• Keywords
• vysoká citlivost,
• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Empathy MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Perception * MeSH
• Temperament MeSH
• Child Rearing MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH

• Keywords
• citlivý člověk,
• MeSH
• Empathy MeSH
• Temperament MeSH
• Publication type
• Interview MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of hospitalization and death among children. Compared to environmental factors, less attention in injury preventive efforts has been paid to how individual characteristics relate to the risk of injury. Using a large prospective cohort, the current study assessed the longitudinal impact of early-life temperament on the cumulative number of injuries until mid-adolescence. METHODS: The data came from the European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ELSPAC-CZ). Temperament was evaluated by mothers when children were 3 years old (N = 3,545). The main outcome was the pediatrician-reported sum of child's injuries from age 3 to 15 (seven timepoints). Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to determine classes based on temperamental dimensions and then extended to a mixture model with a distal count outcome. The covariates included maternal conflict and attachment, sex, family structure, and maternal education. RESULTS: The LPA determined the existence of three classes: shy children (8.1% of the sample; lowest activity/highest shyness), outgoing children (50.8%; highest activity/lowest shyness), and average: children (41.1%; middle values). Results from a mixture model showed that the outgoing temperament was associated with the highest longitudinal risk for injuries, as both average children (IRR = 0.89 [0.80, 0.99]), and the shy children (IRR = 0.80 [0.68, 0.95]) had lower risk. CONCLUSIONS: Early childhood temperamental differences can have long-term effects on injury risk. Highly active children showed the highest risk for future injuries, suggesting that these characteristics make them more likely to be involved in novel and potentially dangerous situations.

• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Longitudinal Studies MeSH
• Mothers * MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Prospective Studies MeSH
• Risk Factors MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Temperament * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

• MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Personality * classification   MeSH
• Personality Tests history   MeSH
• Self Concept * MeSH
• Temperament classification   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Cesarean section (CS) rates are rising rapidly around the world but no conclusive evidence has been obtained about the possible short- and long-term effects of CS on child behavior. We evaluated prospectively the association between CS and infant temperament across the first 9 postpartum months, controlling for indications for CS and investigating parity and infant sex as moderators. METHODS: The sample consisted of mothers and their healthy infants. Infant temperament was measured using the Infant Characteristics Questionnaire completed by the mothers at 6 weeks (n = 452) and 9 months (n = 258) postpartum. Mode of birth was classified into spontaneous vaginal birth (n = 347 for 6 weeks sample; 197 for 9 months sample), CS planned for medical reasons (n = 55; 28) and emergency CS (n = 50; 33). RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis revealed no main effects of birth mode, but showed a significant interaction between birth mode and parity indicating that emergency CS in firstborn infants was associated with more difficult temperament at 6 weeks. There were no significant associations between indications for CS and infant temperament, although breech presentation predicted difficult temperament at 9 months. CONCLUSION: We largely failed to support the association between CS and infant temperament. Although our results suggest that emergency CS may be associated with temperament in firstborns, further research is needed to replicate this finding, preferably using observational measures to assess child temperament.

• MeSH
• Cesarean Section statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Longitudinal Studies MeSH
• Mothers psychology   MeSH
• Parity MeSH
• Breech Presentation epidemiology   MeSH
• Postpartum Period MeSH
• Prospective Studies MeSH
• Regression Analysis MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Temperament * MeSH
• Child Development MeSH
• Check Tag
• Infant MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Cílem této zprávy je představit výzkumný projekt „Vliv rodičovských charakteristik na výběr partnera“, který byl podpořen Grantovou agenturou ČR (GA18–15168S), řešený na Přírodovědecké fakultě UK. Jedná se o multioborový projekt zahrnující nejen psychologické, ale i biologické a chemické metody, čímž přispěje ke komplexnějšímu porozumění zkoumaného fenoménu. Hlavním cílem projektu je zjistit, zda si lidé vybírají partnery podobné svým rodičům opačného pohlaví ve tváři, tělesné vůni, hlasu, temperamentových a osobnostních charakteristikách.

The aim of this report is to present the research project „Effect of parental characteristics on mate choice“ supported by the Czech Science Foundation (GA18–15168S), conducted at the Faculty of Science of Charles University. It is a multidisciplinary project involving not only psychological but also biological and chemical methods, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the studied phenomenon. The main aim of the project is to investigate whether people choose mates similar to their opposite-sex parents in the face, body odor, voice, temperament, and personality.

• MeSH
• Family Characteristics MeSH
• Voice MeSH
• Interpersonal Relations MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Marriage * psychology   MeSH
• Odorants analysis   MeSH
• Personality * MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Psychological Well-Being psychology   MeSH
• Parents * psychology   MeSH
• Sexual Behavior psychology   MeSH
• Temperament MeSH
• Research MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

Cíl: Závislost na kouření cigaret patří mezi nejčastější druh drogové závislosti v České republice. Z mnoha různých faktorů, které přispívají k tomu, že někdo začne kouřit, a také k vytváření a udržování závislosti na kouření, byly mimo jiné jako významné identifikovány osobnostní faktory, a především pak multidimenzionální konstrukt impulzivity. Nepanuje však shoda v tom, jaké dimenze impulzivity jsou v rozvoji závislosti na kouření stěžejní. Předpokládá se vliv dimenzí impulzivity, které jsou spojené s emocionálním rozrušením. Zdá se také, že u mužů a žen hrají roli odlišné dimenze impulzivity. Cílem studie bylo zjistit, zda se v impulzivitě mezi sebou liší jednak muži a ženy kuřáci, jednak skupiny s odlišnou mírou závislosti v jednotlivých sledovaných dimenzích impulzivity. Materiál a metoda: Tato studie byla provedena na skupině 60 osob identifikujících se jako kuřáci. Ta byla dále rozdělena do tří skupin na základě stupně závislosti určeného za pomocí Fagerstromova testu závislosti na nikotinu (bez závislosti, střední závislost, silná závislost). Impulzivita byla hodnocena pomocí Cloningerova dotazníku temperamentu a charakteru a škály UPPS-P. Výsledky: Studie nalezla statisticky významné rozdíly v některých dimenzích impulzivity kuřáků na základě pohlaví. Bylo zjištěno, že s věkem dochází ke snižování impulzivity u většiny ze sledovaných dimenzí. Mezi zkoumanými skupinami byly nalezeny rozdíly v dimenzi vyhýbání se poškození (?2(2) = 9,06, p = 0,01), v níž skupina bez fyzické závislosti dosahuje signifikantně nižších výsledků než skupina se střední závislostí i skupina se silnou závislostí. Byla nalezena souvislost závislosti na nikotinu s dimenzemi impulzivity spojenými s emocionálním rozrušením (pozitivním i negativním), především u žen. Závěr: Tyto výsledky naznačují, že při rozvoji a udržování závislosti na nikotinu mají vliv jiné dimenze impulzivity u mužů a u žen. A také, že při rozvoji i udržování závislosti na nikotinu hrají významnou roli anxiolytické a relaxační účinky nikotinu, které pomáhají se zvládáním emočního rozrušení.

