experimental mice produced larger litters and had a more selective (size-dependent) offspring mortality and thus lower litter reduction (the proportion of offspring deaths). Selective litter reduction helped the experimental mothers to maintain their own optimum condition, thereby improving the condition and, indirectly, the survival of their remaining offspring. Hence, pre-breeding resource limitations may have facilitated the mice to optimize their inclusive fitness. On the other hand, in the control females, the absence of environmental cues indicating a risky environment led to "maternal optimism" (overemphasizing good conditions at the time of breeding), which resulted in the production of litters of super-optimal size and consequently higher reproductive costs during lactation, including higher offspring mortality. Our study therefore provides the first evidence that pre-breeding food restriction promotes the optimization of parental investment, including offspring number and developmental success.

• MeSH
• chov metody   MeSH
• laktace fyziologie   MeSH
• myši inbrední ICR MeSH
• myši MeSH
• odstavení MeSH
• potraviny MeSH
• rodiče MeSH
• rozmnožování fyziologie   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost fyziologie   MeSH
• velikost vrhu fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

1. Purine cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors have recently been recognised as promising candidates for the treatment of various cancers. While pharmacodynamic properties of these compounds are relatively well understood, their pharmacokinetics including possible interactions with placental transport systems have not been characterised to date. 2. In this study, we investigated transplacental passage of olomoucine II and purvalanol A in rat focusing on possible role of p-glycoprotein (ABCB1), breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) and/or multidrug resistance-associated proteins (ABCCs). Employing the in situ method of dually perfused rat term placenta, we demonstrate transplacental passage of both olomoucine II and purvalanol A against the concentration gradient in foetus-to-mother direction. Using several ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporter inhibitors, we confirm the participation of ABCB1, ABCG2 and ABCCs transporters in the placental passage of olomoucine II, but not purvalanol A. 3. Transplacental passage of olomoucine II and purvalanol A from mother to foetus is significantly reduced by active transporters, restricting thereby foetal exposure and providing protection against harmful effects of these xenobiotics. Importantly, we demonstrate that in spite of their considerable structural similarity, the two molecules utilise distinct placental transport systems. These facts should be kept in mind when introducing these prospective anticancer candidates and/or their analogues into the clinical area.

• MeSH
• ABC transportéry metabolismus   MeSH
• adenosintrifosfát chemie   MeSH
• aktivní transport MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• matka - expozice noxám MeSH
• P-glykoproteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• placenta účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• proteiny spojené s mnohočetnou rezistencí k lékům metabolismus   MeSH
• puriny aplikace a dávkování   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• těhotenství u zvířat MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• trofoblasty účinky léků   MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
• xenobiotika chemie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Intrauterine and perinatal life are critical periods for programming of cardiometabolic diseases. However, their relative role remains controversial. We aimed to assess, at weaning, sex-dependent alterations induced by fetal or postnatal nutritional interventions on key organs for metabolic and cardiovascular control. Fetal undernutrition was induced by dam food restriction (50 % from mid-gestation to delivery) returning to ad libitum throughout lactation (Maternal Undernutrition, MUN, 12 pups/litter). Postnatal overfeeding (POF) was induced by litter size reduction from normally fed dams (4 pups/litter). Compared to control, female and male MUN offspring exhibited: 1) low birth weight and accelerated growth, reaching similar weight and tibial length by weaning, 2) increased glycemia, liver and white fat weights; 3) increased ventricular weight and tendency to reduced kidney weight (males only). Female and male POF offspring showed: 1) accelerated growth; 2) increased glycemia, liver and white fat weights; 3) unchanged heart and kidney weights. In conclusion, postnatal accelerated growth, with or without fetal undernutrition, induces early alterations relevant for metabolic disease programming, while fetal undernutrition is required for heart abnormalities. The progression of cardiac alterations and their role on hypertension development needs to be evaluated. The similarities between sexes in pre-pubertal rats suggest a role of sex-hormones in female protection against programming.

• MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozená zvířata MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
• poruchy výživy kojenců patofyziologie   MeSH
• poruchy výživy plodu patofyziologie   MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
• těhotenství u zvířat MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost MeSH
• tuková tkáň růst a vývoj   patologie   MeSH
• velikost orgánu MeSH
• vnitřnosti růst a vývoj   patologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The use of methamphetamine (MA) among pregnant women is an increasing world-wide health problem. Prenatal MA exposure may cause changes in foetus but the exact effects have remained unclear. The aim of this study is to present the effect of prenatal MA exposure on recognition memory in adult rats. Adult female Wistar rats were injected daily with D-methamphetamine HCl (MA; 5 mg/kg, s.c.) during the entire gestation period. Control females were treated with saline in the same regime. Adult male offspring was administrated acutely by MA (1 mg/kg i.p.) or saline 30 minutes before beginning of an experiment. For testing recognition memory two tasks were chosen: Novel Object Recognition Test (NORT) and Object Location Test (OLT). Our results demonstrate that prenatally MA-exposed animals were worse in NORT independently on an acute administration of MA in adulthood. Prenatally MA-exposed rats did not deteriorate in OLT, but after acute administration of MA in adulthood, there was significant worsening compared to appropriate control. Prenatally saline-exposed offspring did not deteriorate in any test even after acute administration of MA. Our data suggest that prenatal MA exposure in rats cause impairment in recognition memory in adult offspring, but not in spatial memory. In addition, acute administration of MA to controls did not deteriorate either recognition or spatial memory.

• MeSH
• chování zvířat účinky léků   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• methamfetamin toxicita   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• novorozená zvířata MeSH
• paměť účinky léků   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• rozpoznávání (psychologie) účinky léků   MeSH
• stimulanty centrálního nervového systému toxicita   MeSH
• těhotenství u zvířat MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice chemicky indukované   psychologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Interspecific hybridization between closely related mammalian species, including various species of the genus Mus, is commonly associated with abnormal growth of the placenta and hybrid foetuses, a phenomenon known as hybrid placental dysplasia (HPD). The role of HPD in speciation is anticipated but still poorly understood. Here, we studied placental and foetal growth in F1 crosses between four inbred mouse strains derived from two house mouse subspecies, Mus musculus musculus and Mus musculus domesticus. These subspecies are in the early stage of speciation and still hybridize in nature. In accordance with the maternal-foetal genomic conflict hypothesis, we found different parental influences on placental and foetal development, with placental weight most affected by the father's body weight and foetal weight by the mother's body weight. After removing the effects of parents' body weight, we did not find any significant differences in foetal or placental weights between intra-subspecific and inter-subspecific F1 crosses. Nevertheless, we found that the variability in placental weight in inter-subspecific crosses is linked to the X chromosome, similarly as for HPD in interspecific mouse crosses. Our results suggest that maternal-foetal genomic conflict occurs in the house mouse system, but has not yet diverged sufficiently to cause abnormalities in placental and foetal growth in inter-subspecific crosses. HPD is thus unlikely to contribute to speciation in the house mouse system. However, we cannot rule out that it might have contributed to other speciation events in the genus Mus, where differences in the levels of polyandry exist between the species.

• MeSH
• chiméra MeSH
• genom MeSH
• inbrední kmeny myší embryologie   genetika   MeSH
• křížení genetické MeSH
• lokus kvantitativního znaku MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL embryologie   genetika   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• placenta abnormality   patologie   MeSH
• plod MeSH
• poměr pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství u zvířat genetika   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost MeSH
• velikost orgánu MeSH
• velikost vrhu MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH