environmental inequity
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BACKGROUND: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) more than 2 million premature deaths and 7 million of total deaths each year can be attributed to the effects of air pollution. The contribution of air pollution to the health status of population is estimated to be about 20%. Health is largely determined by factors outside the reach of healthcare sector, including low income, unemployment, poor environment, poor education, and substandard housing. AIM: The aim of the paper was to review a current knowledge of relationships among air pollution, socioeconomic health inequalities, socio-spatial differentiation, and environmental inequity. The relationships were demonstrated on an example of the Ostrava region. Also basic approaches to health valuation were reviewed. RESULTS: Social differences are reasons both for health inequalities and spatial patterns of unprivileged area housing. In urban environments with poor air quality there is also a large concentration of low income residents. Less affluent population groups are more often affected by inadequate housing conditions including second-hand smoking and higher environmental burden in their residential neighbourhoods. Environmental injustice is highly correlated with other factors that link poverty with poor health, including inadequate access to medical and preventive care, lack of availability of healthful food, lack of safe play spaces for children, absence of good jobs, crime, and violence. CONCLUSIONS: The theoretical background and also results of the studies brought evidence that population health is affected by both socioeconomic and environmental inequalities. Air pollution is unevenly distributed in Ostrava and is related to distribution of socially disadvantaged environment and social exclusion as well.
- MeSH
- disparity zdravotního stavu * MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch škodlivé účinky analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- průmysl MeSH
- sociální determinanty zdraví * MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí škodlivé účinky analýza MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší škodlivé účinky analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- environmentální zdraví MeSH
- imunitní systém MeSH
- imunoglobuliny MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci novorozenců etiologie MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- socioekonomické faktory MeSH
- životní prostředí MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
Since long, socio-economic status, often expressed as an index, is known to correlate with health outcomes like behavioural problems. We constructed a new index that encapsulated not only economic and social but also environmental stressors (ESES), using data of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents, a nation-wide representative surveillance of 17,641 participants aged between 0–17 years. Different factors were selected to account for socio-economic stress (low parental education, low household income, low occupational status of the householder), domestic stress (living in large cities, exposure to tobacco smoke at home, crowded housing, mouldy walls), and prenatal stress (maternal smoking during pregnancy, drinking alcohol during pregnancy). Prior to the calculation of ESES, the different factors were multiplied by weights which were estimated by multivariate linear regression on a number of health outcomes. ESES was then used to predict emotional and social problems (SDQ scores). The resulting ORs were compared with those obtained for an established socio-economic index (SEI). ESES was superior to SEI as it could more clearly identify children and adolescents with emotional or social problems. Different types of stressors (i.e. socio-economic stress, domestic stress and prenatal stress) contributed independently to emotional and social problems.
- MeSH
- charakteristiky epidemiologické studie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky využití MeSH
- psychický stres etiologie klasifikace komplikace MeSH
- socioekonomické faktory MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí klasifikace statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
190 s. : il., tab. ; 30 cm
- MeSH
- disparity zdravotního stavu MeSH
- environmentální zdraví MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- hodnotící studie jako téma MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- socioekonomické faktory MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
- Konspekt
- Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
- NLK Obory
- environmentální vědy
- veřejné zdravotnictví
- NLK Publikační typ
- publikace WHO
We analyzed differentials in exposure to SO(2), PM(10) and NO(2) among Czech urban populations categorized according to education level, unemployment rate, population size and average annual salary. Altogether 39 cities were included in the analysis. The principal component analysis revealed two factors explaining 72.8% of the data variability. The first factor explaining 44.7% of the data variability included SO(2), PM(10), low education level and high unemployment, documenting that inhabitants with unfavorable socioeconomic status mainly reside in smaller cities with higher concentration levels of combustion-related air pollutants. The second factor explaining 28.1% of the data variability included NO(2), high salary, high education level and large population, suggesting that large cities with residents with higher socioeconomic status are exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution. We conclude that, after more than a decade of free-market economy, the Czech Republic, a former Soviet satellite with a centrally planned economy, displays signs of a certain kind of environmental inequality, since environmental hazards are unevenly distributed among the Czech urban populations.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- městské obyvatelstvo * MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- nezaměstnanost * MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- příjem MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- společenská třída * MeSH
- stupeň vzdělání * MeSH
- velkoměsta * MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- velkoměsta * MeSH
- MeSH
- socioekonomické faktory MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí MeSH
- výzkumný projekt MeSH
- zdraví MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Kazachstán MeSH
- Turkmenistán MeSH
- Uzbekistán MeSH
Trade among regions or countries not only allows the exchange of goods and services but also leads to the transfer of pollution. The unequal exchange of goods and services and associated value added and pollution may be subject to environmental inequality in China given that Chinese provinces are in different development stages. By using the latest multiregional input-output tables and the sectoral air pollutant emission inventory in 2012, we traced emissions and value added along China's domestic supply chains. Here, we show that 62%-76% of the consumption-based air-pollutant emissions of richer regions (Beijing-Tianjin, East Coast and South Coast) were outsourced to other regions; however, approximately 70% of the value added triggered by these region's final consumption was retained within the region. Some provinces in western China, such as Guizhou, Ningxia, and Yunnan, not only incurred net pollution inflows but also suffered a negative balance of value added when trading with rich provinces. Addressing such inequalities could provide not only a basis for determining each province's responsibility for pollution control but also a model for other emerging economies.
- MeSH
- socioekonomické faktory MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Čína MeSH
- Peking MeSH
