Příspěvek se zabývá problematikou aplikované psychologie písma, zejména využitím grafologie. Mimo základního shrnutí aktuálních přístupů v dané oblasti jsou komentovány vybrané výzkumy a zahraniční studie. Seznamuje také s výsledky šetření PORP (Projekce osobnostních rysů v písmu, Jihočeská univerzita 2007), zaměřeného na zhodnocení diagnostického potenciálu rozboru rukopisu v rámci pětifaktorového modelu osobnosti Big Five. Komentář je věnován i grafologické metodice PORP-GRAF a možnostem dalšího vývoje metody v rámci psychodiagnos­tických disciplín.

This article deals with applied psychology of handwriting, in particular with the use of graphology. In addition to a basic summary of contemporary approaches in the area, selected researches and foreign studies are evaluated. The article also presents results of the PORP research (Projection of Personality Traits in Handwriting, University of South Bohemia 2007) aimed at the evaluation of psychodiagnostic potential of handwriting analysis using 5-factor personality model (Big Five) and comments upon graphological methodology PORP-GRAF and possibilities of further development of the method within psychodiagnostical disciplines.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osobnost * MeSH
• psaní rukou * MeSH
• psychologie aplikovaná * metody   trendy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

IMPORTANCE: Approximately 7% to 30% of children contend with handwriting issues (HIs) in their school years. However, research studies to define and quantify HIs, as well as practical assessment tools, are lacking. OBJECTIVE: To confirm the validity and reliability of two screening scales for HIs: the Handwriting Legibility Scale (HLS) and the Concise Assessment Scale of Children's Handwriting (BHK). DESIGN: Structural equation modeling (SEM) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of five different models were used to examine the construct and discriminant validity of both scales. Furthermore, internal consistency and interrater agreement were evaluated. The association among scales, grades, and children's self-evaluation was also explored. SETTING: Elementary schools and state counseling centers in the Czech Republic. PARTICIPANTS: On a voluntary basis, 161 children from elementary schools and state counseling centers in the Czech Republic were enrolled. The variable of children with typical handwriting development versus HIs was missing for 11 children. Thus, for discriminant validity analysis, 150 data records from children were used. OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The HLS and BHK were used to evaluate the handwriting quality of the transcription task. The Handwriting Proficiency Screening Questionnaires for Children was used for children's self-evaluation. RESULTS: The study confirmed the validity and reliability of the shortened BHK and HLS. A strong relationship was found between the BHK and HLS, grades, and children's self-evaluation. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Both scales are recommended for occupational therapy practice worldwide. Further research should focus on developing standards and providing sensitivity studies. What This Article Adds: Both the HLS and the BHK are recommended for occupational therapy practice. Practitioners should also take the child's well-being into consideration in handwriting quality assessment.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• ergoterapie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• psaní rukou * MeSH
• psychometrie MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• MeSH
• chorea MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• psaní MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder which impairs motor skills, speech, and other functions such as behavior, mood, and cognitive processes. One of the most typical clinical hallmarks of PD is handwriting deterioration, usually the first manifestation of PD. The aim of this study is twofold: (a) to find a subset of handwriting features suitable for identifying subjects with PD and (b) to build a predictive model to efficiently diagnose PD. We collected handwriting samples from 37 medicated PD patients and 38 age- and sex-matched controls. The handwriting samples were collected during seven tasks such as writing a syllable, word, or sentence. Every sample was used to extract the handwriting measures. In addition to conventional kinematic and spatio-temporal handwriting measures, we also computed novel handwriting measures based on entropy, signal energy, and empirical mode decomposition of the handwriting signals. The selected features were fed to the support vector machine classifier with radial Gaussian kernel for automated diagnosis. The accuracy of the classification of PD was as high as 88.13%, with the highest values of sensitivity and specificity equal to 89.47% and 91.89%, respectively. Handwriting may be a valuable marker as a diagnostic and screening tool.

• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• biomechanika MeSH
• energetický metabolismus MeSH
• entropie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• normální rozdělení MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc * diagnóza   psychologie   terapie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• support vector machine MeSH
• systémy pro podporu klinického rozhodování * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

Dysgraphia (D) is a complex specific learning disorder with a prevalence of up to 30%, which is linked with handwriting issues. The factors recognized for assessing these issues are legibility and performance time. Two questionnaires, the Handwriting Proficiency Screening Questionnaire (HPSQ) for teachers and its modification for children (HPSQ-C), were established as quick and valid screening tools along with a third factor - emotional and physical well-being. Until now, in the Czechia, there has been no validated screening tool for D diagnosis. A study was conducted on a set of 294 children from 3rd and 4th year of primary school (132 girls/162 boys; Mage 8.96 ± 0.73) and 21 teachers who spent most of their time with them. Confirmatory factor analysis based on the theoretical background showed poor fit for HPSQ [χ2(32) = 115.07, p < 0.001; comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.95; Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 0.93; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.09; standard root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.05] and excellent fit for HPSQ-C [χ2(32) = 31.12, p = 0.51; CFI = 1.0; TLI = 1.0; RMSEA = 0.0; SRMR = 0.04]. For the HPSQ-C models, there were no differences between boys and girls [Δχ2(7) = 12.55, p = 0.08]. Values of McDonalds's ω indicate excellent (HPSQ, ω = 0.9) and acceptable (HPSQ-C, ω = 0.7) reliability. Boys were assessed as worse writers than girls based on the results of both questionnaires. The grades positively correlate with the total scores of both HPSQ (r = 0.54, p < 0.01) and HPSQ-C (r = 0.28, p < 0.01). Based on the results, for the assessment of handwriting difficulties experienced by Czech children, we recommend using the HPSQ-C questionnaire for research purposes.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVE: We present the PaHaW Parkinson's disease handwriting database, consisting of handwriting samples from Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and healthy controls. Our goal is to show that kinematic features and pressure features in handwriting can be used for the differential diagnosis of PD. METHODS AND MATERIAL: The database contains records from 37 PD patients and 38 healthy controls performing eight different handwriting tasks. The tasks include drawing an Archimedean spiral, repetitively writing orthographically simple syllables and words, and writing of a sentence. In addition to the conventional kinematic features related to the dynamics of handwriting, we investigated new pressure features based on the pressure exerted on the writing surface. To discriminate between PD patients and healthy subjects, three different classifiers were compared: K-nearest neighbors (K-NN), ensemble AdaBoost classifier, and support vector machines (SVM). RESULTS: For predicting PD based on kinematic and pressure features of handwriting, the best performing model was SVM with classification accuracy of Pacc=81.3% (sensitivity Psen=87.4% and specificity of Pspe=80.9%). When evaluated separately, pressure features proved to be relevant for PD diagnosis, yielding Pacc=82.5% compared to Pacc=75.4% using kinematic features. CONCLUSION: Experimental results showed that an analysis of kinematic and pressure features during handwriting can help assess subtle characteristics of handwriting and discriminate between PD patients and healthy controls.

• MeSH
• biomechanika * MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc diagnóza   MeSH
• psaní rukou * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• support vector machine MeSH
• tlak MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease affecting significant portion of elderly population. One of the most frequent hallmarks and usually also the first manifestation of PD is deterioration of handwriting characterized by micrographia and changes in kinematics of handwriting. There is no objective quantitative method of clinical diagnosis of PD. It is thought that PD can only be definitively diagnosed at postmortem, which further highlights the complexities of diagnosis. METHODS: We exploit the fact that movement during handwriting of a text consists not only from the on-surface movements of the hand, but also from the in-air trajectories performed when the hand moves in the air from one stroke to the next. We used a digitizing tablet to assess both in-air and on-surface kinematic variables during handwriting of a sentence in 37 PD patients on medication and 38 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. RESULTS: By applying feature selection algorithms and support vector machine learning methods to separate PD patients from healthy controls, we demonstrated that assessing the in-air/on-surface hand movements led to accurate classifications in 84% and 78% of subjects, respectively. Combining both modalities improved the accuracy by another 1% over the evaluation of in-air features alone and provided medically relevant diagnosis with 85.61% prediction accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of in-air movements during handwriting has a major impact on disease classification accuracy. This study confirms that handwriting can be used as a marker for PD and can be with advance used in decision support systems for differential diagnosis of PD.

• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• biomechanika MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• motorické dovednosti MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc diagnóza   patofyziologie   MeSH
• pohyb * MeSH
• psaní rukou * MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• ruka fyziologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• support vector machine MeSH
• systémy pro podporu klinického rozhodování MeSH
• umělá inteligence MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

This study investigates the role of the dorsal/sensorimotor striatum in visuomotor integration (i.e., the transformation of internal visual information about letter shapes into motor output) during handwriting. Twenty healthy participants underwent fMRI scanning with tasks consisting of self-paced handwriting of alphabetically ordered single letters and simple dots, with both tasks performed without visual feedback. Functional connectivity (FC) from these two tasks was compared to demonstrate the difference between coordinated activity arising during handwriting and the activity during a simpler motor condition. Our study focused upon the writing-specific cortico-striatal network of preselected regions of interest consisting of the visual word form area (VWFA), anterior intraparietal sulcus/superior parietal lobule, striatum, premotor cortex/Exner's area, and primary and supplementary motor regions. We observed systematically increased task-induced cortico-striatal and cortico-cortical FC. This increased synchronization of neural activity between the VWFA, i.e., the visual cortical area containing information about letter shapes, and the frontoparietal motor regions is mediated by the striatum. These findings suggest the involvement of the striatum in integrating stored letter-shape information with motor planning and execution during handwriting.

• MeSH
• corpus striatum diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozková kůra diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• nervová síť diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• pohybová aktivita fyziologie   MeSH
• psaní rukou * MeSH
• psychomotorický výkon fyziologie   MeSH
• rozpoznávání obrazu fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Úvod: Psaní je komplexní funkční činnost, která zahrnuje motorické, senzorické a kognitivní dovednosti. Je důležitou součástí různých denních aktivit člověka. Poruchy v kvalitativních a kvantitativních parametrech psaní jsou časté u pacientů po cévní mozkové příhodě (CMP). V praxi chybí evidencí podložené terapeutické postupy a programy pro reedukaci psaní a trénink grafomotoriky u pacientů s hemiparézou. Cíl: Cílem pilotní studie bylo zjistit proveditelnost 4týdenního terapeutického programu funkce ruky a grafomotoriky a jeho přijatelnost pro pacienty po CMP v ambulantním programu ergoterapie. Metody: Pro pilotní studii byl zvolen deskriptivní design. Byl navržen a proveden 4týdenní intenzivní terapeutický program se zaměřením na funkci ruky a grafomotoriku. Celkem 4týdenní intervence zahrnovala celkem 20 hod – 30min sezení vedená ergoterapeutem a další 30minutová cvičení v domácím prostředí. Terapie obsahovala repetitivní trénink s prvky metody CIMT (constraint--induced movement therapy), na úkol zaměřenou terapii (funkční psaní) a trénink grafomotoriky. Průběh domácího programu byl zaznamenáván pacientem do deníku. Do pilotního programu bylo zařazeno celkem sedm dospělých osob s CMP. Na začátku a po ukončení programu bylo provedeno vyšetření rozsahu pohybů na horních končetinách pomocí goniometrie, funkce ruky byla hodnocena pomocí Frenchayského testu paže (FAT – Frenchay arm test) a Jebsen-Taylorova testu funkčního úkolu ruky (JTHFT – Jebsen-Taylor hand function test), grafomotorika pomocí testu Hodnocení grafomotoriky pro dospělé. Výsledky: Získané výsledky ve skóre FAT a JTHFT ukazují na pozitivní vliv provedené terapie na funkci ruky u všech pacientů. V oblasti psaní bylo prokázáno zlepšení v čitelnosti psaní. Pacienti byli spokojeni s intenzitou, obsahem a úrovní obtížnosti úkolů v terapeutickém programu. Závěr: Navržený program funkce ruky a grafomotoriky je dle nastavených podmínek a kritérií proveditelný a přijatelný pro pacienty po CMP. Může sloužit jako návrh pro trénink jemné motoriky u pacientů s poruchou psaní.

Introduction: Writing is a complex functional activity that involves motor, sensory and cognitive skills. It is an important part of a person‘s daily occupations. Impairments in qualitative and quantitative parameters of writing are common in patients after stroke. There is a lack of evidence-based therapeutic procedures and programmes for writing re-education and graphomotor training in patients with hemiparesis. Aim: The aim of the pilot study was to determine the feasibility of a 4-week therapeutic program of hand function and handwriting skills and its acceptability for patients after stroke in an outpatient occupational therapy program. Methods: A descriptive design was chosen for the pilot study. A 4-week intensive therapeutic program focusing on hand function and handwriting skills was designed and implemented. The 4-week intervention included a total of 20 hours of 30-minute sessions led by an occupational therapist and an additional 30 minutes of home-based exercise. The therapy included repetitive training with elements of the CIMT (constraint-induced movement therapy) method, task-oriented training (functional writing) and handwriting training. The progress of the home program was recorded by the patient in a diary. A total of seven adults with stroke were enrolled in the pilot program. The upper extremity range of motion was assessed by goniometry at the beginning and at the end of the programme, hand function was assessed by the Frenchay Arm Test (FAT) and the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT). Handwriting skills were assessed using the Handwriting Assessment Battery for Adults. Results: The results obtained in FAT and JTHFT scores indicate a positive effect of the therapy on hand function in all patients. In the area of writing, an improvement in writing legibility was demonstrated. Patients were satisfied with the intensity, content and level of difficulty of the tasks in the therapy program. Conclusion: The proposed therapeutic program of hand function and handwriting skills is feasible and acceptable for stroke patients according to the set conditions and criteria. It can serve as a recommendation for training fine motor skills in patients with writing disorders.

• MeSH
• cévní mozková příhoda komplikace   MeSH
• ergoterapie metody   MeSH
• kloubní artrometrie metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• psaní rukou MeSH
• rehabilitace po cévní mozkové příhodě * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Cíl:Cílem naší studie bylo kvantitativně vyhodnotit poruchy písma u pacientů s Parkinsonovou nemoci (PN) ve srovnání s věkově a pohlavím vázanými zdravými kontrolami (ZK) pomocí digitalizačního tabletu. Soubor a metoda: Prospektivně jsme zařadili 40 pacientů s PN (průměrný věk 68,6 ? 11,36 let, délka trvání nemoci 8,02 ? 4,79 let) a 40 věkem a pohlavím vázaných ZK (průměrný věk 62,55 ? 11,22 let). Všichni jedinci byli praváci bez přítomnosti deprese či demence. Každý subjekt podstoupil sedm cvičení pro vyšetření písma a kresbu Archimédovy spirály a elips s pomocí digitalizačního tabletu. Byly hodnoceny rychlostní parametry mikrografie a kresby při pohybu pera po tabletu i nad tabletem. Pro statistickou analýzu dat jsme použili Mann‑Whitneyho U test a Spearmanovy korelace s korekcí na opakovaná měření (Benjamini‑Hochbergova metoda). Výsledky: U PN ve srovnání se ZK jsme při psaní na tabletu zjistili statisticky významné snížení v parametrech: okamžitá rychlost, okamžité zrychlení, okamžitá změna zrychlení v čase. Změny se zvýrazňovaly s délkou psaného segmentu. Ještě významnější byly rozdíly mezi oběma skupinami při hodnocení pohybu pera nad tabletem, tj. před vlastním zahájením psaní, při přípravě na pohyb. Zaznamenali jsme pokles sledovaných hodnot až o 20 % ve srovnání se ZK. Závěr: U pacientů s PN jsme prokázali specifické změny nejen při vlastním psaní, ale i ve fázi přípravy na psaní, které lze kvantifikovat pomocí digitalizačního tabletu. Výsledky studie mohou mít přímý klinický dopad: umožní nám studovat mikrografii jako možný časný klinický marker rozvoje PN.

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess micrographia in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) as compared to healthy controls (HC) using a digitizing tablet. Methods: We included 40 PD (mean 68.6 ? 11.36 years, duration of illness 8.02 ? 4.79 years) and 40 age- and sex-matched HC (mean 62.55 ? 11. 22 years). All subjects were right-handed, without the presence of depression or dementia. Each subject underwent seven exercises for writing and drawing of Archimedes spiral and ellipses using a digitizing tablet. The speed parameters of micrographia and drawing during the movement of a pen in the air and on the tablet were evaluated. The Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman correlation and Benjamini-Hochbergs method were used for statistical data analysis. Results: A statistically significant reduction in parameters of velocity, acceleration, and jerk was found when comparing both groups during writing. Changes were more pronounced with increased length of the written segment. The differences between the two groups were more pronounced when the in-air movements were assessed, i.e. during movement preparation. The values decreased up to 20% compared to HC. Conclusion: PD-specific changes assessed with a digitizing tablet were demonstrated not only during writing but also during preparation for writing. The results of the study may have a direct clinical impact: further research into its use as a clinical marker of early PD is likely to follow.

• MeSH
• čas MeSH
• diagnostické techniky neurologické * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neparametrická statistika MeSH
• neurobehaviorální symptomy MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc * patofyziologie   MeSH
• pohyb fyziologie   MeSH
• pohybová aktivita fyziologie   MeSH
• psaní rukou * MeSH
• psaní MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• svalová rigidita etiologie   komplikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH