The incidence of myopia among school children has risen markedly over the last three decades. In urban areas of South and East Asia, as many as 80-90% of young adults are now myopic. This trend is occurring elsewhere around the world. During the COVID-19 lockdowns, children in many countries were confined indoors and spent an undue amount of time exposed to television screens, computers, and mobile devices. This resulted in an acceleration in the incidence and progression of the condition. Myopia is a significant public health issue as it is a leading cause of blindness and other vision problems. Yet the underlying mechanisms that produce the condition remain elusive. Pseudomyopia has recently been proposed as an independent risk factor for myopia. We hypothesize that pseudomyopia induced by prolonged close work, stress, and anxiety combines and is further amplified by chronically low ambient light levels. If time spent outdoors in daylight is restricted, the effects worsen and together may play a significant part in myopia epidemics.
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Příspěvek popisuje souvislost požadavků na denní osvětlení a oslunění budov s urbanismem v průběhu posledních desetiletí, včetně současných trendů. Diskutuje možnosti odpovědi preventivního zdravotnictví na nové trendy stavby měst v oblasti světelné techniky.
This paper describes the relationship of requirements for daylighting and solar access of buildings with urban planning over the past decades including current trends. Discussed are options of the response of preventive health care to the new trends in urban design in the field of lighting technology.
Anion exchange polystyrene nanofiber materials (AE) were prepared by electrospinning followed by two-step functionalization of the nanofiber surface by chlorosulfonic acid and ethylendiamine. The photoactive character of these materials was introduced through adsorption of the tetra-anionic 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin photosensitizer (TPPS-AE) on the nanofiber surface or by encapsulation of the nonpolar 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin photosensitizer (AE(TPP)) into the nanofibers. Anion exchange nanofiber materials with porphyrins are characterized by a high ion-exchange capacity, photogeneration of singlet oxygen O2((1)Δg), and singlet oxygen-sensitized delayed fluorescence. Due to the photogeneration of cytotoxic O2((1)Δg), the nanofibers exhibited oxidation of the external substrates in aqueous solution and an efficient antibacterial effect when activated by simulated daylight. Adsorption of both TPPS and I(-) on the surface of AE led to the formation of more efficient I-TPPS-AE materials. Rapid photooxidation of I(-) by O2((1)Δg), and the formation of another cytotoxic species, I3(-), on the surface of the nanofibers were responsible for the increased antibacterial properties of I-TPPS-AE and the prolonged antibacterial effect in the dark.
- MeSH
- Adsorption MeSH
- Anions chemistry MeSH
- Escherichia coli drug effects metabolism radiation effects MeSH
- Photosensitizing Agents chemistry pharmacology MeSH
- Ion Exchange MeSH
- Kinetics MeSH
- Nanofibers chemistry MeSH
- Oxidation-Reduction MeSH
- Polystyrenes chemistry MeSH
- Porphyrins chemistry pharmacology MeSH
- Singlet Oxygen chemistry metabolism MeSH
- Light * MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Abandoning daylight saving time in Europe raises the topical issue of proper setting of yearlong social time, which needs mapping of various socio-demographic factors, including chronotype, in specific geographic regions. This study represents the first detailed large scale chronotyping in the Czech Republic based on data collected in the complex panel socio-demographic survey in households (total 8760 respondents) and the socio-physiological survey, in which chronotyped participants also provided blood samples (n = 1107). Chronotype assessment based on sleep phase (MCTQ questions and/or time-use diary) correlated with a self-assessed interval of best alertness. The mean chronotype of the Czech population defined as mid sleep phase (MSFsc) was 3.13 ± 0.02 h. Chronotype exhibited significant east-to-westward, north-to-southward, and settlement size-dependent gradients and was associated with age, sex, partnership, and time spent outdoors as previously demonstrated. Moreover, for subjects younger than 40 years, childcare was highly associated with earlier chronotype, while dog care was associated with later chronotype. Body mass index correlated with later chronotype in women whose extreme chronotype was also associated with lower plasma levels of protective HDL cholesterol. Based on the chronotype prevalence the results favour yearlong Standard Time as the best choice for this geographic region.
- MeSH
- Time Factors MeSH
- Chronobiology Discipline statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Circadian Clocks physiology MeSH
- Demography statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Photoperiod * MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Surveys and Questionnaires statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Sex Factors MeSH
- Sleep physiology MeSH
- Age Factors MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
Herein, it is reported for the first time that when mixed with choline chloride, itaconic acid (IA), normally a low-reactive vinyl monomer, undergoes initiator-free radical polymerization under normal daylight. Furthermore, the process results in the formation of abnormally high-molecular-weight poly(itaconic acid) derivatives with Mw greater than ≈800 000 g mol-1 . Detailed 1D/2D NMR studies indicate that the polymers have two types of ionizable moieties, that is, anionic carboxylic and cationic choline ester groups in an average molar ratio of 12:1. Potentiometric titration shows polyampholyte behavior of the polymers. Tentative mechanistic studies reveal that the daylight-induced polymerization is initiated by species generated via interactions of near UV light with IA. However, EPR findings show that choline also participates in secondary radical reactions. The obtained polyampholytes are useful bio-based materials for fast and straightforward fabrication of polymer-clay nanocomposite hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties.
... in interior spaces 12 -- 5.1 Daylight Provision 12 -- 5.1.1 General 12 -- 5.1.2 Criteria for daylight ... ... provision 12 -- 5.1.3 Daylight Provision Calculation Methods 12 -- 5.1.4 Verification of daylight provision ... ... glare 15 -- Annex A (informative) Recommendations 16 -- A.l General 16 -- A.2 Recommendations for daylight ... ... (informative) Daylight 23 -- B. l General 23 -- B.2 Calculation grids 23 -- B.3 Calculation methods 24 ... ... factor (method 1) 24 -- B.3.3 Calculation method using illuminance level (method 2) 2 5 -- B.4 Daylight ...
63 stran : ilustrace, tabulky ; 30 cm
- MeSH
- Housing MeSH
- Lighting MeSH
- Facility Design and Construction MeSH
- Publication type
- Guideline MeSH
- Conspectus
- Sanitární technika. Vodárenství. Odpadové hospodářství. Světelná technika
- NML Fields
- technika
