Internal normalization
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In functional arterial studies using wire myography, the determination of a vessel's standardized normalization factor (factor k) is an essential step to ensure optimal contraction and relaxation by the arteries when stimulated with their respective vasoactive agents and to obtain reproducible results. The optimal factor k for several arteries have been determined, however, the optimal initial tension and factor k for the arteries involved in erection remains unknown. Hence, in the present study we set out to determine the optimal factor k for the internal iliac artery, proximal and distal internal pudendal artery (IPA), and dorsal penile artery. After isolating, harvesting, and mounting the arteries from male Sprague-Dawley rats on a multi wire myograph, we tested arterial responsivity to high K+-stimulation when the factor k was set at 0.7, 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 0.95, 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2 to determine the factor k setting that results in the greatest K+-induced active force production for each vessel type. The data showed the optimal factor k is 0.90-0.95 for the dorsal penile, distal internal pudendal and internal iliac arteries while it is 0.85-0.90 for proximal internal pudendal artery. These optimal values corresponded to initial passive tension settings of 1.10±0.16 - 1.46±0.23, 1.28±0.20 - 1.69±0.34, 1.03±0.27 - 1.33±0.31, and 1.33±0.31 - 1.77±0.43 mN/mm for the dorsal penile, distal IP, proximal IP, and internal iliac arteries, respectively.
- MeSH
- arteria iliaca fyziologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- myografie * MeSH
- penis krevní zásobení MeSH
- potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
- referenční hodnoty MeSH
- referenční standardy MeSH
- techniky in vitro MeSH
- vazodilatace MeSH
- vazokonstrikce MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
The growth rate is a fundamental characteristic of bacterial species, determining its contributions to the microbial community and carbon flow. High-throughput sequencing can reveal bacterial diversity, but its quantitative inaccuracy precludes estimation of abundances and growth rates from the read numbers. Here, we overcame this limitation by normalizing Illumina-derived amplicon reads using an internal standard: a constant amount of Escherichia coli cells added to samples just before biomass collection. This approach made it possible to reconstruct growth curves for 319 individual OTUs during the grazer-removal experiment conducted in a freshwater reservoir Římov. The high resolution data signalize significant functional heterogeneity inside the commonly investigated bacterial groups. For instance, many Actinobacterial phylotypes, a group considered to harbor slow-growing defense specialists, grew rapidly upon grazers' removal, demonstrating their considerable importance in carbon flow through food webs, while most Verrucomicrobial phylotypes were particle associated. Such differences indicate distinct life strategies and roles in food webs of specific bacterial phylotypes and groups. The impact of grazers on the specific growth rate distributions supports the hypothesis that bacterivory reduces competition and allows existence of diverse bacterial communities. It suggests that the community changes were driven mainly by abundant, fast, or moderately growing, and not by rare fast growing, phylotypes. We believe amplicon read normalization using internal standard (ARNIS) can shed new light on in situ growth dynamics of both abundant and rare bacteria.
Wire myograph is a device for the in vitro investigation of both, active and passive properties of arteries. Arteries from a variety of animal species, pathological states, and vascular beds were investigated using this method. We focus on the normalization procedure which is aimed to standardize experimental settings and, in part, to simulate physiological conditions. During normalization, it is determined the internal circumference of a vessel stretched to a tension that corresponds to the transmural pressure of 100 mm Hg (IC100). Once it is determined, the internal circumference is traditionally set to (0.9·IC100). However, this constant 0.9, called also the normalization factor (NF), was experimentally determined for rat small mesenteric arteries only. Therefore, the aim of our work was to show the influence of different NFs on the passive tension and reactivity of both, rat femoral arteries (FA) and the first branches of superior mesenteric arteries (MA). We found out that the maximal active wall tension of the FA was achieved at the NF value of 1.1, and that of the MA at 0.9. Considering the values of the active wall tension we suggest that higher reactivity and better signal-tonoise ratio in FA can be achieved when the NF is set at least to 1.0.
Internal normalization (IN) serves as a quantitative tool in gas chromatography. Nevertheless, its utilization in liquid chromatography is not widely employed, as several requirements need to be taken into account. However, IN can be used in case of relative amounts estimation when the absolute concentration is not the crucial factor. This suits very well in pharmaceutical analysis when the relative amount of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) impurities is to be estimated with a limited knowledge of statistics, such as t-test and linear regression. The determination of three prasugrel impurities in the real sample by means of IN and the comparison of these results with external standard calibration was presented. The IN method was validated by test of population means and variances agreement and the agreement of external calibration and IN was performed by Student t-test. The influence of impurities concentration above and below is also discussed as well as the validation parameters, LOD and LOQ. It was found that the results achieved by external calibration and IN are statistically the same and, therefore, IN is a proper method for relative amount estimation of API impurities.
- MeSH
- farmaceutická chemie normy MeSH
- kalibrace MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- léčivé přípravky chemie MeSH
- limita detekce MeSH
- prasugrel hydrochlorid analýza MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody normy MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- validační studie MeSH
The study examines the development of psychology in former Czechoslovakia during the period of "normalization" (1968-1989) and the challenges it faced under the communist regime. The restricted connection to Western psychology and the regime's control over all aspects of human activity negatively influenced the continuity of development in psychology. The regime demanded conformity, leaving individuals, including psychologists, in recurring states of internal conflict and intellectual discomfort when deciding how much to compromise in their personal and professional lives. The study identifies three groups of psychologists based on their adaptability to regime demands. The first group consists of those who aligned themselves with the regime, allowing them to hold positions of leadership and shape the conceptualization of the field. The second group comprises individuals who actively opposed the regime, facing significant limitations in their educational and career opportunities, and mostly being forced to leave the profession. The third group of psychologists belongs to the apolitical gray zone. A significant portion of individuals in this largest group passively complied with established norms and constraints, accepting the restrictions imposed on the development of Czechoslovak psychology. Fortunately, thanks to the persistent efforts of the proactive members of the gray zone and their willingness to endure significant discomfort, an even deeper decline of psychology during the normalization period was prevented. The study provides insights into the topics of education, research, Western influences, and adaptation to the communist regime within Czechoslovak psychology, illuminating the intricacies of living in that historical period. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
- MeSH
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- individualita * MeSH
- komunismus dějiny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- psychologie * dějiny MeSH
- sociální konformita MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Československo MeSH
... EXAMPLE OF A NORMAL PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 73 ...
Učební texty Univerzity Karlovy v Praze
2nd, rev. ed. 75 s. : il. ; 21 cm
- Konspekt
- Patologie. Klinická medicína
- Učební osnovy. Vyučovací předměty. Učebnice
- NLK Obory
- vnitřní lékařství
- pedagogika
- NLK Publikační typ
- učebnice vysokých škol
... examination - Case 2 19 -- Entrance examination - Case 3 21 -- Overview of main symptoms of important internal ... ... Examination of the heart 80 -- Inspection 80 -- Percussion 81 -- Palpation 81 -- Auscultation 82 -- Normal ...
Vyd. 1. 118 s. : il. ; 20 cm + 1 CD-ROM
- MeSH
- anamnéza MeSH
- diagnóza MeSH
- klinické lékařství MeSH
- pacienti MeSH
- propedeutika lékařská metody MeSH
- terapie MeSH
- Konspekt
- Patologie. Klinická medicína
- Učební osnovy. Vyučovací předměty. Učebnice
- NLK Obory
- lékařství
- NLK Publikační typ
- učebnice vysokých škol
Oboustranné zúžení vnitřní krkavice má významný vliv na mozkovou hemodynamiku a cerebrovaskulární rezervní kapacitu (CVR). Cílem naší studie bylo zjistit u nemocných s tímto postižením stupeň ovlivnění hemodynamiky zadního mozkového povodí pomocí změření cerebrovaskulární rezervní kapacity s použitím transkraniální dopplerometrie a CO2. Do studie bylo zařazeno 20 nemocných s oboustrannou stenózou vnitřní krkavice > 80 %, z nichž jedna byla symptomatická. S pomocí transkraniální dopplerometrie byly monitorovány změny rychlosti krevního průtoku ve středních mozkových tepnách (ACM) a v bazilární tepně (BA) v odpovědi na inhalaci exogenního CO2. U 18 nemocných (90 %) jsme zjistili snížení CVR v BA (-10,5 až 23,2 %/kPa CO2, normální hodnota CVR v BA je 31,0 ± 5,9 %/kPa CO2). Z těchto nemocných měli 3 nemocní hodnotu CVR v BA dokonce zápornou (-10,5, -9,8, -5,0 %/kPa CO2). Tito nemocní měli současně vyčerpanou CVR v ACM (1,4, 2,4, 0,9 %/kPa CO2). U 2 nemocných však byla zjištěna zcela normální hodnota CVR v BA (26,4, 26,9 %/kPa CO2). CVR v BA u nemocných s oboustranným zúžením vnitřní krkavice může být různá, od zcela normální hodnoty až po záporné hodnoty. Vyšetření CVR v BA by v budoucnu mohlo sloužit k lepšímu zhodnocení stupně hemodynamického postižení zadní cirkulace při stenózách vnitřních krkavic.
The bilateral narrowing of the internal carotid artery has significant effects on the cerebral hemodynamics and cerebrovascular reserve capacity (CVR). Our study aimed at determining the degree of influencing the hemodynamics of the posterior cerebrovascular system in patients with these affection by means of measuring cerebrovascular reserve capacity using transcranial dopplerometry and CO2. The study involved 20 patients with bilateral stenosis of the internal carotid artery > 80 %, one of which was symptomatic. Transcranial dopplerometry was used for monitoring the changed velocity of blood flow in the middle cerebral arteries (ACM) and in the basillary artery (BA) in response to the inhalation of exogenous CO2. Eighteen patients (90 %) demonstrated decreased CVR in BA (-10.5 up to 23.2 %/ kPa CO2, the normal value of CVR in BA is 31.0 - 5.9 %/kPa CO2). Out of these subjects, three patients showed negative value of CVR in BA (-10.5, - 9.8, -5.0 %/kPa CO2). These patients had also depleted CVR in ACM (1.4, 2.4, 0.9 %/kPa CO2). However, quite normal value of CVR in BA (26.4, 26.9 %/kPa CO2) was found out in two patients. CVR in BA in patients with the bilaterally narrowed internal carotid artery may be various, ranging from quite normal up to negative values. In the future the investigations of CVR in BA could serve for the better evaluation of the degree of hemodynamic affection to the posterior circulation at stenoses of internal carotid arteries.
