Cíl: Cílem naší studie bylo kvantifikovat a porovnat imunobarvení IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8 a TNFa ve tkáni endometriomu, nenádorových nádorech, benigních novotvarech a maligních novotvarech vaječníků. Materiál a metody: Studie se zúčastnilo 90 pacientek; bylo dia gnostikováno 15 nenádorových lézí ovaria, 28 ovariálních benigních novotvarů, 28 ovariálních maligních novotvarů a 19 ovariálních endometriomů. Imunohistochemie byla provedena pro cytokiny IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8 a TNFa a jejich koncentrace byly v těchto skupinách porovnány. Použili jsme Fisherův exaktní test, podle něhož jsou významné hodnoty p < 0,05. Výsledky: Imunobarvení epitelu na přítomnost IL-5 a IL-8 je silnější u endometriomů než u karcinomu vaječníků (p hodnoty 0,0046 a 0,0149). Stromální imunobarvení TNFa, IL-5, IL-6 a IL8 je silnější u endometriomů než u rakoviny vaječníků (p hodnoty 0,0008; < 0,0001; 0,0003 a 0,0006). Závěr: Silnější imunobarvení ně kte rých cytokinů u endometriomů ve srovnání s karcinomem ovaria odráží zánětlivou a imunitní odpověď, která by mohla být budoucím cílem nových objevů o infiltrativním chování endometriózy.
Objective: The objective of our study was to quantify and compare the immunostaining of IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in endometriomal tissue, non-neoplastic tumors, benign neoplasms, and malignant ovarian neoplasms. Materials and methods: The study involved 90 patients: 15 non-neoplastic ovarian lesions, 28 ovarian benign neoplasms, 28 ovarian malignant neoplasms, and 19 ovarian endometriomas were diagnosed. Immunohistochemistry was performed for cytokines IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α and their concentrations were compared in these groups. Fisher‘s exact test was used, requiring a P-value of < 0.05 for significance. Results: IL-5 and IL-8 epithelial immunostaining is stronger in endometriomas than in ovarian cancer (P-values of 0.0046 and 0.0149, resp.). The stromal immunostaining of TNF-α, IL-5, IL-6, and IL8 is stronger in endometriomas than in ovarian cancer (P-values of 0.0008, < 0.0001, 0.0003, and 0.0006, resp.). Conclusions: Stronger immunostaining of some cytokines in endometriomas compared to ovarian cancer reflects an inflammatory and immune response that could be future targets for new discoveries about the infiltrative behavior of endometriosis.
- MeSH
- barvení a značení klasifikace metody MeSH
- cytokiny analýza imunologie klasifikace MeSH
- endometrióza * diagnostické zobrazování diagnóza imunologie MeSH
- imunohistochemie * klasifikace metody MeSH
- interleukin-6 analýza imunologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory vaječníků * diagnostické zobrazování imunologie klasifikace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- klinická studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: Bordetella pertussis continues to cause whooping cough globally even in countries with high immunisation coverage. Booster vaccinations with acellular pertussis vaccines are thus used in children, adolescents, and adults. T cell immunity is crucial for orchestrating the immune response after vaccination. However, T cell assays can be expensive and difficult to implement in large clinical trials. In this study, a whole blood (WB) stimulation assay was developed to identify secreted T cell associated cytokines in different age groups after acellular pertussis booster vaccination. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Longitudinal WB samples were collected from a small set of subjects (n = 38) aged 7-70 years participating in a larger ongoing clinical trial. For assay development, samples were diluted and incubated with purified inactivated pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), inactivated B. pertussis lysate, and complete medium (M) as stimulating conditions, with anti-CD28 and anti-CD49d as co-stimulants. Different timepoints around the vaccination (D0, D7, D14, D28), WB dilution factor (1:2, 1:4) and incubation time (24 h, 48 h, 72 h) were compared. Responses to 15 cytokines were tested with Luminex/multiplex immunoassay. RESULTS: The optimized assay consisted of WB incubation with M, PT, and FHA (including the two co-stimulants). After 48 h incubation, supernatants were collected for measurement of seven selected T cell associated cytokines (IL-2, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17 A, IL-17F, and IFN-y) from samples before and 28 days after vaccination. PT stimulation showed a trend for upregulation of IL-2, IL-13, and IL-17 A/F for adult subjects, whereas the responses of all cytokines were downregulated for the paediatric subjects. Furthermore, PT and FHA-stimulated WB showed diverse cytokine producing profiles. CONCLUSIONS: The developed WB-based cytokine assay was shown to be less costly, easy to perform, and functional in differently aged individuals. Further, it requires only a small amount of fresh blood, which is beneficial especially for studies including infants. Our results support the use of this assay for other immunological studies in the future.
