In the first months of the Spanish Civil War, the Spanish doctor Frederic Duran Jordà developed a new method of blood transfusion which overcame the era of direct arm-to-arm transfusions. While Duran was experimenting in Barcelona and the Aragon front, hundreds of foreign doctors came to Spain with the help of internationalist associations and offered their services to the Republican government. The Czechoslovak Dr Karel Holubec entered Spain in May 1937 and practiced in a mobile hospital funded by the Czechoslovak Committee to Aid Democratic Spain, receiving blood from Duran's laboratory. This article aims to study how Duran and Holubec transferred the method of blood transfusion to Czechoslovakia through interpersonal contact, conferences, and performances. This paper argues that while individual actors played a crucial role in the diffusion of medical practices, this circulation was determined by a unique historical and socio-political framework. The Spanish Civil War, the International Brigades, and the invasion of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany were not only the historical context of medical innovation but an integral part of it.

• MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• krevní transfuze * dějiny   metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Španělsko MeSH

• MeSH
• diagnostické zobrazování metody   MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza metody   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• klinické laboratorní techniky metody   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metabolické nemoci kostí diagnóza   MeSH
• metastázy nádorů patologie   MeSH
• nádory žaludku patologie   MeSH
• osteolýza diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

The field of head and neck pathology was just developing 50 years ago but has certainly come a long way in a relatively short time. Thousands of developments in diagnostic criteria, tumor classification, malignancy staging, immunohistochemistry application, and molecular testing have been made during this time, with an exponential increase in literature on the topics over the past few decades: There were 3506 articles published on head and neck topics in the decade between 1969 and 1978 (PubMed source), with a staggering 89266 manuscripts published in the most recent decade. It is daunting and impossible to narrow the more than 162000 publications in this field and suggest only a few topics of significance. However, the breakthrough in this anatomic discipline has been achieved in 3 major sites: oropharyngeal carcinoma, salivary gland neoplasms, and sinonasal tract tumors. This review will highlight selected topics in these anatomic sites in which the most profound changes in diagnosis have occurred, focusing on the information that helps to guide daily routine practice of surgical pathology.

• MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery analýza   dějiny   MeSH
• nádory hlavy a krku chemie   dějiny   patologie   virologie   MeSH
• nádory orofaryngu chemie   dějiny   patologie   virologie   MeSH
• nádory slinných žláz chemie   dějiny   patologie   virologie   MeSH
• nádory vedlejších dutin nosních chemie   dějiny   patologie   virologie   MeSH
• Papillomaviridae izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• patologie dějiny   trendy   MeSH
• rozšiřování inovací MeSH
• staging nádorů MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Christianity emerged as a small and marginal movement in the first century Palestine and throughout the following three centuries it became highly visible in the whole Mediterranean. Little is known about the mechanisms of spreading innovative ideas in past societies. Here we investigate how well the spread of Christianity can be explained as a diffusive process constrained by physical travel in the Roman Empire. First, we combine a previously established model of the transportation network with city population estimates and evaluate to which extent the spatio-temporal pattern of the spread of Christianity can be explained by static factors. Second, we apply a network-theoretical approach to analyze the spreading process utilizing effective distance. We show that the spread of Christianity in the first two centuries closely follows a gravity-guided diffusion, and is substantially accelerated in the third century. Using the effective distance measure, we are able to suggest the probable path of the spread. Our work demonstrates how the spatio-temporal patterns we observe in the data can be explained using only spatial constraints and urbanization structure of the empire. Our findings also provide a methodological framework to be reused for studying other cultural spreading phenomena.

• MeSH
• časoprostorová analýza MeSH
• cestování ekonomika   dějiny   MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• hustota populace MeSH
• křesťanství dějiny   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• římská říše dějiny   MeSH
• šíření informací dějiny   MeSH
• teoretické modely MeSH
• velkoměsta MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• velkoměsta MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• historie, chronická lymfocytární leukemie, léčba,
• MeSH
• chlorambucil terapeutické užití   MeSH
• chronická lymfatická leukemie dějiny   diagnóza   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• dějiny lékařství MeSH
• vidarabin terapeutické užití   MeSH

Radiation myelopathy (RM) is a rare complication of spinal cord irradiation. Diagnosis is based on the history of radiotherapy, laboratory tests, and magnetic resonance imaging of the spinal cord. The MRI findings may nevertheless be quite unspecific. In this paper, we describe the findings of diffusion tensor imaging in a case of the delayed form of RM. We observed areas of restricted diffusion within the spinal cord which probably corresponded to the ischemic changes. This would concur with the currently accepted pathogenetic theory concerning RM.

• MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• konformní radioterapie škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory páteře radioterapie   MeSH
• nemoci míchy etiologie   patologie   MeSH
• radiační poranění etiologie   patologie   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• zobrazování difuzních tenzorů metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

The basic principles of lymphoma classification(s) in general have been widely evolving in acourse of decades of years wiht the use of contemporary resources and recent cutting edges in hematooncology on aclinical, morphological and molecular level bring new possibilities not only in improvements of diagnostic and prognostic algorithms and also bear new opportunities in so called targeted and tailored strategies of lymphoma therapy. The pathogenesis and biologic behavior of lymphoproliferations and even lymphomas should be studied in acontext of lymphocytic and (neoplastic) lymphoid stage and chronologic development. In acurrent more complex insight into lymphoproliferations we would like to describe huge heterogeneity of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in relationship to mandatory WHO classification since 2008 and the next development of knowledge in this field with potential new influence on an advancement of both classification and therapy.

• MeSH
• difúzní velkobuněčný B-lymfom * klasifikace   patologie   terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Chemicals were used as a method of warfare almost from the beginning of mankind. First efforts on their restrictions are dated to the seventeenth century. The most significant agreements before the World War I are The Hague Conventions (of 1899 and 1907) which prohibit the use of projectiles the object of which is the diffusion of asphyxiating or deleterious gases. But The Hague Conventions were not fully observed in the World War I. Toxic chemicals as a method of warfare, namely chlorine, phosgene, hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen chloride, chloropicrin and sulphur mustard were used, either in the form of gases and aerosols or filled in bombs or shells. The first largescale use of chemical weapons during World War I was the use of 168 t of chlorine on 22 April in Ieper, Belgium. The Geneva Protocol prohibiting the use of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases in the war was signed in 1925, but with reservations from some signatory states. Universal document that prohibits altogether development, production and stockpiling of chemical weapons and ordering their destruction – The Chemical Weapons Convention was signed in January 1993 and entered in force in 1997. In 2013 the organisation that cares for its observance, the OPCW (Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons), was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

• MeSH
• akademie a ústavy * dějiny   organizace a řízení   MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• fyzikální chemie * dějiny   organizace a řízení   pracovní síly   MeSH
• věda dějiny   organizace a řízení   pracovní síly   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• Publikační typ
• historické články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

A proportion of patients with certain types of interstitial lung disease (ILD), including chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis and ILDs associated with autoimmune diseases, develop a progressive fibrosing phenotype that shows similarities in clinical course to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Irrespective of the clinical diagnosis, these progressive fibrosing ILDs show commonalities in the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms that drive a self-sustaining process of pulmonary fibrosis. The natural history of progressive fibrosing ILDs is characterized by decline in lung function, worsening of symptoms and health-related quality of life, and early mortality. Greater impairment in forced vital capacity or diffusion capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide, and a greater extent of fibrotic changes on a computed tomography scan, are predictors of mortality in patients with fibrosing ILDs. However, the course of these diseases is heterogenous and cannot accurately be predicted for an individual patient. Data from ongoing clinical trials and patient registries will provide a better understanding of the clinical course and impact of progressive fibrosing ILDs.

• MeSH
• hypersenzitivní pneumonitida diagnostické zobrazování   epidemiologie   MeSH
• idiopatická plicní fibróza diagnostické zobrazování   epidemiologie   MeSH
• intersticiální plicní nemoci diagnostické zobrazování   epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mortalita trendy   MeSH
• progrese nemoci * MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• acetylcholin aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• difuze MeSH
• elektrody MeSH
• iontoforéza dějiny   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• mozek účinky léků   MeSH
• nervosvalové spojení účinky léků   MeSH
• neurofyziologie dějiny   MeSH
• periferní nervy účinky léků   MeSH
• receptory neurotransmiterů účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Austrálie MeSH
• Československo MeSH
• Čína MeSH
• Spojené království MeSH
• Spojené státy americké MeSH
• SSSR MeSH