The aim of this study was to explore the effects of 20 min of narrow-bandwidth light exposure of different wavelengths (455, 508, and 629 nm, with irradiance of 14 µW/cm2) on various neuropsychological and neurophysiological parameters of vigilance in healthy volunteers and to provide further evidence of the behavioral (subjective sleepiness, reaction time) and electrophysiological (P300 and spectral characteristics) responses to light. The results show that the short-wavelength light condition (455 nm) was found to be most effective in terms of its alerting effect for the following variables: subjective sleepiness, latency of P300 response, and absolute EEG power in higher beta (24-34 Hz) and gamma (35-50 Hz) range at each of the 19 recording electrodes. However, no differences in current power density were observed at the level of cortical EEG sources estimated by exact low-resolution electromagnetic tomography. Our results are in line with other research that shows significant alerting effects of blue (short-wavelength) light in comparison to lights of longer wavelengths. Our results confirm earlier findings that exposure to short-wavelength light during the day may enhance cognitive performance in task-specific scenarios.
- MeSH
- aktigrafie MeSH
- cirkadiánní rytmus fyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- elektroencefalografie MeSH
- evokované potenciály fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- pozornost fyziologie MeSH
- psychomotorický výkon fyziologie MeSH
- reakční čas fyziologie MeSH
- světlo MeSH
- zraková percepce fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
AIMS: The goal of this study was to assess the effect of independent component neurofeedback (NFB) on EEG and clinical symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Subsequently, we explored predictors of treatment response and EEG correlates of clinical symptoms. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, parallel design, 20 inpatients with OCD underwent 25 sessions of NFB or sham feedback (SFB). NFB aimed at reducing EEG activity in an independent component previously reported abnormal in this diagnosis. Resting-state EEG recorded before and after the treatment was analyzed to assess its posttreatment changes, relationships with clinical symptoms and treatment response. RESULTS: Overall, clinical improvement in OCD patients was not accompanied by EEG change as assessed by standardized low-resolution electromagnetic tomography and normative independent component analysis. Pre- to posttreatment comparison of the trained component and frequency did not yield significant results; however, in the NFB group, the nominal values at the downtrained frequency were lower after treatment. The NFB group showed significantly higher percentage reduction of compulsions compared to the SFB group (p = 0.015). Pretreatment higher amount of delta (1-6 Hz) and low alpha oscillations as well as a lower amount of high beta activity predicted a worse treatment outcome. Source localization of these delta and high beta oscillations corresponded with previous EEG resting-state findings in OCD patients compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSION: Independent component NFB in OCD proved useful in percentage improvement of compulsions. Based on our correlation analyses, we hypothesize that we targeted a network related to treatment resistance.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mozkové vlny fyziologie MeSH
- neurofeedback fyziologie MeSH
- obsedantně kompulzivní porucha diagnóza terapie MeSH
- odpočinek fyziologie MeSH
- prediktivní hodnota testů * MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
Despite the progress in the pharmacotherapy of depression, there is a substantial proportion of treatment-resistant patients. Recently, reversible invasive stimulation methods, i.e. vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS), have been introduced into the management of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). VNS has already received regulatory approval for TRD. This paper reviews the available clinical evidence and neurobiology of VNS and DBS in TRD. The principle of VNS is a stimulation of the left cervical vagus nerve with a programmable neurostimulator. VNS was examined in 4 clinical trials with 355 patients. VNS demonstrated steadily increasing improvement with full benefit after 6-12 months, sustained up to 2 years. Patients who responded best had a low-to-moderate antidepressant resistance. However, the primary results of the only controlled trial were negative. DBS involves stereotactical implantation of electrodes powered by a pulse generator into the specific brain regions. For depression, the targeted areas are the subthalamic nucleus, internal globus pallidus, ventral internal capsule/ventral striatum, the subgenual cingulated region, and the nucleus accumbens. Antidepressant effects of DBS were examined in case series with a total number of 50 TRD patients. Stimulation of different brain regions resulted in a reduction of depressive symptoms. The clinical data on the use of VNS and DBS in TRD are encouraging. The major contribution of the methods is a novel approach that allows for precise targeting of the specific brain areas, nuclei and circuits implicated in the etiopathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. For clinical practice, it is necessary to identify patients who may best benefit from VNS or DBS.
- MeSH
- antidepresiva terapeutické užití MeSH
- deprese nereagující na léčbu farmakoterapie terapie MeSH
- hluboká mozková stimulace metody psychologie MeSH
- klinické zkoušky jako téma statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozek fyziologie MeSH
- nervus vagus fyziologie MeSH
- vagová stimulace metody psychologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
AIMS: This study was designed to evaluate the changes in EEG power spectra and EEG coherence in a ketamine model of psychosis in rats. Analyses of behavioral measurements--locomotion and sensorimotor gating--and the pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine were also conducted. METHODS: Ketamine and norketamine levels in rat sera and brains were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after ketamine 30 mg/kg (i.p.). Ketamine 9 and 30 mg/kg (i.p.) were used in the behavioral and EEG experiments. Locomotor effects in an open field test and deficits in prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle reaction (PPI ASR) were evaluated in the behavioral experiments. EEG signals were simultaneously recorded from 12 implanted active electrodes; subsequently, an EEG power spectral and coherence analysis was performed. RESULTS: Ketamine had a rapid penetration into the brain; the peak concentrations of the drug were reached within 15 min after administration. Ketamine induced marked hyperlocomotion and deficits in the PPI ASR. EEG spectral analysis mainly showed increases in EEG power as well as coherence. These were most robust at 10-15 min after the administration and influenced all parts of the spectrum with ketamine 30 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS: Ketamine at behaviorally active doses induces a robust increase in EEG power spectra and coherence. The maximum levels of change correlated with the kinetics of ketamine.
- MeSH
- akustická stimulace MeSH
- elektroencefalografie účinky léků MeSH
- ketamin farmakokinetika farmakologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lokomoce účinky léků MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- mozek účinky léků metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- mozkové vlny účinky léků MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- psychotické poruchy metabolismus patofyziologie MeSH
- senzorický gating účinky léků MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) is a positional candidate gene in schizophrenia (SZ). Two major susceptibility loci in the NRG1 gene approximately one million nucleotides apart have been identified in genetic studies. Several candidate functional allelic variants have been described that might be involved in disease susceptibility. However, the findings are still preliminary. We recently mapped active promoters and other regulatory domains in several SZ and bipolar disorder (BD) candidate genes using ChIP-chip (chromatin immunoprecipitation hybridized to microarrays). One was the promoter for the NRG1 isoform, SMDF, which maps to the 3' end of the gene complex. Analysis of the SNP database revealed several polymorphisms within the approximate borders of the region immunoprecipitated in our ChIP-chip experiments, one of which is rs7825588. METHODS: This SNP was analyzed in patients with SZ and BD and its effect on promoter function was assessed by electromobility gel shift assays and luciferase reporter constructs. RESULTS: A significant increase in homozygosity for the minor allele was found in patients with SZ (genotype distribution chi(2) = 7.32, p = 0.03) but not in BD (genotype distribution chi(2) = 0.52, p = 0.77). Molecular studies demonstrated modest, but statistically significant allele-specific differences in protein binding and promoter function. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that homozygosity for rs725588 could be a risk genotype for SZ.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- frekvence genu MeSH
- genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- jednonukleotidový polymorfismus * MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- neuregulin-1 MeSH
- promotorové oblasti (genetika) * MeSH
- protein - isoformy genetika MeSH
- proteiny nervové tkáně genetika metabolismus MeSH
- retardační test MeSH
- schizofrenie genetika MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- transfekce MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
The aim of our study was to detect changes in the distribution of electrical brain activity in schizophrenic patients who were antipsychotic naive and those who received treatment with clozapine, olanzapine or risperidone. We included 41 subjects with schizophrenia (antipsychotic naive = 11; clozapine = 8; olanzapine = 10; risperidone = 12) and 20 healthy controls. Low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography was computed from 19-channel electroencephalography for the frequency bands delta, theta, alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2 and beta-3. We compared antipsychotic-naive subjects with healthy controls and medicated patients. (1) Comparing antipsychotic-naive subjects and controls we found a general increase in the slow delta and theta frequencies over the fronto-temporo-occipital cortex, particularly in the temporolimbic structures, an increase in alpha-1 and alpha-2 in the temporal cortex and an increase in beta-1 and beta-2 in the temporo-occipital and posterior limbic structures. (2) Comparing patients who received clozapine and those who were antipsychotic naive, we found an increase in delta and theta frequencies in the anterior cingulate and medial frontal cortex, and a decrease in alpha-1 and beta-2 in the occipital structures. (3) Comparing patients taking olanzapine with those who were antipsychotic naive, there was an increase in theta frequencies in the anterior cingulum, a decrease in alpha-1, beta-2 and beta-3 in the occipital cortex and posterior limbic structures, and a decrease in beta-3 in the frontotemporal cortex and anterior cingulum. (4) In patients taking risperidone, we found no significant changes from those who were antipsychotic naive. Our results in antipsychotic-naive patients are in agreement with existing functional findings. Changes in those taking clozapine and olanzapine versus those who were antipsychotic naive suggest a compensatory mechanism in the neurobiological substrate for schizophrenia. The lack of difference in risperidone patients versus antipsychotic-naive subjects may relate to risperidone's different pharmacodynamic mechanism. Copyright 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.
- MeSH
- antipsychotika farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- benzodiazepiny farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- elektroencefalografie metody přístrojové vybavení účinky léků MeSH
- klozapin farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mapování mozku metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mozek patofyziologie patologie účinky léků MeSH
- počítačové zpracování signálu MeSH
- referenční hodnoty MeSH
- risperidon farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- schizofrenie diagnóza farmakoterapie patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: Auditory hallucinations are characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia with high clinical importance. It was repeatedly reported that low frequency (
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- elektrická stimulace metody MeSH
- elektroencefalografie metody MeSH
- elektromagnetické jevy MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- fluorodeoxyglukosa F18 farmakokinetika MeSH
- halucinace etiologie patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mapování mozku MeSH
- mozek účinky záření MeSH
- psychiatrické posuzovací škály MeSH
- schizofrenie komplikace MeSH
- stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
- tomografie emisní počítačová metody MeSH
- transkraniální magnetická stimulace MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- hodnotící studie MeSH
BACKGROUND: The 22q13-linked gene synapsin III is a positional candidate gene for schizophrenia (SZ). One interesting synapsin III single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), -196G/A, has been identified in the promoter region. The -196A allele results in a 6/8 base match to the core recognition octamer sequence for Oct-1, a member of the POU family of transcription factors. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether or not the -196 SNP is associated with either SZ or bipolar disorder (BD). METHODS: A case control comparison was used to determine whether or not differences in allele or genotype distribution occurred in patients with SZ and BD. Electromobility gel shift assay (EMSA) was used to determine whether the -196 SNP affected protein binding. RESULTS: A trend towards significance was detected when the allele distribution was analyzed in Caucasian patients with SZ (n = 145; 191 controls) and a cohort of subjects from the Czech Republic with BD (n = 82; 94 controls). No association was found in bipolar patients from the United States (n = 127) or in African-American patients with SZ (n = 124; 133 controls). EMSA showed that the region encompassing the -196 SNP binds to a brain protein in an allele-specific manner. CONCLUSIONS: These data, while inconclusive, suggest that -196 SNP should be further investigated as a candidate for 22q13-linked SZ. 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc diagnóza klasifikace MeSH
- demence diagnóza patofyziologie MeSH
- elektroencefalografie metody MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- hodnocení výsledků zdravotní péče MeSH
- kognitivní poruchy patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování fyziologických funkcí MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