Objective: Cigarette smoking addiction belongs among one of the most common types of drug addictions in the Czech Republic. Among the many factors contributing to someone starting to smoke, as well as, to the development and maintenance of nicotine addiction, personality factors and especially the multidimensional construct of impulsivity has been identified as significant. However, there is no consensus on which impulsivity dimensions are crucial for the development of smoking dependence. The influence of the tendency to act rashly while in extreme positive or negative mood is assumed. Also, it seems that there is a difference in impulsivity dimensions in men and women. The first aim of this study was to determine whether male and female smokers differ from each other in impul-sivity dimensions. The second aim was to examine the differences between three groups of smokers with different intensity of addiction to nicotine. Method: This study analyzed a group of 60 smokers with varying degrees of nicotine dependence. The overall sample was divided into three groups (no addiction, moderate addiction, severe addiction) based on the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. The concept of impulsivity was assessed by Cloninger´s Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and the UPPS-P scale. Results: The results showed statistically significant differences in the scores of some impulsivity dimensions related to gender. Likewise, the results showed that impulsivity decreases with age in most of the monitored dimensions. Differences were particularly found for damage avoidance (?2(2) = 9,06, p = 0,01), were the group of participants without physical dependence achieved significantly lower scores in comparison to the groups of participants with moderate and severe dependence. The connection between the nicotine dependency and impulsivity dimensions associated with emotional distress was found (mainly in women). Conclusion: These results suggest that different impulsivity dimensions influence the development, as well as, the maintenance of nicotine addiction in men and women. And also, a relation between nicotine dependence and impulsivity associated with emotional distress suggests that the anxiolytic and relaxing effects of nicotine play an important role in the development and maintenance of nicotine dependence, because they help to manage these emotions.

• MeSH
• Character MeSH
• Adult psychology   MeSH
• Emotions MeSH
• Gender Identity MeSH
• Impulsive Behavior MeSH
• Tobacco Smoking psychology   MeSH
• Smokers psychology   MeSH
• Middle Aged psychology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult psychology   MeSH
• Personality Inventory MeSH
• Tobacco Use Disorder * psychology   MeSH
• Risk Factors MeSH
• Aged psychology   MeSH
• Behavior Rating Scale MeSH
• Temperament MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult psychology   MeSH
• Middle Aged psychology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult psychology   MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged psychology   MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Exposure to stress in pregnancy has been shown to affect fetal development with short- and long-term physiological and behavioral consequences for the offspring. Although social support is known to lower perceived stress, no prior study has investigated the buffering role of social support in the context of prenatal stress effects on infant temperament. The aim of this study was to examine interactive effects of prenatal stress and social support on several dimensions of infant temperament at 9 months postpartum. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 272 mothers completed the Perceived Stress Scale and the Perceived Social Support Scale in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Infant temperament was assessed by mothers at 9 months postpartum using the Infant Characteristics Questionnaire. Linear regression models were performed to assess the effects of perceived stress, social support, and their interaction on infant temperament. RESULTS: Prenatal stress interacted with social support, such that prenatal stress increased infant unpredictability when social support was below -0.5 SD. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal stress was found to be a risk factor for infant temperamental unpredictability when combined with low social support perceived by the mother during pregnancy. Support of others, not previously examined in this context, can reduce the impact of prenatal stress.

• MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Mothers MeSH
• Postpartum Period MeSH
• Social Support MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Temperament MeSH
• Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Infant MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Variance in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity is considered to be one of the sources of differences in infant temperament. The cortisol enters into interactions with dopamine and serotonin, so it is expected that polymorphisms in genes coding monoamine metabolism influence both HPA axis reactivity and temperament. METHODS: We therefore explore the relationship among 5-HTTLPR S/L, MAOA H/L, and COMT Val158Met polymorphisms, the stress reaction of newborn infants after a heel stick blood draw (measured by determining salivary cortisol at three time points), and temperament assessed at the age of 3 months using Rothbart's Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R) with a sample of 84 infants. RESULTS: The decrease in the salivary cortisol correlated with nine primary scales and all three secondary scales of IBQ-R. Children with a greater cortisol decrease were assessed as less susceptible to negative emotions, more extraverted, and more regulated. The polymorphisms that were observed were related both to the course of the stress reaction and to temperament. The 5-HTTLPR S allele was connected to higher scores for Negative Emotionality and lower scores for Orienting/Regulatory Capacity. The presence of the MAOA L allele predisposed its carriers to higher scores for Negative Emotionality, lower scores for Orienting/Regulatory Capacity, and a lower decrease in cortisol. The Met allele of COMT Val158Met polymorphism was connected to a higher Positive Affectivity/Surgency and Orienting/Regulatory Capacity and a greater cortisol decrease. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to previous studies referring mainly basal cortisol and its increase, the results of our study emphasize the importance of cortisol elimination in infant temperament. Another interesting finding was a higher cortisol increase, higher Distress to Limitations, Negative Emotionality, and Approach in MAOA LL homozygotes which are traditionally understood as more vulnerable toward early stress in developing later externalizing behavior.

• MeSH
• Infant Behavior physiology   MeSH
• Hydrocortisone metabolism   MeSH
• Catechol O-Methyltransferase genetics   MeSH
• Infant * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins genetics   MeSH
• Monoamine Oxidase genetics   MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Polymorphism, Genetic MeSH
• Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System metabolism   MeSH
• Temperament physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Infant * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Cíle. Dosavadní výzkumy osobnostních korelátů a prediktorů generativity jsou převážně založeny na pětifaktorovém modelu osobnosti. Méně pozornosti je věnováno jiným osobnostním modelům. Jako další vhodný se jeví Cloningerův model osobnosti, který rozlišuje temperamentové a charakterové rysy osobnosti. Soubor. Dva aspekty generativity – zájem (Loyola Generativity Scale) a jednání (Generative Behavior Checklist) – byly predikovány u souboru osob ve střední dospělosti (N = 83, 58 % žen, průměrný věk 53 let) na základě osobnostních rysů zjišťovaných o deset let dříve. Hypotézy. Autoři předpokládali, že generativní zájem a generativní jednání budou předpovídány rysy vyhýbání se poškození, vyhledávání nového a sebepřesažení. Statistická analýza. Data byla analyzována postupy korelační a regresní analýzy s využitím bootstrappingu. Výsledky. Generativní zájem i generativní jednání mohou být predikovány na základě osobnostních rysů, nicméně v případě generativního zájmu ani jeden z prediktorů nevykazoval samostatný statisticky významný vliv. Signifikantním prediktorem generativního jednání byla dimenze sebepřesažení. Rys sebepřesažení definovaný jako představa o vlastní účasti ve světě jako celku nemá v rámci pětifaktorového modelu obdobu, výsledky tudíž vhodně doplňují dosavadní poznatky o osobnostních souvislostech generativity. Limitace. Studie má dvě limitace: za prvé, výzkum byl proveden s relativně nízkým počtem osob, za druhé, jak generativita, tak osobnostní rysy byly v průběhu longitudinální studie zjišťovány pouze jednou, na různých věkových stupních.

Objectives. The research of personality correlates and predictors of generativity is largely based on five-factor model of personality. Less attention is paid to other personality models. One of another suitable models is Cloninger's model of personality, which distinguishes temperament and character traits of personality. Sample and setting. Two aspects of generativity, concern (Loyola Generativity Scale) and action (Generative Behavior Checklist), were predicted in a group of middle-aged people (N = 83, 58% women, mean age 53 years) based on personality traits ten years earlier. Hypotheses. Authors assumed that generative concern and generative action would be predicted by the traits of harm avoidance, novelty seeking, and self-transcendence. Statistical analysis. Data was analyzed using the correlation and regression analysis with the use of bootstrapping. Results. Generative concern and generative action can be predicted on the basis of personality traits, but in the case of generative concern, none of the predictors showed a separate statistically significant effect. A significant predictor of generative action was the dimension of self-transcendence. The self-transcendence, defined as the concept of own participation in the world as a whole, is not included within the five-factor model, and the results thus suitably complement the existing knowledge of personality factors of generativity. Study limitation. The study has two limitations: first, the research was performed with a relatively small sample size, and second, both generativity and personality traits were assessed only once during the longitudinal study, at different age levels.

• MeSH
• Character MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Correlation of Data MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Longitudinal Studies MeSH
• Personality * MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Regression Analysis MeSH
• Self Concept MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Social Behavior * MeSH
• Temperament MeSH
• Personality Assessment MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Aged MeSH