Hypoxia training can improve endurance performance. However, the specific benefits mechanism of hypoxia training is controversial, and there are just a few studies on the peripheral adaptation to hypoxia training. The main objective of this study was to observe the effects of hypoxia training on cutaneous blood flow (CBF), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), nitric oxide (NO), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Twenty rowers were divided into two groups for four weeks of training, either hypoxia training (Living High, Exercise High and Training Low, HHL) or normoxia training (NOM). We tested cutaneous microcirculation by laser Doppler flowmeter and blood serum parameters by ELISA. HHL group improved the VO(2peak) and power at blood lactic acid of 4 mmol/l (P(4)) significantly. The CBF and the concentration of moving blood cells (CMBC) in the forearm of individuals in the HHL group increased significantly at the first week. The HIF level of the individuals in the HHL group increased at the fourth week. The NO of HHL group increased significantly at the fourth week. In collusion, four weeks of HHL training resulted in increased forearm cutaneous blood flow and transcutaneous oxygen pressure. HHL increases rowers' NO and VEGF, which may be the mechanism of increased blood flow. The increased of CBF seems to be related with improving performance.

• MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• faktor 1 indukovatelný hypoxií krev   MeSH
• fyzická vytrvalost * MeSH
• fyziologická neovaskularizace MeSH
• hypoxie patofyziologie   MeSH
• kondiční příprava metody   MeSH
• kůže krevní zásobení   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrocirkulace * MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• oxid dusnatý krev   MeSH
• regionální krevní průtok MeSH
• rychlost toku krve MeSH
• spotřeba kyslíku MeSH
• svalová síla MeSH
• vaskulární endoteliální růstové faktory krev   MeSH
• vazodilatace MeSH
• vodní sporty * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Chickens exhibit varied responses to infection with Eimeria parasites. We hypothesise that broilers selected for increased growth rate will show lower resistance and tolerance to a coccidian challenge. 288 chickens of fast (F) or slow (S) growing lines were inoculated with 0 (control), 2500 (low-dose), or 7000 (high-dose) sporulated E. maxima oocysts at 13 days of age in two consecutive rounds. Gain and Intake were measured daily and their values relative to BW at the point of infection were calculated over the pre-patent (days 1-4 post-infection), acute (d5-8 pi), and recovery (d9-12 pi) phases of infection to assess the impact of infection. Levels of plasma carotenoids, vitamins E and A, long bone mineralisation, caecal microbiota diversity indices, and histological measurements were assessed at the acute (d6 pi) and recovery stage (d13 pi). In addition, we measured the levels of nitric oxide metabolites and the number of parasite genome copies in the jejunumat d6pi. In absolute terms F birds grew 1.42 times faster than S birds when not infected. Infection significantly reduced relative daily gain and intake (P < 0.001), with the effects being most pronounced during the acute phase (P < 0.001). Levels of all metabolites were significantly decreased, apart from NO which increased (P < 0.001) in response to infection on d6pi, and were accompanied by changes in histomorphometric features and the presence of E. maxima genome copies in infected birds, which persisted to d13pi. Furthermore, infection reduced tibia and femur mineralisation, which also persisted to d13pi. Reductions in measured variables were mostly independent of dose size, as was the level of parasite replication. The impact of infection was similar for S and F-line birds for all measured parameters, and there were no significant interactions between line x dose size on any of these parameters. In conclusion, our results suggest that line differences in productive performance do not influence host responses to coccidiosis when offered nutrient adequate diets.

• MeSH
• Eimeria genetika   izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• fyziologická kalcifikace MeSH
• fyziologie výživy zvířat MeSH
• jejunum parazitologie   MeSH
• karotenoidy krev   MeSH
• kokcidióza parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• krmivo pro zvířata analýza   MeSH
• kur domácí růst a vývoj   parazitologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• nemoci drůbeže parazitologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• oxid dusnatý krev   MeSH
• potravní doplňky MeSH
• vitamin A krev   MeSH
• vitamin E krev   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

A common problem in management of polytrauma - a simultaneous injury to more than one organ or organ system, at least one of them lethal without intervention - is a discrepancy between a relatively good initial state and a serious subsequent development. Since nitric oxide (NO) is produced in high quantities during tissue injury, we assumed that serum levels of NO (and its oxidation products, NOx) might serve as a prognostic marker of polytrauma severity. However, we found recently that NOx was increased in polytrauma, but not in the most severe cases. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that serum NOx is reduced in severe polytrauma by concomitant overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Polytrauma was induced in rats under anesthesia by bilateral fracture of femurs and tibiae plus incision of the right liver lobe through laparotomy. Serum NOx was measured by chemiluminescence after hot acidic reduction. The role of ROS was assessed by treatment with an antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Experimental polytrauma elevated NOx from 11.0+/-0.7 to 23.8+/-4.5 ppb. This was completely prevented by NAC treatment (9.1+/-2.2 ppb). Serum NOx is elevated in severe polytrauma, and this is not reduced by ROS. On the contrary, ROS are necessary for the NOx elevation, probably because ROS produced by inflammatory cells activated by the polytrauma induce massive NO production.

• MeSH
• antioxidancia farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• oxid dusnatý antagonisté a inhibitory   krev   MeSH
• polytrauma krev   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku antagonisté a inhibitory   krev   MeSH
• volné radikály antagonisté a inhibitory   krev   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

We aimed to explore the effects of melatonin and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supplementation on plasma and aortic nitric oxide (NO) levels in isoproterenol (Iso) affected spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar rats. Untreated control rats were compared with Iso injected (118 mg/kg, s.c.) rats, and Iso injected plus supplemented with melatonin (10 mg/kg, p.o.) or PUFA (1.68 g/kg, p.o.) for two months. Plasma and aortic basal, L-NAME inhibited, adrenaline and acetylcholine stimulated NO were determined using Griess method. Plasma NO levels were lower in SHR versus Wistar rats. Iso decreased NO in Wistar while not in SHR. PUFA but not melatonin intake of Iso treated SHR increased plasma NO along with a decrease in systolic blood pressure. Basal aortic NO level was higher in SHR than Wistar rats and not altered by Iso. Intake of melatonin increased but PUFA decreased basal NO levels in Wistar+Iso and did not affect in SHR+Iso rats. Acetylcholine and adrenaline induced aortic NO release was significantly increased in Wistar+Iso but not SHR+Iso group. Melatonin intake increased Ach induced aortic NO in Wistar+Iso and SHR+Iso groups, whereas there was no effect of PUFA intake. Findings suggest that PUFA modulates plasma and melatonin aortic NO levels of isoproterenol affected rats in a strain-dependent manner.

• MeSH
• antioxidancia farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• aorta účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• hypertenze krev   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• isoprenalin MeSH
• kyseliny mastné omega-3 farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• melatonin farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• oxid dusnatý krev   MeSH
• potkani inbrední SHR MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• potravní doplňky MeSH
• preklinické hodnocení léčiv MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to determine plasma nitric oxide (NO) and lipid peroxide (LPO) levels in diabetic retinopathy and its association with severity of disease. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 60 consecutive cases and 20 healthy controls were included. METHODS: Severity of retinopathy was graded according to early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) classification. Photoreceptor inner segment ellipsoid band (ISel) disruption and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) alteration were graded using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Data were statistically analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, NO assay and reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured using standard protocol. RESULTS: Increased severity of diabetic retinopathy was significantly associated with increase in plasma levels of LPO (P < 0.05), NO (P < 0.001) and decrease in plasma levels of GSH (P < 0.0001), ISel disruption (P < 0.001) and RPE topographic alteration (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Increased plasma NO levels are associated with increased severity of diabetic retinopathy. For the first time, it has been demonstrated that increased plasma LPO, NO and decreased GSH levels are associated with in vivo structural changes in inner segment ellipsoid and RPE.

• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu komplikace   MeSH
• diabetická retinopatie patofyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• glutathion krev   MeSH
• látky reagující s kyselinou thiobarbiturovou metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipidové peroxidy krev   MeSH
• optická koherentní tomografie MeSH
• oxid dusnatý krev   MeSH
• oxidační stres * MeSH
• peroxidace lipidů MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• retinální pigmentový epitel patologie   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
• vnitřní segment fotoreceptoru sítnice patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH

Pulmonary hypertension resulting from chronic hypoxia is at least partly caused by the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The goal of the presented study was to investigate the dynamics and the site of production of ROS during chronic hypoxia. In our study Wistar rats were kept for 1, 4 and 21 days in an isobaric hypoxic chamber (FiO2=0.1), while controls stayed in normoxia. We compared NO production in expired air, plasma and perfusate drained from isolated rat lungs and measured superoxide concentration in the perfusate. We also detected the presence of superoxide products (hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite) and the level of ROS-induced damage expressed as the concentration of lipid peroxydation end products. We found that the production and release of ROS and NO during early phase of chronic hypoxia has specific timing and differs in various compartments, suggesting the crucial role of ROS interaction for development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.

• MeSH
• arteria pulmonalis metabolismus   MeSH
• hypoxie komplikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• kyselina peroxydusitá metabolismus   MeSH
• oxid dusnatý biosyntéza   krev   MeSH
• peroxid vodíku metabolismus   MeSH
• plicní hypertenze etiologie   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Background. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have different effects on the cardiovascular system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of enalapril on skeletal muscle angiogenesis in diabetic and diabetic hind limb ischemic rats. Methods. We studied 24 male diabetic rats (induced by streptozotocin, 55 mg/kg, ip) divided into four groups. Groups 1 and 2 were diabetic sham (surgical procedure without femoral artery ligation). Groups 3 and 4 were diabetic animals subjected to induced hind limb ischemia. Groups 2 and 4 received enalapril (15 mg/kg/day, i.p) and groups 1 and 3 received an equal volume of saline. After 21 days, capillary density, capillary to fiber (cap/fib) ratio and serum concentrations of nitric oxide (NO), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and soluble VEGF Receptor-1 (sVEGF-R1) were evaluated. Results. Enalapril significantly increased serum NO and VEGF concentrations and reduced serum sVEGF-R1 concentrations in diabetic sham and hind limb ischemic rats (p<0.05). Administration of enalapril significantly increased capillary density and cap/fib ratio in diabetic sham and hind limb ischemic animals compared with nontreated groups (p<0.05). Conclusions. Enalapril restores skeletal muscle angiogenesis in diabetic hind limb ischemia and can be considered for the prevention and treatment of peripheral artery disease in diabetic subjects.

• MeSH
• diabetické angiopatie farmakoterapie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• enalapril farmakologie   MeSH
• experimentální diabetes mellitus patofyziologie   MeSH
• fyziologická neovaskularizace účinky léků   MeSH
• inhibitory ACE farmakologie   MeSH
• ischemie farmakoterapie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• kosterní svaly krevní zásobení   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• oxid dusnatý krev   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• receptory vaskulárního endoteliálního růstového faktoru krev   MeSH
• vaskulární endoteliální růstový faktor A krev   MeSH
• zadní končetina krevní zásobení   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Spontánne hypertenzný potkan (SHR) je najvhodnejším a najeastejšie používaným laboratórnym modelom pre výskum esenciálnej hypertenzie (EH). Patogenéza hypertenzie u SHR sa v mnohých aspektoch podobá na EH u 3udí. V 3udskej EH, a podobne u SHR, bola pozorovaná oslabená vazorelaxácia závislá od endotelu, tzv. endotelová dysfunkcia, ktorá prispieva k zvýšenej periférnej rezistencii. Endotelová dysfunkcia je pri hypertenzii charakterizovaná zmenami v produkcii a úeinku endotelových relaxaených (EDRFs) a konstriktorických (EDCFs) faktorov. Mechanizmus oslabenia relaxácie pri hypertenzii sa spája so znížením produkcie oxidu dusnatého (NO), znížením jeho biologickej dostupnosti alebo s nadprodukciou konstriktorických faktorov. Pri hypertenzii bola dokázaná zvýšená produkcia vo3ných kyslíkových radikálov, ktorá môže byś zodpovedná za zhoršenú vazodilatáciu. Zvýšená produkcia superoxidových radikálov v endoteli môže zvyšovaś inaktiváciu NO, a tým zapríeiniś zníženie jeho biologickej dostupnosti, eo môže viesś k zníženiu vazorelaxaených odpovedí cievnej steny. Na druhej strane, u SHR boli pozorované aj potlaeené, nezmenené, ale aj zvýšené relaxácie závislé od endotelu. Zdá sa, že diskrepancie v pozorovaných výsledkoch môžu spoeívaś v metodológii, v študovanom rieeisku a tiež vo veku experimentálnych zvierat.

A number of vascular diseases, including hypertension, are characterised by endothelial dysfunction caused by alterations in the production and action of the endothelium-derived relaxing (EDRFs) and/or endothelium-derived contracting (EDCFs) factors. The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is one of the most widely studied animal models for human essential hypertension. Several similarities between human primary hypertension and hypertension in the SHR have been pointed out in both the pathophysiology and the clinical course of the hypertensive disease. In human hypertension as well as in SHR, endothelium-dependent relaxation may be attenuated and this endothelial dysfunction contributes to the increased peripheral resistance. However, various results concerning endothelium-dependent relaxation, including impairment, no change and improvement have been reported in experimental hypertension. Endothelial dysfunction in hypertension has been linked to decrease in NO bioavailability, reflecting the impaired generation of NO and/or the enhanced inactivation of NO by reactive oxygen species. There is evidence that increased vascular oxidative stress is present in SHR. Thus, it has been proposed that oxidative inactivation of NO may account for the endothelial dysfunction seen in SHR. On the other hand, several studies demonstrate elevated basal NO synthesis in SHR rats which may be an adapting mechanism, preventing them from excessive blood pressure elevation. However, the role of NO in hypertension in SHR and in humans remains still controversial. We hypothesize that the vascular bed studied, the effect of age as well as methodological aspects, such as “precontraction” with different vasoconstrictors as well as antioxidants added to the solution for determination of the vasoreactivity may contribute to the discrepancies among studies. Nevertheless, the involvement of endothelial function in hypertension remains subject of debate and further research is needed to complete our knowledge on the role of NO, reactive oxygen species and other endothelial factors in the regulation of vascular and cardiac function.

• MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• cévní endotel fyziologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• endoteliální buňky fyziologie   patologie   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• hypertenze MeSH
• inbrední kmeny potkanů MeSH
• laboratorní zvířata MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• oxid dusnatý krev   nedostatek   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• vazodilatace MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

The aim of this study was to compare the levels of the plasma muscle-derived cytokines (myokines) and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) after muscle damage triggered by different exercises, and to demonstrate the relationships between RONS, thiol redox status and myokines. Sixteen young men participated in a 90-min run at 65 % VO2max (Ex.1) or 90-min run at 65 % VO2max finished with a 15-min eccentric phase (Ex.2, downhill running). Plasma samples were collected before and at 20 min, 24 h and 48 h after exercise. The exercise trials significantly elevated the concentrations of plasma hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 8-isoprostane at 20 min rest. Myokines IL-6 and IL-10 increased at 20 min rest while IL-1ß and TNF? increased at 24 h rest following both running. Ex.2 caused a significant increase in nitric oxide (NO), IL-6, IL-10 and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels. Thiol redox status (GSHtotal- 2GSSG/GSSG) decreased by about 30 % after Ex.2 as compared to Ex.1. H2O2 and NO directly correlated with IL-6, IL-10, IL-1ß, TNF? and glutathione. These results show that eccentric work is an important factor that enhances the production of RONS and muscle-derived cytokines, and that there is a possible participation of thiol redox status in the release of myokines to blood.

• MeSH
• cvičení MeSH
• cytokiny krev   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• glutathiondisulfid krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• kosterní svaly metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• oxid dusnatý krev   MeSH
• oxidace-redukce MeSH
• reaktivní formy dusíku krev   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku krev   MeSH
• sulfhydrylové sloučeniny krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH

The main pathological condition in patients with impaired wound healing is diabetes mellitus. These patients have significantly low circulating nitric oxide (NO) levels because the stimulatory action of insulin on NO synthesis is absent. Additionally, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an inhibitor of NO synthase, is increased owing to the generation of oxidative stress. NO was thought to contribute to wound healing. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment is generally used in order to accelerate the healing of wounds. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in plasma procollagen type I and III N-terminal peptides (PINP and PIIINP), total nitrite/nitrate (NOx) and ADMA levels; and to evaluate their relation to healing during the HBO treatment of foot ulcers. Data obtained from 18 diabetic patients before and after the HBO therapy were compared statistically by the Wilcoxon test. NOx was increased in 11 and ADMA was decreased in 12 patients following HBO treatment. Both PINP (32.6±29.4 µg/l vs 44.3±33.4 µg/l) and PIIINP (6.97±3.01 µg/l vs 7.92±2.49 µg/l) were significantly increased (p<0.05). Progressive reductions were observed in wound areas, as assessed by the digital wound imaging. In 12 patients, wounds healed by 50 % or higher; whereas only two subjects had minimal improvements (15 % or less healing). The duration of diabetes correlated negatively with wound healing (r = -498, p<0.05). This study suggests that increased collagen synthesis is associated with wound healing during hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Nitric oxide generation may also contribute to the healing process.

• MeSH
• arginin analogy a deriváty   krev   MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• diabetická noha metabolismus   patologie   terapie   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• hojení ran MeSH
• hyperbarická oxygenace MeSH
• kolagen biosyntéza   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oxid dusnatý krev   MeSH
• peptidové fragmenty krev   MeSH
• prokolagen krev   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH