Background simulation
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Chapman and Hall/CRC Mathematical Biology and Medicine Series
1st ed. xxvi, 426 s.
- MeSH
- počítačová simulace MeSH
- Konspekt
- Patologie. Klinická medicína
- NLK Obory
- onkologie
- lékařská informatika
The aim of this study was to simulate different types of cervical vertebra loading and to find out whether mechanical stress would concentrate in regions known in clinical practice as predilection sites for osteophyte formation. The objective was to develop a theoretical model that would elucidate clinical observations concerning the predilection site of bone remodelling in view of the physiological changes inside the cervical vertebral body. MATERIAL AND METHODS A real 3D-geometry of the fourth cervical vertebra had been made by the commercially available system ATOS II. This is a high-resolution measuring system using principles of optical triangulation. This flexible optical measuring machine projects fringe patterns on the surface of a selected object and the pattern is observed with two cameras. 3D coordinates for each camera pixel were calculated with high precision and a polygon mesh of the object's surface was further generated. In the next step an ANSYS programme was used to calculate strains and stresses in each finite element of the virtual vertebra. The applied forces used in the experiment corresponded in both magnitude and direction to physiological stress. Mechanical loading in neutral position was characterized by a distribution of 80% mechanical stress to the vertebral body and 10% to each of the zygoapophyseal joints. Hyperlordotic loading was simulated by 60% force transfer to the vertebral body end-plate and 20% to each of the small joint while kyphotic loading involved a 90% load on the vertebral body end-plate and 5% on each facet. RESULTS Mechanical stress distribution calculated in a neutral position of the model correlated well with bone mineral distribution of a healthy vertebra, and verified the model itself. The virtual mechanical loading of a vertebra in kyphotic position concentrated deformation stress into the uncinate processes and the dorsal apophyseal rim of the vertebral body. The simulation of mechanical loading in hyperlordosis, on the other hand, shifted the region of maximum deformation into the articulation process of the Z-joint. All locations are known as areas of osteophyte formation in degenerated cervical vertebrae. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The theoretical model developed during this study corresponded well with human spine behaviour in terms of predilection sites for osteodegenerative changes, as observed in clinical practice. A mathematical simulation of mechanical stress distribution in pre-operative planning may lead to the optimisation of post-operative anatomical relationship between adjacent vertebrae. Such improvement in our surgical practice may further reduce the incidence of degenerative changes in adjacent motion segments of the cervical spine and possibly also lead to better subjective and clinical results after cervical spine reconstruction.
Aim: To outline the purpose and meaning of using simulation methods in education in nursing study program. Background: The transformation of university education is becoming mandatory in medical and paramedical sciences. This transformation is due to the progressive development of health care and medicine informatics, an increase of new knowledge, and advanced diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and well. Methodology: Content analysis of selected studies published in EBSCO databases for the period 2005-2015 and synthesis of collected data. Results: Application of simulation methods (SM) in the learning process in nursing improves cognitive skills of students (knowledge, critical thinking, clinical judgment, and communication skills), psychomotor skills and affective abilities (increased confidence and motivation, improving satisfaction, relieve anxiety) and it has positive impact on outcomes in patients. Conclusion: The groups exposed to simulation demonstrated positive transformation of cognitive and affective abilities and motor skills in clinical practice. Education based on simulations is an effective teaching strategy in nursing.
- MeSH
- klinické kompetence MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- osoby simulující pacienta ve výuce * MeSH
- studium ošetřovatelství * metody MeSH
- tréninková simulace metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Background: Considering current demographic trends in society, education of seniors has become real needs and a challenge for the field of education and training institutions. Universities of the Third Age (UTA) represent one option for senior education allowing them to study various fields at university level. Within UTA studies, the seniors are interested in studying mainly the issues of health and disease, aging and the social and legal issues. Seniors represent a group of students with specific educational needs. In teaching them it is therefore important to choose teaching methods that take account of developmental changes of the period, contain elements of clearness, and provide the space for communication and activity with the use of previous experiences of seniors. In the framework of elderly education at the UTA at Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin (JFM CU) the simulation methods are also used that bring elements of clarity and attractiveness into the teaching and serve to bridge theoretical education and practical training. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the UTA senior students’ views on the use of simulation models and simulations in education and to find out what is their satisfaction with the training in the Simulation Center at JFM CU in Martin. Methods: Questionnaire of own construction was used to gather empirical data. The study involved 30 senior students of the third year of studies in the program “Elderly Care”, out of which 25 were women and 5 men. The average age of respondents was 67.3 years (SD 5.6). Results: Within education and training in Simulation Center, the seniors most positively evaluated preparedness, presentation and interpretation of the lecturer (4.96) and the way in which information were administered (4.76). They had the opportunity of hands-on work with the simulation models and practical training of their skills and such experience was evaluated as excellent (4.70). Seniors also acclaimed the opportunity of active discussion with the lecturers and with each other that was also rated to be excellent (4.70). Results of the study proved overall evaluation of teaching and training in the Simulation Center was highly positive (4.80). Conclusions: Using appropriate educational strategies within senior education at UTA at JFM CU in Martin contributes to formation of the proper attitude to the health of the elderly and healthy aging.
- MeSH
- histologie výchova MeSH
- kontinuální vzdělávání organizace a řízení MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- počítačem řízená výuka metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- počítačová simulace * MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- studium lékařství metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
The contribution presents further results in developing the exact means for simulating the realistic situation in the USCT (ultrasonic computed tomography) imaging system, aiming both at evaluating the approximations used in the existing USCT image reconstruction methods as to their precision and also (in a longer perspective) at iterative improvement of the obtained images via continuum mechanics based feedback. The mathematical models, generalised in comparison with [1], emerging from the transparent physical background, are presented for inhomogeneous media incorporating both the object tissue and the surrounding fluid. The equations are already general enough to employ complex nonlinear phenomena in three-dimensional space; and linearised 3D simulations (giving rise to wave equation, WE) have been performed enabling first conclusions on the feasibility of this approach with respect to the available computing resources. Some of the results of the numerical solution of the WE in 3D by means of the finite-element method show in local detail the diffraction phenomena on acoustic-impedance inhomogeneities. The spatial extent of the simulations is basically limited only by the available computing resources. The hardware requirements and related practical limitations are mentioned together with a few examples of presently available results. Together with conclusions, further perspectives of this branch of the USCT research are suggested.
- MeSH
- algoritmy MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- interpretace obrazu počítačem metody MeSH
- počítačová simulace MeSH
- refraktometrie metody MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- senzitivita a specificita MeSH
- tomografie metody MeSH
- ultrasonografie metody MeSH
- vylepšení obrazu metody MeSH
- zobrazování trojrozměrné metody MeSH
Východiska: Technika neodkladné resuscitace (KPR) se neustále zdokonaluje. KPR je fyzicky náročná a prokázala se účinnost spolupráce více zachránců na místě. Průzkum se zaměřuje na efektivitu rozložení sil dvou zachránců při KPR.Cíl: Porovnat efektivitu základní neodkladné resuscitace prováděné jedním zachráncem střídaným ve 2 minutových cyklech nebo dvojicí zachránců současně po celou dobu resuscitace. Metodika: Simulace resuscitace se zúčastnilo 40 respondentů (20 dvojic studentů oboru Zdravotnický záchranář). Časový limit KPR byl 10 minut. KPR byla prováděna ve dvojici respondentů, kteří se po dvou minutách střídali v provádění kompletní KPR. Po 60 minutách odpočinku následovalo dalších 10 minut KPR, tentokrát dvojice resuscitovala společně po celou dobu. Hodnocena byla efektivnost a správnost resuscitace, fyzická náročnost a subjektivní pocity.Výsledky: Celková úspěšnost KPR u obou způsobů nebyla rozdílná (96 % resp. 97 %). Další hodnocené parametry byly lepší při provádění KPR dvěma zachránci současně. Vzestup tepové frekvence byl po KPR ve dvou zachráncích významně nižší (p = 0,000), stejně tak i dechové frekvence (p = 0,000). Výskyt zčervenání v obličeji nebyl významně rozdílný (p = 0,084).Závěry: Kvalitně provádět resuscitaci je možné oběma způsoby. Na základě měření fyziologických funkcí i podle subjektivního hodnocení respondentů je pro zachránce méně náročné současné provádění KPR ve dvou zachráncích.
Background: The Basic life supprot (BLS) has been constantly improving. The BLS is physically demanding aktivity and has been proven the advantage of more bystanders on site. The article focuses on the effectiveness of the power distribution of two bystanders during BLS.Aim: To determine the effectiveness of the BLS performed by one bystander changing in 2 minute intervals or two bystanders at the same time throughout the BLS.Methods: The BLS simulation based prospective study. 40 participants (20 pairs of paramedic students) were involved in this study. First, BLS was performed by one bystander (changing cycles of rest and BLS after 2 minutes) for ten minutes and after 60 minutes of rest, was performed by two bystanders at the same time. The efficiency and correctness of resuscitation, physical exertion and subjective feelings were evaluated.Results: Overall success rate of the BLS was not different (96% and 97% respectively) in both groups. The other evaluated parameters were slightly better when BLS was performed with two bystanders at the same time. The increase of heart rate was significantly lower (P = 0.000) after the BLS in two bystanders, as well as the respiratory rate (p = 0.000). The incidence of reddening in the face was not significantly higher (p = 0.084).Conclusions: Properly performed BLS is possible using both ways. Simultaneous BLS with two bystanders is less physically demanding, based on the results of hear rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure and subjective evaluation of participants.
This paper describes the results of the second-level testing of the simulation program Simul 5 Complex. We compare the published experimental results with the simulated migration behavior of the enantiomers at different pH and chiral selector concentration values and use the same optimization object function, separation selectivity, as the original papers. Simul 5 Complex proved to be a suitable tool for the prediction of the effective mobilities, separation selectivities, and migration order reversals in these pH-dependent and CD concentration dependent enantiomer separations. In addition, by performing simulations of four different separations systems (both real and model systems), Simul 5 Complex revealed the existence of unexpected and hitherto unexplained electromigration dispersion effects that were caused by the complexation process itself and could significantly impair the quality of the separations.
- MeSH
- chemické modely * MeSH
- dipeptidy chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- elektroforéza kapilární * MeSH
- elektrolyty MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- počítačová simulace MeSH
- software MeSH
- stereoizomerie MeSH
- tropany chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Vibrational optical activity (VOA) such as vibrational circular dichroism and Raman optical activity comprises developing spectroscopic techniques providing additional information on molecules. The information depends on theoretical modeling of the spectra. The review deals with the physics of the phenomena, their advantages and problems in experiments and spectral interpretation, applications and simulation methods. Application potentials in large, hydrated and flexible systems are documented on insuline, lactamide and a recently discovered natural molecule, "SynoxA". VOA is able to afford unique structural information; however, better instruments as well as more accurate simulations are still desirable.
- MeSH
- amidy MeSH
- cirkulární dichroismus * MeSH
- fyziologie buňky MeSH
- inzulin fyziologie MeSH
- kvantová teorie MeSH
- molekulární struktura MeSH
- oxazolidinony MeSH
- počítačová simulace * MeSH
- Ramanova spektroskopie * MeSH
- rezonanční přenos fluorescenční energie MeSH
- simulace molekulární dynamiky MeSH
- spektrální analýza * MeSH
- vibrace MeSH
- zobrazování difuzních tenzorů MeSH
BACKGROUND: Delayed achievement of target vancomycin serum concentrations may adversely affect clinical outcomes. The objective of this retrospective study was to compare the prediction accuracy of different body weight descriptors for volume of distribution and to propose an optimal loading dose (LD) for continuous infusion regimens in adults. METHODS: Pharmacokinetic variables were computed using one-compartmental analysis. Simulated LDs of vancomycin were evaluated for each patient. RESULTS: Volume of distribution, clearance, and half-life median values (interquartile range) for vancomycin in the study population (n = 30) were 0.45 (0.39-0.61) L.kg-1, 0.026 (0.015-0.040) L.h-1.kg-1, and 10.3 (7.7-21.3) h, respectively. The observed volume of distribution was better predicted by total body weight (TBW) than by the ideal body weight or the adjusted body weight. CONCLUSIONS: An LD of 10.7 mg per kg TBW was optimal in our study population. Using this LD, 17.9% of simulated vancomycin serum levels were just below the therapeutic range, only 10.7% concentrations exceeded the target range and no concentration was toxic. The use of a LD would lead to reduced median time to reach target concentrations from 17 to 1 h.
- MeSH
- intravenózní infuze MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- obezita MeSH
- péče o pacienty v kritickém stavu metody MeSH
- počítačová simulace MeSH
- poločas MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost MeSH
- vankomycin aplikace a dávkování krev terapeutické užití MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- pozorovací studie MeSH
