CT perfusion
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Smrť mozgu zostáva klinickou diagnózou, vo väčšine prípadov založenou na klinickej diagnostike. Doplnkové testy vrátane zobrazovacích vyšetrení sa používajú na potvrdenie absencie cerebrálnej perfúzie, keď sú klinické nálezy nejednoznačné. Zobrazovacie metódy ako DSA, perfúzna scintigrafia a transkraniálny Doppler môžu poskytnúť kľúčové, zákonom vyžadované údaje na podporu diagnózy. Napriek prebiehajúcim snahám neexistuje celosvetový konsenzus o optimálnom doplnkovom teste a prax sa líši podľa regiónov. Moderné vyšetrenia ako CT angiografia (CTA), MR techniky, CT perfúzia a časovo invariantná CTA ponúkajú stále presnejšie výstupy. Je však potrebná ich ďalšia validácia, zvlášť v prípade pediatrických pacientov. Včasná diagnóza smrti mozgu minimalizuje zbytočné výkony a umožňuje následný efektívny transplantačný program.
Brain death remains a clinical diagnosis, based mainly on clinical criteria. Ancillary tests, including diagnostic imaging, are used to confirm the absence of cerebral perfusion when clinical findings are inconclusive. Imaging methods like DSA, perfusion scintigraphy and transcranial Doppler can provide critical, legally required data to support the diagnosis. Despite ongoing efforts, there is no global consensus on the optimal ancillary test, with practices varying by the region. Modern techniques like CT angiography (CTA), MR imaging, CT perfusion and time-invariant CTA, offer increasingly accurate outcomes. However, further validation is needed, particularly for pediatric patients. Early brain death diagnosis is crucial to avoid unnecessary interventions and to support timely organ transplantation.
- MeSH
- diagnostické zobrazování metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozková smrt * diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- neurozobrazování metody MeSH
- radioisotopová scintigrafie metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Celotělovápostmortem CTangiografie(PMCTA) představujevcelosvětovémměřítkuexperimentálnímetoduzávisloupředevšímnadostupnostiinterdisciplinární spolupráce, personálním a technickém vybavení a finančních možnostech pracoviště. Autoři prezentují technické poznámky k etablovaní PMCTA na pracovišti, které od roku 2015 rutinně provádělo nativní CT vyšetření. Aplikaci této diagnosticky i vědecko-výzkumně výtěžné metody do soudnělékařské praxe umožnila mezioborová spolupráce společně s institucionální podporou rozvoje nových diagnostických metod.
Whole-body post mortem CT angiography (PMCTA) is an innovative and experimental imaging technique that relies heavily on interdisciplinary collaboration, access to skilled personnel, advanced technical equipment and the financial possibilities of the workplace. Native CT examinations (PMCT) prior to autopsy are already a standard procedure in certain forensic departments in the Czech Republic (e.g., murders, suicides, deaths of children, traffic accidents etc.). Nonetheless, the progression of forensic sciences all over the world shows the necessity to integrate other advanced imaging modalities in routine forensic practice. Incorporating PMCTA into standard forensic workflows enhances the precision of forensic diagnostics, supplements traditional autopsy findings, and elevates the objectivity of forensic outputs. This paper presents technical notes on the development of PMCTA in forensic practice in a department that since 2015 until now has routinely performed native CT examinations. Institutional support was crucial in enabling the adoption of the imaging technique, which has so far been applied to more than thirty cases. The department is currently conducting a comparative study focused on the application of three different types of perfusion media – polyethylene glycol (PEG), saline, paraffin oil – and assessing the diagnostic efficacy of PMCTA relative to conventional autopsy. Based on our experience, PMCTA is suitable for all corpses except those with advanced post-mortem decomposition or extensive open injuries. The highest diagnostic yield is achieved in cases involving suspected gastrointestinal bleeding or vascular pathologies and lesions especially of large vessels (e.g., dissection/rupture of the aorta). The protocol for whole-body PMCTA can be adapted to meet the specific needs and conditions of individual forensic departments, providing a flexible yet robust framework for enhancing forensic medical investigations.
- MeSH
- CT angiografie metody MeSH
- diagnostické zobrazování metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pitva * metody MeSH
- počítačová rentgenová tomografie * metody MeSH
- soudní lékařství metody trendy MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Pro zlepšení přesnosti při zobrazování perfuze myokardu je nezbytné nahrávat další projekci při změněné pozici těla nebo používat CT atenuační korekci (AC). Technicky jednoduché je nahrávat AC CT na hybridní SPECT/CT kameře. Pro kamery, které jsou pouze SPECT, typicky pro kardiologické kadmium zinek telluridové (Cadmium Zinc Telluride, CZT) kamery, můžeme pro AC použít externí CT. Pro AC můžeme dokonce použít i EKG-gated CT koronární kalciové skóre. Cílem práce je podělit se o zkušenosti s fúzi SPECT a CT pro AC na CZT kameře.
To improve the accuracy of myocardial perfusion imaging, it is necessary to acquire the additional study in a changed body position, or to use a CT attenuation correction (AC). AC can be technically easil performed on a hybrid SPECT/CT camera. For AC on SPECT only camera, typically cardiac Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) camera, we can use an external CT. Moreover, even ECG-gated CT coronary artery calcium scoring can be used for AC. The aim of our study is to present our experience with the fusion of SPECT and CT for AC on CZT camera.
Introduction: The e-STROKE study is a prospective, multicenter observational study designed to assess the impact of various CT parameters (including e-ASPECT, CT perfusion (CTP), collateral flow status, and the size and location of the ischemic lesion) on the clinical outcomes of patients with ischemic stroke, as evaluated by the modified Rankins Scale (mRS) three months post-stroke. This study also aims to investigate whether the use of multimodal CT imaging increases the number of patients eligible for recanalization therapy. The analysis will integrate data from the RES-Q registry and radiological data from the e-STROKE system provided by Brainomix Ltd. Aims: The primary aim is to determine the predictive value of CT parameters (e-ASPECTS, CTP, collateral vessel status, and ischemic lesion volume and location) on three-month functional outcomes, as defined by the mRS, in patients with non-lacunar stroke following recanalization treatment (IVT and/or MT). The secondary aim is to evaluate whether multimodal CT examination leads to an increase in the number of patients eligible for recanalization therapy. Additionally, this study seeks to assess the specificity and sensitivity of multimodal CT in distinguishing stroke mimics from actual strokes. Methods: This multicenter observational study involves patients with suspected acute ischemic stroke and a premorbid mRS ≤ 4, who are treated with endovascular thrombectomy (EVT), intravenous thrombolysis (IVT), or managed conservatively in stroke centers within the Czech Stroke Research Network (STROCZECH), which is part of the Czech Clinical Research Infrastructure Network (CZECRIN). Data collection includes demographic, clinical, and imaging data variables such as age, sex, ethnicity, risk factors, treatment times (OTT, DNT, and OGT), TICI scores, post-treatment hemorrhage (ECAS II), mRS outcome, stroke etiology, e-ASPECTS, acute ischemic volume (AIV), thrombus length on NCCT, CTA collateral score and collateral vessel density, location of large vessel occlusion, ischemic core, hypoperfusion volume, mismatch ratio and volume, final infarct volume, hemorrhage volume, and MRI in case of negative follow-up NCCT. Conclusions: We anticipate collecting robust clinical and radiological data from approximately 2000 patients across 22 centers over a 12-month period. The results are expected to enhance the precision of diagnostic and prognostic radiological markers in managing acute stroke.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Izolovaná srdeční sarkoidóza je vzácné onemocnění, které je často obtížně detekovatelné vzhledem k nízké senzitivitě endomyokardiální biopsie (EMB), a proto obvykle vyžaduje multimodální vyšetření pomocí magnetické rezonance srdce (CMR) a/nebo pozitronové emisní tomografie – výpočetní tomografie (PET-CT) s aplikací 18F fl uordeoxyglukózy (FDG). Klinická manifestace onemocnění zahrnuje pokročilou atrioventrikulární blokádu, maligní komorové arytmie a městnavé srdeční selhání. Cílem práce je ukázat úskalí při diagnostice klinicky izolované sarkoidózy srdce u mladého muže po resuscitaci pro maligní komorovou arytmii. V kontextu tohoto případu poskytneme přehled současných znalostí managementu srdeční sarkoidózy. Popis případu: Osmadvacetiletý muž bez významnějších přidružených onemocnění byl přijat na naše pracoviště po krátké resuscitaci pro mimonemocniční zástavu oběhu při fi brilaci komor v únoru 2022. Na vstupním EKG byl přítomen sinusový rytmus s kompletní atrioventrikulární blokádou a morfologií komplexu QRS charakteru blokády levého Tawarova raménka. Následně byla dokumentována těžká neischemická systolická dysfunkce nedilatované levé komory s ejekční frakcí 25 %. EMB ukázala pouze nespecifický nález. Pro přetrvávající atrioventrikulární blokádu III. stupně byl pacientovi implantován kardioverter-defibrilátor s možností biventrikulární stimulace. Magnetickou rezonanci srdce jsme neindikovali z bezpečnostních důvodů u pacienta dependentního na kardiostimulaci a také jsme očekávali horší kvalitu vyšetření při artefaktech z implantovaných elektrod. V březnu 2022 bylo provedeno PET-CT s aplikací FDG, nicméně nález na srdci byl nediagnostický vzhledem k nedostatečné supresi metabolismu cukrů. Byly však zastiženy tři avidní uzliny v mediastinu. Pro trvající podezření na srdeční sarkoidózu bylo provedeno kontrolní PET-CT v červenci 2022, kdy se již zdařila suprese metabolismu glukózy v myokardu. Byl dokumentován nepoměr mezi fokálně zvýšenou akumulací FDG v oblasti anteroapikální, septální a bazální a výpadkem perfuze, který je charakteristický pro pokročilejší stadia zánětlivých srdečních onemocnění. Současně byla zaznamenána progrese lymfadenopatie na obou stranách bránice. Bronchoskopie a transbronchiální biopsie přinesly negativní nález. Opakovaná EMB verifi kovala sarkoidózu myokardu. V době první manifestace onemocnění se tedy jednalo o klinicky izolovanou srdeční sarkoidózu. Na základě tohoto nálezu byla zahájena imunosupresivní léčba kortikoidy a azathioprinem, kterou pacient toleroval bez komplikací. Postupně došlo ke zlepšení ejekční frakce levé komory, která v září 2023 dosáhla 45 %. Pacient zůstává během sledování klinicky stabilní ve funkční třídě II, bez intervencí přístroje pro komorové tachykardie. Od března 2023 přestal být pacient dependentní na kardiostimulaci. Závěr: Na diagnózu srdeční sarkoidózy je třeba myslet u pacientů s neischemickou dysfunkcí levé komory, zvláště v přítomnosti aneurysmat levé nebo pravé komory. Podezření zvyšuje přítomnost pokročilejší atrio- ventrikulární blokády nebo výskyt maligních komorových arytmií. Diagnostika je zvláště obtížná u izolované srdeční sarkoidózy, kde je obvykle nutno aplikovat kombinaci zobrazovacích metod, včetně CMR a PET-CT, případně opakovat EMB k dosažení správné diagnózy. Ta je důležitá jak z prognostických, tak i terapeutických důvodů.
Isolated cardiac sarcoidosis is a rare disease with a challenging diagnostic process reflecting a low sensitivity of endomyocardial biopsy (EMB). Therefore, it often requires a multimodal imaging using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and/or positron emission tomography (PET-CT) with administration of 18Ffluordeoxyglucose (FDG). Its clinical manifestation includes advanced atrioventricular block, ventricular tachyar- rhythmias and congestive heart failure. We aimed to illustrate pitfalls in the diagnosis of clinically isolated cardiac sarcoidosis in a young male with an aborted cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. This case inspired us to provide an updated review of the management of cardiac sarcoidosis. Case description: A 28-year-old male without any comorbidities was admitted to our department after an aborted out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation in February 2022. His first electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm and a complete atrioventricular block with left bundle branch block QRS morphology. Echocardiogram and coronary angiography revealed severe non-ischemic systolic dysfunction of the non-dilated left ventricle with an ejection fraction of 25%. Findings in EMB specimens were non-specific. A biventricular cardioverter-defibrillator was implanted due to a persistent complete atrioventricular block. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was not done from the safety reasons due to dependency of the subject on cardiac pacing and expected poor quality due to artefacts from the implanted electrodes. In March 2022, PET-CT with administration of FDG was performed. Unfortunately, the examination was not diagnostic due to an incomplete suppression of the metabolism of carbohydrates. However, three avid lymphatic nodes were detected in mediastinum. Repeated PET-CT was performed in July 2022 with successful suppression of the metabolism of carbohydrates. The examination revealed a mismatch between focally increased accumulation of FDG and absent perfusion in anteroapical, septal, and basal segments, which is a typical finding for an inflammatory cardiac disease. In addition, there was an obvious progression of lymphadenopathy both above and under the diaphragm. Subsequently, we performed a repeated EMB, which verified cardiac sarcoidosis. This suggested a diagnosis of isolated cardiac sarcoidosis at the time of disease manifestation. These results enabled to start immunosuppression with corticosteroids and azathioprine, which was tolerated without complications. A gradual improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction up to 45% was observed and documented in September 2023. The patient remains clinically stable in the functional class II, without interventions from the implanted cardioverter-defibrillator. Since March 2023, the patient is not dependent on cardiac pacing. Conclusion: The diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis should be considered in patients with non-ischemic dysfunction of the left ventricle, especially if accompanied with aneurysms of cardiac ventricles. The suspicion rises in the presence of atrioventricular blocks or occurrence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The difficult diagnosis of isolated cardiac sarcoidosis can be established in selected cases by multimodal imaging including CMR and PET-CT, or repeate
- MeSH
- atrioventrikulární blokáda etiologie MeSH
- azathioprin aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- biopsie metody MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- dysfunkce levé srdeční komory etiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci srdce diagnóza epidemiologie farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- PET/CT metody MeSH
- prednison aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- sarkoidóza * diagnóza epidemiologie farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- zástava srdce mimo nemocnici * etiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and ischemic postconditioning (IPoC) in adult hearts is mediated by nitric oxide (NO). During the early developmental period, rat hearts exhibit higher resistance to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, contain higher levels of serum nitrates, and their resistance cannot be further increased by IPC or IPoC. NOS blocker (L-NAME) lowers their high resistance. Wistar rat hearts (postnatal Days 1 and 10) were perfused according to Langendorff and exposed to 40 min of global ischemia followed by reperfusion with or without IPoC. NO and reactive oxygen species donors (DEA-NONO, SIN-1) and L-NAME were administered. Tolerance to ischemia decreased between Days 1 and 10. DEA-NONO (low concentrations) significantly increased tolerance to I/R injury on both Days 1 and 10. SIN-1 increased tolerance to I/R injury on Day 10, but not on Day 1. L-NAME significantly reduced resistance to I/R injury on Day 1, but actually increased resistance to I/R injury on Day 10. Cardioprotection by IPoC on Day 10 was not affected by either NO donors or L-NAME. It can be concluded that resistance of the neonatal heart to I/R injury is NO dependent, but unlike in adult hearts, cardioprotective interventions, such as IPoC, are most likely NO independent.
- MeSH
- donory oxidu dusnatého farmakologie MeSH
- ischemické přivykání metody MeSH
- ischemický postconditioning * metody MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- molsidomin farmakologie analogy a deriváty MeSH
- myokard metabolismus MeSH
- NG-nitroargininmethylester * farmakologie MeSH
- novorozená zvířata * MeSH
- oxid dusnatý * metabolismus MeSH
- potkani Wistar * MeSH
- reperfuzní poškození myokardu * prevence a kontrola metabolismus MeSH
- srdce účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
... Navrátil) /36 -- A2.2.1 Radiography /36 -- A2.2.2 CT Scan /37 -- A2.2.3 Cerebral Angiography /40 -- A2.2.4 ... ... - A7.3 Pathophysiology of Intracranial Hypertension /96 -- A7.4 Cerebral Blood Flow and Cerebral Perfusion ...
1. elektronické vydání 1 online zdroj (292 stran)
- Klíčová slova
- Chirurgie, ortopedie, traumatologie,
- MeSH
- neurochirurgie MeSH
- NLK Obory
- neurochirurgie
OBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic performance and interobserver agreement of CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in the detection of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and its features among radiologists of different levels of experience. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective, single-center, single-blinded study, three radiologists with different levels of experience in CT imaging (R1:15 years, R2:6 years, and R3:3 years) evaluated CTPA of 51 patients ultimately diagnosed with CTEPH (European Society of Cardiology guidelines) and 49 patients without CTEPH in random order to assess the presence of CTEPH, its features in the pulmonary artery tree, proximal level of involvement, bronchial artery hypertrophy, mosaic perfusion, and right heart overload. RESULTS: CTPAs of 51 patients with CTEPH (median age, 66 years (IQR 56-72), 28 men) and 49 patients without CTEPH (median age, 65 years (IQR 50-74), 25 men) were evaluated. The sensitivity and specificity for the detection of CTEPH was 100% (all radiologists) and 100% (R1), 96% (R2), and 96% (R3) with almost perfect agreement (κ = 0.95). The sensitivity and specificity for detecting CTEPH by mosaic perfusion would be 89% (95%CI 83-93%) and 81% (74-87%). The level of pulmonary artery involvement was reported with moderate agreement (κ = 0.54, 95%CI 0.40-0.65). Substantial agreement was found in the evaluation of mosaic attenuation (κ = 0.75, 95%CI 0.64-0.84), right heart overload (κ = 0.68, 95%CI 0.56-0.79), and bronchial artery hypertrophy (0.71, 95%CI 0.59-0.82) which were the best predictors of CTEPH (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: CTPA has high sensitivity and specificity in detecting CTEPH and almost perfect agreement among radiologists of different levels of expertise. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: CT pulmonary angiography can be used as a first-line imaging modality in patients with suspected chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) even when interpreted by non-CTEPH experts. KEY POINTS: • CT pulmonary angiography has high sensitivity and specificity in detecting chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and almost perfect interobserver agreement among radiologists of different levels of expertise. • Substantial agreement exists in the assessment of mosaic attenuation, right heart overload, and bronchial artery hypertrophy, which are the best predictors of CTEPH.
- MeSH
- angiografie metody MeSH
- chronická nemoc MeSH
- hypertrofie MeSH
- jednoduchá slepá metoda MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- plicní embolie * komplikace diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- plicní hypertenze * komplikace diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- počítačová rentgenová tomografie metody MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVES: Current guidelines do not support the use of computed tomography perfusion (CTP) in stroke, except when identifying the penumbra during an extended treatment window. Therefore, this study aimed to define the yield of CTP in diagnosing a stroke diagnosis beyond the imaging of the penumbra in the hyperacute phase (0-6 h) and an extended time window (6-24 h). MATERIALS AND METHODS: All consecutive patients with acute onset of symptoms within a 24-h window underwent CTP imaging. The diagnostic value of CTP was calculated against the clinical and radiological diagnoses of stroke. A positive CTP result was determined by the presence of either a core or penumbra on the RAPID summary. Clinical diagnoses corresponded to discharge diagnoses of stroke. A radiological diagnosis was established if early ischemic changes [Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) <10] were observed on the baseline CT scan, acute infarction was confirmed on follow-up imaging, or symptomatic occlusion was evident on baseline CTA. RESULTS: Between November 2018 and November 2019, 585 consecutive patients with an acute neurological deficit underwent multimodal CT imaging. A total of 500 patients (85%) were included, where 274 (55%) were within the hyperacute phase, 153 (31%) had a radiological diagnosis of stroke, and 122 (24%) had a clinical diagnosis of stroke. CTP yielded positive results only in patients with a confirmed stroke (positive predictive value and specificity of 100%). When CTP results were negative, 43% of the cases turned out to stroke mimics. Patients with stroke mimics were younger (66 ± 17 vs. 73 ± 13) and had lower scores on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [median 0; interquartile range (IQR) 0-2 vs. median 4; IQR 2-6] compared to patients with CTP-negative strokes. CONCLUSION: In our study, CTP consistently indicated brain ischemia; therefore, in stroke management, CTP is most beneficial when it yields a positive result. A positive CTP result should prompt adequate stroke management actions without any delay. Conversely, a negative CTP result necessitates the consideration of both stroke and non-stroke diagnoses.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH