• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pneumokonióza MeSH
• pracovní lékařství MeSH
• stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
• těžební a zpracovatelský průmysl MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

The seasonal dynamics of biological traits in a population of European bitterling Rhodeus amarus from a small river in central Europe (River Kyjovka, Czech Republic) were investigated from April 2007 to March 2008. The reproductive season lasted from early April to mid-June, with a peak in late April when > 50% of females possessed ripe eggs in their ovaries. The sex ratio was female-biased, with a higher bias following the peak in reproduction, suggesting higher mortality of males than females over the reproductive period. The population was effectively annual, with a major decrease in adult fish abundance at the end of the reproductive period. Highest relative lipid content and condition factor were observed in February, both decreasing with an increase in investment into gonads. Seasonal dynamics in somatic condition, relative lipid content and gonad mass, and their comparison with other R. amarus populations, suggest that the study population allocated a disproportionally high level of resources to reproduction.

• MeSH
• Cyprinidae fyziologie   MeSH
• lipidy analýza   MeSH
• ovarium fyziologie   MeSH
• poměr pohlaví MeSH
• populační dynamika MeSH
• řeky MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• rozmnožování MeSH
• velikost těla MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Phenylketonuria is an inherited disorder of metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine caused by a deficit of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. It is treated with a low-protein diet containing a low content of phenylalanine to prevent mental affection of the patient. Because of the restricted intake of high-biologic-value protein, patients with phenylketonuria may have lower than normal serum concentrations of pre-albumin, selenium, zinc and iron. The objective of the present study was to assess the compliance of our phenylketonuric (PKU) and hyperphenylalaninemic (HPA) patients; to determine the concentration of serum pre-albumin, selenium, zinc and iron to discover the potential correlation between the amount of proteins in food and their metabolic control. We studied 174 patients of which 113 were children (age 1-18), 60 with PKU and 53 with HPA and 61 were adults (age 18-42), 51 with PKU and 10 with HPA. We did not prove a statistically significant difference in the concentration of serum pre-albumin, zinc and iron among the respective groups. We proved statistically significant difference in serum selenium concentrations of adult PKU and HPA patients (p = 0.006; Mann-Whitney U test). These results suggest that controlled low-protein diet in phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemia may cause serum selenium deficiency in adult patients.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fenylketonurie * krev   dietoterapie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• nízkoproteinová dieta škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• selen * krev   nedostatek   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Grooming is one of the most conspicuous social interactions among nonhuman primates. The selection of grooming partners can provide important clues about factors relevant for the distribution of grooming within a social group. We analyzed grooming behavior among 17 semi-free ranging female Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). We tested whether grooming is related to kinship, rank and friendship. Furthermore, we tested whether grooming is reciprocated or exchanged for rank related benefits (i.e. lower aggression and increased tolerance whilst feeding). We found that in general grooming was reciprocally exchanged, directed up the hierarchy and at the same time affected by friendship and kinship. Grooming was more frequent among individuals with higher friendship values as well as amongst related individuals. We also divided our data set on the basis of rank difference and tested if different power asymmetries between individuals affected the tendency to exchange grooming for rank related benefits and grooming reciprocation. In support of our initial hypothesis our results show that the reciprocation of grooming was a significant predictor of grooming interactions between individuals of similar rank, but not between those individuals more distantly separated in the social hierarchy. However, we did not find any evidence for grooming being exchanged for rank related benefits in either data set. Our results, together with previously published studies, illustrate the behavioral flexibility of macaques. It is clear that multiple studies of the same species are necessary to gather the data required for the solid comparative studies needed to shed light on patterns of grooming behavior in primates.

• MeSH
• agrese fyziologie   MeSH
• chování zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• interpersonální vztahy MeSH
• Macaca fyziologie   MeSH
• péče o zevnějšek u zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• přátelé MeSH
• sociální chování MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Introduction.Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) are the most common pathogens from the genus Staphylococcus causing biofilm-associated infections. Generally, biofilm-associated infections represent a clinical challenge. Bacteria in biofilms are difficult to eradicate due to their resistance and serve as a reservoir for recurring persistent infections.Gap Statement. A variety of protocols for in vitro drug activity testing against staphylococcal biofilms have been introduced. However, there are often fundamental differences. All these differences in methodical approaches can then be reflected in the form of discrepancies between results.Aim. In this study, we aimed to develop optimal conditions for staphylococcal biofilm formation on pegs. The impact of peg surface modification was also studied.Methodology. The impact of tryptic soy broth alone or supplemented with foetal bovine serum (FBS) or human plasma (HP), together with the impact of the inoculum density of bacterial suspensions and the shaking versus the static mode of cultivation, on total biofilm biomass production in SA and SE reference strains was studied. The surface of pegs was modified with FBS, HP, or poly-l-lysine (PLL). The impact on total biofilm biomass was evaluated using the crystal violet staining method and statistical data analysis.Results. Tryptic soy broth supplemented with HP together with the shaking mode led to crucial potentiation of biofilm formation on pegs in SA strains. The SE strain did not produce biofilm biomass under the same conditions on pegs. Preconditioning of peg surfaces with FBS and HP led to a statistically significant increase in biofilm biomass formation in the SE strain.Conclusion. Optimal cultivation conditions for robust staphylococcal biofilm formation in vitro might differ among different bacterial strains and methodical approaches. The shaking mode and supplementation of cultivation medium with HP was beneficial for biofilm formation on pegs for SA (ATCC 29213) and methicillin-resistant SA (ATCC 43300). Peg conditioning with HP and PLL had no impact on biofilm formation in either of these strains. Peg coating with FBS showed an adverse effect on the biofilm formation of these strains. By contrast, there was a statistically significant increase in biofilm biomass production on pegs coated with FBS and HP for SE (ATCC 35983).

• MeSH
• bakteriologické techniky přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• biofilmy klasifikace   účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• kultivační média chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• matrix extracelulárních polymerních látek klasifikace   účinky léků   MeSH
• Staphylococcus klasifikace   účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Individual variation in behaviour has been shown to have important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Research on animal personality has therefore received considerable attention, yet some methodological issues remain unresolved. We tested whether assessing personality by coding common behaviours is as time-consuming method as some researchers believe it to be. Altogether, 300 hours of observation were collected on 20 captive cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). We first examined the repeatability of behavioural indices that represented the behavioural repertoire of cotton-top tamarins. We then compared the personality structures, based on different lengths of observation time, of these behavioural indices. The minimum observational time necessary to obtain a stable personality structure was 5 to 7 hours per individual. This stable structure included two components: Extraversion and Confidence, which were similar to those described in great apes, Old World monkeys, and other New World monkeys. Our findings suggest that, at least in the case of cotton-top tamarins, behavioural coding over relatively short periods of time can be used to assess personality and that longer observation periods may yield diminishing returns.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• chování zvířat * MeSH
• individualita MeSH
• Saguinus psychologie   MeSH
• testování osobnosti * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Cultural practices may compromise the accuracy of salivary hormone measurements and must be considered when designing human biology research protocols. This study aims to evaluate the acute effect of one common human practice-chewing betel nut-on the measurement of salivary cortisol levels under field conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected from 17 adult habitual betel nut users (males = 11; females = 6; mean age = 32.8 years) from a small rural community in Papua New Guinea. Saliva was collected in time series from each participant before and at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 min after chewing betel nut. Samples were analyzed by radioimmunoassay and cortisol levels were compared across time using linear mixed effects modeling. RESULTS: Measured mean cortisol concentration fell nearly 40% immediately following betel nut use and remained significantly below baseline levels for the following 45 min (all P < 0.05). Cortisol concentrations measured at 60 min and 75 min were indistinguishable from baseline levels (all P > 0.16). DISCUSSION: Chewing betel nut is associated with a transient but significant reduction in measured levels of salivary cortisol. Future research must take this into account in populations where betel nut use is prevalent.

• MeSH
• Areka * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hydrokortison analýza   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• radioimunoanalýza MeSH
• sliny chemie   MeSH
• žvýkání MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Papua Nová Guinea MeSH

BACKGROUND: Large deletions and duplications within the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene make up approximately 10% of LDLR pathogenic variants found in Czech patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that all probands with each rearrangement share identical breakpoints inherited from a common ancestor and to determine the role of Alu repetitive elements in the generation of these rearrangements. METHODS: The breakpoint sequence was determined by PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing. To confirm the breakpoint position, an NGS analysis was performed. Haplotype analysis of common LDLR variants was performed using PCR and Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: The breakpoints of 8 rearrangements within the LDLR gene were analysed, including the four most common LDLR rearrangements in the Czech population (number of probands ranging from 8 to 28), and four less common rearrangements (1-4 probands). Probands with a specific rearrangement shared identical breakpoint positions and haplotypes associated with the rearrangement, suggesting a shared origin from a common ancestor. All breakpoints except for one were located inside an Alu element. In 6 out of 8 breakpoints, there was high homology (≥ 70%) between the two Alu repeats in which the break occurred. CONCLUSIONS: The most common rearrangements of the LDLR gene in the Czech population likely arose from one mutational event. Alu elements likely played a role in the generation of the majority of rearrangements inside the LDLR gene.

• MeSH
• genová přestavba MeSH
• hyperlipoproteinemie typ II * genetika   epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• receptory LDL genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis represents an important and evolutionarily ancient biological pathway linking physical and psychological stressors with human health. Despite considerable research exploring the physiological stress response among developed populations, few studies have examined HPA activity in non-industrialized contexts, restricting understanding of variation in human stress reactivity across global socio-ecological diversity. The present study addresses this shortcoming by investigating diurnal cortisol rhythms among Garisakang forager-horticulturalists of remote, lowland Papua New Guinea. Using a large sample of repeated salivary cortisol measurements from 169 participants (age 4-70 years), multilevel growth curve models were constructed to assess Garisakang waking cortisol concentrations and diurnal cortisol slopes. As predicted, results demonstrate identifiable but substantially diminished diurnal cortisol rhythms relative to those of industrialized populations. Sample-wide, Garisakang cortisol concentrations are highest upon waking (mean = 4.86 nmol/L) and decrease throughout the day at a mean rate of only -0.18 nmol/L/h or -6.20%/h. Age and sex significantly predict evaluated cortisol parameters in ways not consistently reported among industrialized populations, suggesting that Garisakang diurnal cortisol rhythms are defined by distinct ontogenetic trajectories across the lifespan. These findings highlight cross-cultural diversity in HPA activity and have important implications for understanding basic mechanisms of the physiological stress response in contexts of chronic physical stressors such as limited nutrition, heavy burden of infectious disease, and high levels of physical activity.

• MeSH
• cirkadiánní rytmus fyziologie   MeSH
• cvičení MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fyziologický stres fyziologie   MeSH
• hydrokortison analýza   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sliny chemie   MeSH
• systém hypofýza - nadledviny fyziologie   MeSH
• systém hypotalamus-hypofýza fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Papua Nová Guinea MeSH

The island-like distribution of subalpine habitats across mountain ranges can trigger the parallel evolution of locally adapted ecotypes. Such naturally replicated scenarios allow testing hypotheses on how elevational differentiation structures genetic diversity within species. Nevertheless, the parallel colonization of subalpine habitats across different mountain ranges has only rarely been documented with molecular data. We chose Primula elatior (Primulaceae), naturally spanning entire elevation range in multiple mountain regions of central Europe, to test for the origin of its scattered subalpine populations. Nuclear microsatellite variation revealed three genetic groups corresponding with the distinct study regions. We found that genetic differentiation between foothill and subalpine populations within each region was relatively low, suggesting that the colonization of subalpine habitats occurred independently within each mountain range. Furthermore, the strongest differentiation was usually found between the subalpine populations suggesting that mountain ridges may act as migration barriers that can reduce gene flow more strongly than elevational differences between foothill and subalpine populations. Finally, we found that subalpine colonization did not result in a loss of genetic diversity relative to foothill populations in agreement with the high migration rates that we document here between the subalpine and the foothill populations. In summary, our study shows subalpine Primula elatior populations are genetically diverse and distinct results of parallel colonization events from multiple foothill gene pools.

• MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• genetická variace * MeSH
• mikrosatelitní repetice * MeSH
• Primula genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH