The aim of this experimental study was to assess the spine development in growing rats following pinealectomy or partial sensorimotor cortical area damage. A total of 68 Wistar albino rats (Rattus norvegicus v. alba f. domestica) aged 3–4 weeks were divided into four groups. In group 1 (n = 22) pinealectomy was performed, in group 2 (n = 24) the sensorymotor cortical area 2 × 1 × 1 mm below the coronal suture was removed. Sham operation consisted of a craniotomy (n = 11) and a craniotomy with a durotomy (n = 11). All surgeries were performed from the left side. The rats were killed four months after surgery and radiography was then made. Scoliosis, C2-T7 lordosis and T7-S1 kyphosis were measured.The brains of rats after sensorimotor cortical area removal were isolated and investigated including histological examination (light microscope). Scoliosis of 9–14 degrees (mean value 10.8) was developed in five animals after pinealectomy; in rats after removal of the sensorimotor cortical area scoliosis of 10–24 degrees (mean value 15.9) was observed in eight animals. The scoliotic curves were non structural. Our results indicate the importance of cortical area damage, together with craniotomy and durotomy in the development of growing rat spine. These damages could cause a disorder of balance between smaller inhibitory and greater facilitating area of central nervous system, controlling the muscular tone and resulting in the development of increased lordosis and kyphosis and non structural scoliosis due to muscle imbalance. Thus the new hypothesis of scoliosis aetiology was introduced.

• Klíčová slova
• duratomie,
• MeSH
• experimenty na zvířatech MeSH
• kraniotomie MeSH
• páteř patologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• pinealektomie * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• senzorimotorický kortex * chirurgie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• skolióza * etiologie   MeSH
• zakřivení páteře MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH

• MeSH
• hypoglykemie MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mozek patofyziologie   MeSH
• neurony patologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH

The present study tested the hypothesis that cross-fostering influences the development of rat pups. Mothers were exposed daily to injection of methamphetamine (M) (5 mg/kg) or saline for 9 weeks: 3 weeks prior to impregnation, throughout gestation and lactation periods. Control females animals without any injections were used. On postnatal day (PD) 1, pups were cross-fostered so that each mother received four pups of her own and eight pups from the mothers with the other two treatments. Offspring were tested for sensorimotor development in preweaning period by using tests of: negative geotaxis, tail pull, righting reflexes, rotarod and bar-holding. Further, the pups were weighed daily. Our results showed that birth weight in prenatally M-exposed pups was lower than in control or saline-exposed pups. Prenatally M-exposed pups gained less weight than control or saline-exposed pups regardless of postnatal treatment and sex. Further, our data demonstrated that prenatal and postnatal M exposure impairs sensorimotor functions in most of the tests. On the other hand, the negative effect of prenatal M exposure was partially suppressed in prenatally M-exposed pups by cross-fostering to control dams. Our hypothesis that cross-fostering may affect postnatal development of pups was confirmed.

• MeSH
• chlorid sodný aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• chování zvířat účinky léků   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lokomoce účinky léků   MeSH
• methamfetamin aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek MeSH
• reflex účinky léků   MeSH
• stimulanty centrálního nervového systému aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice etiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH

Methamphetamine (MA) is an addictive psychostimulant with significant potential for abuse. Previous rat studies have demonstrated that MA use during pregnancy impairs maternal behavior and induced delayed development of affected pups. The offspring of drug-addictive mothers were often neglected and exposed to neonatal stressors. The present study therefore examines the effect of perinatal stressors combined with exposure to prenatal MA on the development of pups and maternal behavior. Dams were divided into three groups according to drug treatment during pregnancy: controls (C); saline (SA, s.c., 1 ml/kg); MA (s.c., 5 mg/ml/kg). Litters were divided into four groups according to postnatal stressors: controls (N); maternal separation (S); maternal cold-water stress (W); maternal separation plus cold-water stress (SW). The pup-retrieval test showed differences among postnatally stressed mothers and non-stressed controls. The righting reflex on a surface revealed delayed development of pups prenatally exposed to MA/SA and postnatal stress. Negative geotaxis and Rotarod results confirmed that the MA group was the most affected. Overall, our data suggests that a combination of perinatal stress and prenatal MA can have a detrimental effect on maternal behavior as well as on the sensorimotor development of pups. However, MA exposure during pregnancy seems to be the decisive factor for impairment.

• MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• maternální deprivace MeSH
• mateřské chování účinky léků   fyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• methamfetamin toxicita   MeSH
• metoda rotující tyčky metody   psychologie   MeSH
• náhodné rozdělení MeSH
• novorozená zvířata MeSH
• poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek komplikace   patofyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• psychický stres komplikace   patofyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• psychomotorický výkon účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• stimulanty centrálního nervového systému toxicita   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice chemicky indukované   patofyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The healthy development of the fetus depends on the exact course of pregnancy and delivery. Therefore, prenatal hypoxia remains between the greatest threats to the developing fetus. Our study aimed to assess the impact of prenatal hypoxia on postnatal development and behavior of the rats, whose mothers were exposed to hypoxia (10.5 % O2) during a critical period of brain development on GD20 for 12 h. This prenatal insult resulted in a delay of sensorimotor development of hypoxic pups compared to the control group. Hypoxic pups also had lowered postnatal weight which in males persisted up to adulthood. In adulthood, hypoxic males showed anxiety-like behavior in the OF, higher sucrose preference, and lower levels of grimace scale (reflecting the degree of negative emotions) in the immobilization chamber compared to the control group. Moreover, hypoxic animals showed hyperactivity in EPM and LD tests, and hypoxic females had reduced sociability compared to the control group. In conclusion, our results indicate a possible relationship between prenatal hypoxia and changes in sociability, activity, and impaired emotion regulation in ADHD, ASD, or anxiety disorders. The fact that changes in observed parameters are manifested mostly in males confirms that male sex is more sensitive to prenatal insults.

• MeSH
• acidobazická rovnováha MeSH
• bludiště - učení MeSH
• chování zvířat * MeSH
• gestační stáří MeSH
• hypoxie plodu komplikace   patofyziologie   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• pohybová aktivita MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• preference v jídle MeSH
• senzorimotorický kortex růst a vývoj   MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• sociální interakce MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• úleková reakce MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Publikační typ
• abstrakty MeSH

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT) is considered an effective therapeutic option in cervical dystonia (CD). The pathophysiology of CD and other focal dystonias has not yet been fully explained. Results from neurophysiological and imaging studies suggest a significant involvement of the basal ganglia and thalamus, and functional abnormalities in premotor and primary sensorimotor cortical areas are considered a crucial factor in the development of focal dystonias. Twelve BoNT-naïve patients with CD were examined with functional MRI during a skilled hand motor task; the examination was repeated 4 weeks after the first BoNT injection to the dystonic neck muscles. Twelve age- and gender-matched healthy controls were examined using the same functional MRI paradigm without BoNT injection. In BoNT-naïve patients with CD, BoNT treatment was associated with a significant increase of activation in finger movement-induced fMRI activation of several brain areas, especially in the bilateral primary and secondary somatosensory cortex, bilateral superior and inferior parietal lobule, bilateral SMA and premotor cortex, predominantly contralateral primary motor cortex, bilateral anterior cingulate cortex, ipsilateral thalamus, insula, putamen, and in the central part of cerebellum, close to the vermis. The results of the study support observations that the BoNT effect may have a correlate in the central nervous system level, and this effect may not be limited to cortical and subcortical representations of the treated muscles. The results show that abnormalities in sensorimotor activation extend beyond circuits controlling the affected body parts in CD even the first BoNT injection is associated with changes in sensorimotor activation. The differences in activation between patients with CD after treatment and healthy controls at baseline were no longer present.

• MeSH
• aferentní nervové dráhy diagnostické zobrazování   účinky léků   MeSH
• botulotoxiny typu A terapeutické užití   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kyslík krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• neparametrická statistika MeSH
• nervosvalové látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
• psychomotorický výkon účinky léků   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• senzorimotorický kortex diagnostické zobrazování   účinky léků   MeSH
• tortikolis * diagnostické zobrazování   farmakoterapie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Research increasingly suggests that nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. One important line of evidence comes from genetic studies, which have repeatedly detected an association between the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS or NOS1) and schizophrenia. However, the pathogenetic pathways linking nNOS, NO, and the disorder remain poorly understood. A deficit in sensorimotor gating is considered to importantly contribute to core schizophrenia symptoms such as psychotic disorganization and thought disturbance. We selected three candidate nNOS polymorphisms (Ex1f-VNTR, rs6490121 and rs41279104), associated with schizophrenia and cognition in previous studies, and tested their association with the efficiency of sensorimotor gating in healthy human adults. We found that risk variants of Ex1f-VNTR and rs6490121 (but not rs41279104) were associated with a weaker prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex, a standard measure of sensorimotor gating. Furthermore, the effect of presence of risk variants in Ex1f-VNTR and rs6490121 was additive: PPI linearly decreased with increasing number of risk alleles, being highest in participants with no risk allele, while lowest in individuals who carry three risk alleles. Our findings indicate that NO is involved in the regulation of sensorimotor gating, and highlight one possible pathogenetic mechanism for NO playing a role in the development of schizophrenia psychosis.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• exony MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• minisatelitní repetice MeSH
• oxid dusnatý fyziologie   MeSH
• prepulsní inhibice genetika   MeSH
• schizofrenie genetika   MeSH
• senzorický gating genetika   MeSH
• synthasa oxidu dusnatého, typ I genetika   MeSH
• úleková reakce genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Methamphetamine (MA) is one of the most abused psychostimulants in the Czech Republic and worldwide. Previous studies have demonstrated the adverse effects of maternal drug abuse. However, the father's contribution as a parent and donor of the half genetic information is unclear. The present study aimed to examine the effect of paternal MA exposure on behavioral development and locomotor activity in rat offspring. MA was administrated subcutaneously for 30 days at a dose of 5 mg/kg to adult male rats. The impact of paternal MA exposure on rat pups was investigated using behavioral tests during development and locomotor activity tests in adulthood. Prior to testing, adult offspring were exposed to an acute challenge dose of MA (1 mg/kg) to examine the possible sensitizing effect of the paternal treatment. Our results found no significant differences in behavioral development or locomotor activity in adulthood of offspring linked to paternal MA application. These results differ from the effects induced by maternal MA application. Further, our results demonstrated a significant increase in locomotor activity on the Laboras test after acute MA application. When comparing sex differences, females showed more activity than males in adulthood, whereas males were more active during development.

• MeSH
• chování zvířat účinky léků   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lokomoce účinky léků   MeSH
• methamfetamin toxicita   MeSH
• metoda rotující tyčky MeSH
• otec - expozice noxám * MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
• polohový reflex účinky léků   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• senzorimotorický kortex účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• stimulanty centrálního nervového systému toxicita   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• motorické dovednosti MeSH
• reflex fyziologie   MeSH
• senzorimotorický kortex růst a vývoj   MeSH
• vestibulární systém * embryologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• vestibulokochleární fyziologické jevy MeSH
• vývoj dítěte MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH