Natural selection Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
sv.
- MeSH
- genetika MeSH
- hospodářská zvířata MeSH
- selekce (genetika) MeSH
- Publikační typ
- periodika MeSH
- Konspekt
- Obecná genetika. Obecná cytogenetika. Evoluce
- NLK Obory
- genetika, lékařská genetika
Impressive advances in molecular genetic techniques allow to analyze the effects of natural selection on the development of human genome. For example, the trend towards blonde hair and blue eyes was documented. The approach to analyze possible effects of natural selection on the evolution of recent phenotypes with high risk of cardiovascular disease has not been described yet. A possible effect on the evolution of two main risk factors - hypercholesterolemia and hypertension - is presented. The close relationship of non-HDL cholesterol blood concentration to the proportion of pro-inflammatory macrophages in human visceral adipose tissue might be a result of long-lasting natural selection. Individuals with higher proportion of this phenotype might also display a higher ability to fight infection, which was very common in human setting from prehistory until Middle Ages. Successful battle against infections increased the probability to survive till reproductive age. Similar hypothesis was proposed to explain frequent hypertension in African Americans. A long-lasting selection for higher ability to conserve sodium during long-term adaptation to low sodium intake and hot weather was followed by a short-term (but very hard) natural selection of individuals during transatlantic slave transport. Only those with very high capability to retain sodium were able to survive. Natural selection of phenotypes with high plasma cholesterol concentration and/or high blood pressure is recently potentiated by high-fat high-sodium diet and overnutrition. This hypothesis is also supported by the advantage of familial hypercholesterolemia in the 19th century (at the time of high infection disease mortality) in contrast to the disadvantage of familial hypercholesterolemia during the actual period of high cardiovascular disease mortality.
- MeSH
- genom lidský genetika MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci epidemiologie genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární evoluce * MeSH
- riziko MeSH
- selekce (genetika) genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
6 sv.
- MeSH
- genetika MeSH
- hospodářská zvířata MeSH
- selekce (genetika) MeSH
- Publikační typ
- periodika MeSH
- Konspekt
- Obecná genetika. Obecná cytogenetika. Evoluce
- NLK Obory
- genetika, lékařská genetika
sv.
- MeSH
- biologické přípravky chemická syntéza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- periodika MeSH
- Konspekt
- Chemie. Mineralogické vědy
- NLK Obory
- chemie, klinická chemie
sv.
- MeSH
- biologické přípravky chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- periodika MeSH
- Konspekt
- Farmacie. Farmakologie
- NLK Obory
- farmacie a farmakologie
- chemie, klinická chemie
OBJECTIVES: Vitamin D is a fat-soluble, prohormone vitamin that is important especially for bone mineralization and skeletal health. In recent years, vitamin D deficiency appeared as a worldwide problem, affecting many people in different ways including the Northern Cypriot population. The deficiency might be caused by the lack of exposure to sunlight, diet low in vitamin D, sedentary lifestyle, and also due to some genetic variations in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene. METHODS: In this study, four common VDR polymorphisms and associations with vitamin D deficiency in the Turkish Cypriot population between ages 18-40 and working in office conditions was studied by PCR- RFLP analysis. RESULTS: rs2228570 C>T variant was shown to be significantly associated with low serum vitamin D levels in the studied population. CONCLUSION: Together with the effect of rs2228570 C>T variant in the VDR gene, it is thought that the lifestyle changes in the Turkish Cypriot population might have caused the increased frequency of vitamin D deficiency in the young professionals.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- jednonukleotidový polymorfismus * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- nedostatek vitaminu D * epidemiologie genetika MeSH
- polymorfismus délky restrikčních fragmentů MeSH
- selekce (genetika) MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- vitamin D MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- Bacteria MeSH
- biodegradace diagnóza chirurgie mikrobiologie MeSH
- diagnóza MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- prevalence statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Selective hunting can affect demographic characteristics and phenotypic traits of the targeted species. Hunting systems often involve harvesting quotas based on sex, age and/or size categories to avoid selective pressure. However, it is difficult to assess whether such regulations deter hunters from targeting larger "trophy" animals with longer horns that may have evolutionary consequences. Here, we compile 44,088 annually resolved and absolutely dated measurements of Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) horn growth increments from 8,355 males, harvested between 1978 and 2013, in the eastern Swiss Canton of Grisons. We aim to determine whether male ibex with longer horns were preferentially targeted, causing animals with early rapid horn growth to have shorter lives, and whether such hunting selection translated into long-term trends in horn size over the past four decades. Results show that medium- to longer-horned adult males had a higher probability of being harvested than shorter-horned individuals of the same age and that regulations do affect the hunters' behaviour. Nevertheless, phenotypic traits such as horn length, as well as body size and weight, remained stable over the study period. Although selective trophy hunting still occurs, it did not cause a measurable evolutionary response in Grisons' Alpine ibex populations; managed and surveyed since 1978. Nevertheless, further research is needed to understand whether phenotypic trait development is coinfluenced by other, potentially compensatory factors that may possibly mask the effects of selective, long-term hunting pressure.
- MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- kozy genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- lidské činnosti * MeSH
- rohy růst a vývoj MeSH
- selekce (genetika) * MeSH
- sporty MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Švýcarsko MeSH