- MeSH
- antigeny bakteriální * imunologie MeSH
- Bordetella pertussis * imunologie MeSH
- cytokiny * krev imunologie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- pertuse * imunologie krev prevence a kontrola MeSH
- pertusová vakcína * imunologie aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- sekundární imunizace MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- T-lymfocyty * imunologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- cytokiny * farmakologie imunologie klasifikace terapeutické užití MeSH
- erythropoetin analogy a deriváty farmakologie klasifikace terapeutické užití MeSH
- faktor stimulující kolonie granulocytů farmakologie imunologie klasifikace terapeutické užití MeSH
- interferony farmakologie imunologie klasifikace terapeutické užití MeSH
- interleukin-1 farmakologie imunologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- interleukin-2 farmakologie imunologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- receptory cytokinové imunologie klasifikace MeSH
- thrombopoetin agonisté farmakologie klasifikace terapeutické užití MeSH
- TNF-alfa farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
INTRODUCTION: Red blood cells (RBCs), also known as erythrocytes, are underestimated in their role in the immune system. In mammals, erythrocytes undergo maturation that involves the loss of nuclei, resulting in limited transcription and protein synthesis capabilities. However, the nucleated nature of non-mammalian RBCs is challenging this conventional understanding of RBCs. Notably, in bony fishes, research indicates that RBCs are not only susceptible to pathogen attacks but express immune receptors and effector molecules. However, given the abundance of RBCs and their interaction with every physiological system, we postulate that they act in surveillance as sentinels, rapid responders, and messengers. METHODS: We performed a series of in vitro experiments with Cyprinus carpio RBCs exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila, as well as in vivo laboratory infections using different concentrations of bacteria. RESULTS: qPCR revealed that RBCs express genes of several inflammatory cytokines. Using cyprinid-specific antibodies, we confirmed that RBCs secreted tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interferon gamma (IFNγ). In contrast to these indirect immune mechanisms, we observed that RBCs produce reactive oxygen species and, through transmission electron and confocal microscopy, that RBCs can engulf particles. Finally, RBCs expressed and upregulated several putative toll-like receptors, including tlr4 and tlr9, in response to A. hydrophila infection in vivo. DISCUSSION: Overall, the RBC repertoire of pattern recognition receptors, their secretion of effector molecules, and their swift response make them immune sentinels capable of rapidly detecting and signaling the presence of foreign pathogens. By studying the interaction between a bacterium and erythrocytes, we provide novel insights into how the latter may contribute to overall innate and adaptive immune responses of teleost fishes.
- MeSH
- Aeromonas hydrophila * imunologie MeSH
- cytokiny * metabolismus imunologie MeSH
- erytrocyty * imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- fagocytóza imunologie MeSH
- gramnegativní bakteriální infekce * imunologie MeSH
- kapři * imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- nemoci ryb * imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- PAMP struktury imunologie MeSH
- přirozená imunita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Nejčastější imunitně podmíněná zánětlivá revmatická onemocnění – revmatoidní artritida, psoriatická artritida a axiální spondyloartritida – zaznamenala v posledních letech významný pokrok se zavedením biologické léčby proti cytokinům a imunitním buňkám, ale také proti nitrobuněčným enzymům, konkrétně Janusovým kinázám (JAK). Nitrobuněčná signa- lizace JAK se aktivuje navázáním různých cytokinů nebo růstových faktorů na příslušné buněčné receptory, umožní se aktivace transkripčních faktorů STAT (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) a finálně transkripce genů s dů- ležitým postavením v průběhu vrozené a získané imunitní odpovědi. Popsány jsou čtyři Janusovy kinázy: JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 a tyrosin kináza-2 (TYK2). V současnosti jsou schválené čtyři JAK inhibitory (tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib a filgoti- nib) pro léčbu revmatoidní artritidy, některé pro léčbu psoriatické artritidy a axiální spondyloartritidy. JAK inhibitory mají různou selektivitu proti jednotlivým kinázám. Některé JAK inhibitory jsou zkoušeny u dalších vzácnějších systémových onemocnění pojiva. Obecnou výhodou JAK inhibitorů je perorální podávání, rychlý nástup účinku a účinnost v monoterapii. Bezpečnostní profil JAK inhibitorů v porovnání s biologickou léčbou se zdá být srovnatelný, častěji se vyskytuje herpes zoster, diskutuje se zvýšený výskyt závažných kardiovaskulárních onemocnění, tromboembolických komplikací a nádorů u rizikových pacientů. Cílem této práce bude shrnout nejnovější poznatky o JAK inhibitorech ve schválených indikacích nejčastějších revmatických onemocnění.
The most common immune-mediated inflammatory rheumatic diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis and have reached significant advances in recent years with the introduction of biological therapies against cytokines and immune cells, but also against intracellular enzymes, specifically Janus kinases (JAKs). Intracellular JAK signalling is activated by binding of various cytokines or growth factors to the respective cellular receptors, allowing the activation of STAT (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) transcription factors and ultimately the transcription of genes with important roles during the innate and adaptive immune response. Four Janus kinases have been described: JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and tyrosine kinase-2 (TYK2). Four JAK inhibitors (tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib and filgotinib) are currently approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and some for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis. JAK inhibitors have varying selectivity against individual kinases. Some JAK inhibitors are being tested in other rarer systemic connective tissue diseases. The general advantages of JAK inhibitors are oral administration, rapid onset of action, and efficacy in monotherapy. The safety profile of JAK inhibitors compared with biologic therapy appears to be comparable, with a higher incidence of herpes zoster, and an increased incidence of major cardiovascular disease, thromboembolic complications, and cancer in at-risk patients is discussed. The aim of this paper will be to summarize the latest findings on JAK inhibitors in approved indications for the most common rheumatic diseases.
- MeSH
- axiální spondyloartritida farmakoterapie MeSH
- biologická terapie metody MeSH
- cytokiny imunologie MeSH
- inhibitory Janus kinas * aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nežádoucí účinky léčiv MeSH
- psoriatická artritida farmakoterapie MeSH
- revmatické nemoci farmakoterapie MeSH
- revmatoidní artritida farmakoterapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- MeSH
- cvičení * fyziologie imunologie MeSH
- cytokiny * imunologie MeSH
- imunitní systém MeSH
- interleukin-6 imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- muskuloskeletální systém imunologie patologie MeSH
- osteoartróza imunologie terapie MeSH
- psoriatická artritida imunologie terapie MeSH
- revmatoidní artritida imunologie terapie MeSH
- syndrom přetrénování imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- tendinopatie imunologie terapie MeSH
- terapie cvičením * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Our study presents a novel germline c.1715G>T (p.G572V) mutation in the gene encoding Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) causing an autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorder in a family with monozygotic male twins, who suffer from severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia worsening with infections, and autoinflammation presenting as fevers, enteritis, arthritis, and CNS vasculitis. The pathogenicity of the mutation was confirmed by in vitro assays on transfected cell lines and primary cells. The p.G572V mutation causes impaired stability of the TLR8 protein, cross-reactivity to TLR7 ligands and reduced ability of TLR8 to attenuate TLR7 signaling. This imbalance toward TLR7-dependent signaling leads to increased pro-inflammatory responses, such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα. This unique TLR8 mutation with partial TLR8 protein loss and hyperinflammatory phenotype mediated by TLR7 ligands represents a novel inborn error of immunity with childhood-onset and a good response to TLR7 inhibition.
- MeSH
- autoimunitní hemolytická anemie genetika imunologie MeSH
- cytokiny genetika imunologie MeSH
- dvojčata monozygotní MeSH
- HEK293 buňky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mutace * MeSH
- posouzení stavu pacienta MeSH
- toll-like receptor 7 genetika imunologie MeSH
- toll-like receptor 8 genetika imunologie MeSH
- zánět genetika imunologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- studie na dvojčatech MeSH
Recent evidence shows that innate immune cells, in addition to B and T cells, can retain immunological memory of their encounters and afford long-term resistance against infections in a process known as 'trained immunity'. However, the duration of the unspecific protection observed in vivo is poorly compatible with the average lifespan of innate immune cells, suggesting the involvement of long-lived cells. Accordingly, recent studies demonstrate that hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) lay at the foundation of trained immunity, retaining immunological memory of infections and giving rise to a "trained" myeloid progeny for a long time. In this review, we discuss the research demonstrating the involvement of HSPCs in the onset of long-lasting trained immunity. We highlight the roles of specific cytokines and Toll-like receptor ligands in influencing HSPC memory phenotypes and the molecular mechanisms underlying trained immunity HSPCs. Finally, we discuss the potential benefits and drawbacks of the long-lasting trained immune responses, and describe the challenges that the field is facing.
- MeSH
- cytokiny imunologie MeSH
- hematopoetické kmenové buňky imunologie MeSH
- imunologická paměť imunologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ligandy MeSH
- přirozená imunita imunologie MeSH
- toll-like receptory imunologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Neutrophils are innate immune cells with important roles in antimicrobial defense. However, impaired or dysregulated neutrophil function can result in host tissue damage, loss of homeostasis, hyperinflammation or pathological immunosuppression. A central link between neutrophil activation and immune outcomes is emerging to be the calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling pathway, which is activated by neutrophil detection of a microbial threat via pattern recognition receptors and results in inflammatory cytokine production. This potent pro-inflammatory pathway is also the target of several immunosuppressive drugs used for the treatment of autoimmune disorders, during solid organ and hematopoietic cell transplantations, and as a part of anti-cancer therapy: but what effects these drugs have on neutrophil function, and their broader consequences for immune homeostasis and microbial defense are not yet known. Here, we bring together the emerging literature describing pathology- and drug- induced neutrophil impairment, with particular focus on their effects on calcineurin-NFAT signaling in the innate immune compartment.
- MeSH
- cytokiny imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- homeostáza imunologie MeSH
- imunologická tolerance imunologie MeSH
- kalcineurin imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mediátory zánětu imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- neutrofily imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- přirozená imunita imunologie MeSH
- receptory rozpoznávající vzory imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce imunologie MeSH
- transkripční faktory NFATC imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The adaptive immune response to severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is important for vaccine development and in the recovery from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Men and cancer patients have been reported to be at higher risks of contracting the virus and developing the more severe forms of COVID-19. Prostate cancer (PCa) may be associated with both of these risks. We show that CD4+ T cells of SARS-CoV-2-unexposed patients with hormone-refractory (HR) metastatic PCa had decreased CD4+ T cell immune responses to antigens from SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein but not from the spiked glycoprotein of the 'common cold'-associated human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) as compared with healthy male volunteers who responded comparably to both HCoV-229E- and SARS-CoV-2-derived antigens. Moreover, the HCoV-229E spike glycoprotein antigen-elicited CD4+ T cell immune responses cross-reacted with the SARS-CoV-2 spiked glycoprotein antigens. PCa patients may have impaired responses to the vaccination, and the cross-reactivity can mediate antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of COVID-19. These findings highlight the potential for increased vulnerability of PCa patients to COVID-19.
- MeSH
- adaptivní imunita MeSH
- CD4-pozitivní T-lymfocyty imunologie MeSH
- CD8-pozitivní T-lymfocyty imunologie MeSH
- COVID-19 imunologie virologie MeSH
- cytokiny imunologie MeSH
- glykoprotein S, koronavirus imunologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lidský koronavirus 229E imunologie MeSH
- nádory prostaty imunologie patologie MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 imunologie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- zkřížené reakce MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH