Nově se objevující, ale i stávající a známé infekční hrozby představují stálou výzvu v oblasti zajištění bezpečnosti krve a krevní transfuze. Kromě bezpříspěvkového dárcovství a pečlivého výběru dárců krve a jejích složek, robustních postupů laboratorního screeningu představuje významnou doplňující alternativu ve zvýšení bezpečnosti transfuzních přípravků tzv. patogen redukce. Tento stručný přehledový článek shrnuje informace o principu a použití patogen redukčních technologií v transfuzním lékařství a také nejnovější výzkumy týkající se jejich možného budoucího použití.
Emerging, as well as existing and known infectious threats represent a constant challenge in ensuring blood safety and blood transfusions. In addition to non-contributory donations and careful selection of blood donors and its components, robust laboratory screening procedures represent a significant complementary alternative in increasing the safety of transfusion products, the so-called pathogen reduction. This brief review article summarizes information on the principle and application of pathogen reduction technologies in transfusion medicine, as well as the latest research on their possible future application.
Receptor adenylate cyclases (RACs) on the surface of trypanosomatids are important players in the host-parasite interface. They detect still unidentified environmental signals that affect the parasites' responses to host immune challenge, coordination of social motility, and regulation of cell division. A lesser known class of oxygen-sensing adenylate cyclases (OACs) related to RACs has been lost in trypanosomes and expanded mostly in Leishmania species and related insect-dwelling trypanosomatids. In this work, we have undertaken a large-scale phylogenetic analysis of both classes of adenylate cyclases (ACs) in trypanosomatids and the free-living Bodo saltans. We observe that the expanded RAC repertoire in trypanosomatids with a two-host life cycle is not only associated with an extracellular lifestyle within the vertebrate host, but also with a complex path through the insect vector involving several life cycle stages. In Trypanosoma brucei, RACs are split into two major clades, which significantly differ in their expression profiles in the mammalian host and the insect vector. RACs of the closely related Trypanosoma congolense are intermingled within these two clades, supporting early RAC diversification. Subspecies of T. brucei that have lost the capacity to infect insects exhibit high numbers of pseudogenized RACs, suggesting many of these proteins have become redundant upon the acquisition of a single-host life cycle. OACs appear to be an innovation occurring after the expansion of RACs in trypanosomatids. Endosymbiont-harboring trypanosomatids exhibit a diversification of OACs, whereas these proteins are pseudogenized in Leishmania subgenus Viannia. This analysis sheds light on how ACs have evolved to allow diverse trypanosomatids to occupy multifarious niches and assume various lifestyles.
- MeSH
- Adenylyl Cyclases genetics MeSH
- Gene Duplication MeSH
- Phylogeny * MeSH
- Genome, Protozoan MeSH
- Host-Pathogen Interactions genetics MeSH
- Evolution, Molecular * MeSH
- Trypanosomatina enzymology genetics MeSH
- Up-Regulation MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Ticks and the pathogens they transmit constitute a growing burden for human and animal health worldwide. Traditionally, tick-borne pathogen detection has been carried out using PCR-based methods that rely in known sequences for specific primers design. This approach matches with the view of a 'single-pathogen' epidemiology. Recent results, however, have stressed the importance of coinfections in pathogen ecology and evolution with impact in pathogen transmission and disease severity. New approaches, including high-throughput technologies, were then used to detect multiple pathogens, but they all need a priori information on the pathogens to search. Thus, those approaches are biased, limited and conceal the complexity of pathogen ecology. Currently, next generation sequencing (NGS) is applied to tick-borne pathogen detection as well as to study the interactions between pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms associated to ticks, the pathobiome. The use of NGS technologies have surfaced two major points: (i) ticks are associated to complex microbial communities and (ii) the relation between pathogens and microbiota is bidirectional. Notably, a new challenge emerges from NGS experiments, data analysis. Discovering associations among a high number of microorganisms is not trivial and therefore most current NGS studies report lists of microorganisms without further insights. An alternative to this is the combination of NGS with analytical tools such as network analysis to unravel the structure of microbial communities associated to ticks in different ecosystems.
- MeSH
- Bacteria isolation & purification MeSH
- Host-Pathogen Interactions MeSH
- Ticks microbiology MeSH
- Coinfection microbiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Microbial Interactions MeSH
- Microbiota * MeSH
- Tick-Borne Diseases diagnosis microbiology MeSH
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Review MeSH
Cieľ: Cieľom tejto práce je vyhodnotiť epidemiologický trend v incidencii syfilisu preneseného z matky na dieťa, u žien v reprodukčnom veku a u tehotných žien v súvislosti s programom antenatálnej starostlivosti v období rokov 1991–2014 na Slovensku. Materiál a metóda: Na vyhodnotenie incidencie v sledovanom období 1991–2014 na Slovensku sa použili prípady potvrdeného syfilisu. Výsledky: V sledovanom období bolo nahlásených 101 prípadov syfilisu preneseného z matky na dieťa. Incidencia vzrástla v roku 1996, čo predstavovalo 33,3 prípadov/100 000 živonarodených detí a poukázalo na nesúlad v programe antenatálnej starostlivosti. Incidencia syfilisu u žien v reprodukčnom veku ukázala vzrast v roku 2001, čo predstavovalo 10,44 prípadov/100 000 žien v reprodukčnom veku v populácii. Najvyššia incidencia u tehotných žien bola zaznamenaná v roku 2000, čo predstavovalo 3,24 prípadov/1000 tehotných žien v populácii. Všetky tri súbory vykázali vzrastajúci trend v prvej dekáde a klesajúci trend v druhej dekáde. Najvyšší pokles vo výskyte medzi tehotnými ženami bol zaznamenaný nasledovne: výskyt (0,37) v roku 2011 poklesol na 0,11 v roku 2014 a korešpondoval s poklesom výskytu preneseného syfilisu z matky na plod. Záver: Prenos syfilisu z matky na dieťa predstavuje problém vo verejnom zdraví populácie a vyžaduje si komplexné surveilance vo všetkých krajinách. Zistené údaje vedú k požiadavke účinného zlepšenia programu antenatálnej starostlivosti týkajúcej sa tehotných žien. Posledné roky 2011–2014 poukázali na zlepšenie aplikácie programu antenatálnej starostlivosti, čo korešpondovalo zo znížením počtu syfilisu preneseného z matky na dieťa.
Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the epidemiological trends in the incidence rates of mother-to-child transmission of syphilis, syphilis in women of reproductive age and pregnant women in the antenatal care program over the period 1991–2014, in order to find a basis for preventive measures. Material and method: Case series data of confirmed syphilis was used to evaluate the incidence rates over the period 1991–2014 in Slovakia. Results: During the monitored period, 101 cases of mother-to-child transmitted syphilis were detected. The rate increased in 1996, corresponding to 33.3 per 100,000 live births and discovered discordance in antenatal care program. The rates of syphilis in women of reproductive age showed increased rate in 2001, corresponding to 10.44 per 100 000 population. Pregnant women reported the highest rate in 2000, corresponding to 3.24 per 1,000 pregnant women population. Syphilis notification rates in all three groups showed increased trend in the first decade following with decreased trend in the second decade. The high decrease in rate notification among pregnant women in 2011 (0.37) decreasing up to 0.11 in 2014 was followed with decreasing of mother-to-child transmission. Conclusion: Mother-to-child transmission of syphilis poses a public health problem and requires comprehensive surveillance in all countries. These data result in the requirement of effective improvement of antenatal care program in pregnant women. The last years 2011–2014 showed improvement in antenatal care program corresponding with decrease rate of mother-to-child transmission of syphilis.
- Keywords
- přenos nemoci z matky na dítě,
- MeSH
- Epidemiologic Studies MeSH
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious * epidemiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Infant, Newborn MeSH
- Syphilis * epidemiology MeSH
- Pregnancy MeSH
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical * statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Syphilis, Congenital epidemiology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Infant, Newborn MeSH
- Pregnancy MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Geographicals
- Slovakia MeSH
In this study we were interested in the serovar cross-protection potential of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI1) attenuated vaccine strains of Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium and immune response of vaccinated and naive chickens to Salmonella infection. The immune response was characterized by real time PCR quantifying transcripts of interleukins IL1β, IL17, IL22, interferon gamma (IFNγ), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), immunoglobulins IgM, IgA, IgY and Ig light chain, and six genes of acute phase response including avidin, serum amyloid A, extracellular fatty acid-binding protein (Ex-FABP), immune responsive gene 1, chemokine AH221 and trappin-6. Vaccination with SPI1 mutants of both serovars protected chickens against Salmonella infection, independent of the serovar used for the challenge and the time post infection. However, expressions of all interleukins, iNOS and Ex-FABP showed that protection against homologous serovars was significantly higher than against heterologous serovars after intravenous challenge at 4 days post infection. The vaccination with a mixture of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium SPI1 mutants induced an intermediate protection against challenge with both serovars, i.e. the mixed vaccine provided an additional protective effect when compared with the chickens vaccinated with a vaccine formed by only a single Salmonella serovar.
- MeSH
- Vaccines, Attenuated genetics immunology MeSH
- Chemokines immunology MeSH
- Genomic Islands MeSH
- Chickens immunology MeSH
- Poultry Diseases immunology prevention & control MeSH
- Antibodies, Bacterial blood immunology MeSH
- Salmonella enterica genetics immunology pathogenicity MeSH
- Salmonella enteritidis genetics immunology MeSH
- Salmonella typhimurium genetics immunology MeSH
- Salmonella Infections, Animal immunology prevention & control MeSH
- Salmonella Vaccines genetics immunology MeSH
- Vaccination veterinary MeSH
- Cross Protection * MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Male MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
INTRODUCTION: Red blood cells (RBCs), also known as erythrocytes, are underestimated in their role in the immune system. In mammals, erythrocytes undergo maturation that involves the loss of nuclei, resulting in limited transcription and protein synthesis capabilities. However, the nucleated nature of non-mammalian RBCs is challenging this conventional understanding of RBCs. Notably, in bony fishes, research indicates that RBCs are not only susceptible to pathogen attacks but express immune receptors and effector molecules. However, given the abundance of RBCs and their interaction with every physiological system, we postulate that they act in surveillance as sentinels, rapid responders, and messengers. METHODS: We performed a series of in vitro experiments with Cyprinus carpio RBCs exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila, as well as in vivo laboratory infections using different concentrations of bacteria. RESULTS: qPCR revealed that RBCs express genes of several inflammatory cytokines. Using cyprinid-specific antibodies, we confirmed that RBCs secreted tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interferon gamma (IFNγ). In contrast to these indirect immune mechanisms, we observed that RBCs produce reactive oxygen species and, through transmission electron and confocal microscopy, that RBCs can engulf particles. Finally, RBCs expressed and upregulated several putative toll-like receptors, including tlr4 and tlr9, in response to A. hydrophila infection in vivo. DISCUSSION: Overall, the RBC repertoire of pattern recognition receptors, their secretion of effector molecules, and their swift response make them immune sentinels capable of rapidly detecting and signaling the presence of foreign pathogens. By studying the interaction between a bacterium and erythrocytes, we provide novel insights into how the latter may contribute to overall innate and adaptive immune responses of teleost fishes.
- MeSH
- Aeromonas hydrophila * immunology MeSH
- Cytokines * metabolism immunology MeSH
- Erythrocytes * immunology metabolism MeSH
- Phagocytosis immunology MeSH
- Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections * immunology MeSH
- Carps * immunology microbiology MeSH
- Fish Diseases * immunology microbiology MeSH
- Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules immunology MeSH
- Immunity, Innate MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Salmonella protease mutants, clpP and especially htrA, are candidate live oral vaccines in humans. A functional and mature immune system is, however, required to cope with them in mice. Here, we test the cytokine response of highly susceptible germ-free pigs to infection with Salmonella Typhimurium clpP and htrA mutants. Cytokine levels (IL-4, IL-10, IL-18 and IFN-gamma) were measured by ELISA in plasma and washes from the terminal small bowel 24h after oral challenge. Unlike the infection with the wild type strain, no IFN-gamma response and low IL-18 intestinal levels were found in pigs infected with the protease mutants. Despite this and regardless of partially reduced ability of htrA and clpP mutants to invade and multiply in a 3D4 porcine macrophage-like cell line, both the mutants were as virulent as was the wild type LT2 strain and caused fatal septicaemia in germ-free pigs. IFN-gamma and IL-18 response therefore did not correlate with the virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium. Our results indicate that htrA and clpP attenuations should be used with caution in populations in which an increased number of immunocompromised individuals can be expected.
- MeSH
- Cell Line MeSH
- Cytokines immunology metabolism MeSH
- Financing, Organized MeSH
- Germ-Free Life MeSH
- Macrophages immunology microbiology MeSH
- Mutation MeSH
- Disease Susceptibility MeSH
- Swine MeSH
- Peptide Hydrolases genetics metabolism MeSH
- Salmonella typhimurium enzymology genetics immunology pathogenicity MeSH
- Salmonella Infections, Animal immunology metabolism microbiology MeSH
- Salmonella Vaccines immunology MeSH
- Virulence MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, is a highly infectious intracellular pathogen with no licensed vaccine available today. The recent search for genome sequences involved in F. tularensis virulence mechanisms led to the identification of the 30-kb region defined as a Francisella pathogenicity island (FPI). In our previous iTRAQ study we described the concerted upregulation of some FPI proteins in different F. tularensis strains cultivated under stress conditions. Among them we identified the IglH protein whose role in Francisella virulence has not been characterized yet. In this work we deleted the iglH gene in a European clinical isolate of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica FSC200. We showed that the iglH gene is necessary for intracellular growth and escape of F. tularensis from phagosomes. We also showed that the iglH mutant is avirulent in a mouse model of infection and persists in the organs for about three weeks after infection. Importantly, mice vaccinated by infection with the iglH mutant were protected against subcutaneous challenge with the fully virulent parental FSC200 strain. This is the first report of a defined subsp. holarctica FPI deletion strain that provides protective immunity against subsequent subcutaneous challenge with a virulent isolate of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica.
- MeSH
- Vaccines, Attenuated genetics immunology MeSH
- Bacterial Proteins genetics immunology MeSH
- Bacterial Vaccines genetics immunology MeSH
- Phagosomes microbiology MeSH
- Francisella tularensis genetics immunology pathogenicity MeSH
- Macrophages microbiology MeSH
- Mice, Inbred BALB C MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Sequence Deletion MeSH
- Genetic Complementation Test MeSH
- Tularemia immunology microbiology prevention & control MeSH
- Virulence MeSH
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Mice MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
