Eozinofilní ezofagitida je chronické zánětlivé, imunologicky podmíněné onemocnění, charakterizované patologickou infiltrací sliznice jícnu eozinofilními granulocyty. Na vzniku nemoci se podílí genetická predispozice a faktory vnějšího prostředí. Stanovení správné diagnózy se u dětí opírá o klinické příznaky dysfunkce jícnu, zvracení, neprospívání a typický histologický nález. Velmi častou komorbiditou jsou alergická onemocnění. Cílem léčby je odstranit klinické příznaky onemocnění, potlačit infiltraci jícnu eozinofilními granulocyty a zabránit komplikacím, zejména přestavbě stěny (remodelace) a zúžení jícnu. U dětí je nezbytné zajistit správný růst a vývoj. Léčba je komplexní a zahrnuje empirickou eliminační dietu nebo kombinovanou farmakoterapii inhibitorem protonové pumpy nebo topickým kortikosteroidem (budesonid jako suspenze nebo rozpustná tableta). U nejtěžších případů je indikována celková farmakoterapie prednisonem a biologická léčba (dupilumabem). Kazuistika u chlapce ukazuje na úskalí diagnostiky eozinofilní ezofagitidy v kojeneckém věku a na nutnost mezioborové spolupráce nejen při stanovení správné diagnózy a zahájení adekvátní komplexní léčby za nezbytné spolupráce rodičů nemocného dítěte, ale i při dispenzární péči a včasném rozpoznání recidivy onemocnění.

Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic inflammatory immune-mediated disease characterized by pathological eosinophilic infiltration of the esophageal wall. Genetic predisposition and environmental factors contribute to the development of this illnes. Establishing the correct diagnosis in children is based on clinical symptoms of esophageal dysfunction, vomiting, failure to thrive and typical histological findings. Allergic diseases are very common comorbidities. The treatment aims to remove the clinical symptoms of the disease, suppress the infiltration of the esophagus by eosinophilic granulocytes, and prevent complications, especially the remodeling of the esophagus wall with its subsequent narrowing. Ensuring proper children's growth and development is essential. Treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis is comprehensive and includes empiric elimination diet, or pharmacotherapy with proton pump inhibitors, or topical corticosteroids. In the most severe cases, systemic pharmacotherapy with prednisone and biological treatment is indicated dupilumab. The presented case report illustrates the difficulties in diagnosing in infancy and the necessity of an interdisciplinary approach (pediatrician-gastroenterologist-allergist) not only in establishing the correct diagnosis and starting adequate treatment necessitating the cooperation of the chilďs parents but also in long-term care and early recognition of the possible disease recurrence.

INTRODUCTION: The immunosuppressive roles of galectin-3 (Gal-3) in carcinogenesis make this lectin an attractive target for pharmacological inhibition in immunotherapy. Although current clinical immunotherapies appear promising in the treatment of solid tumors, their efficacy is significantly weakened by the hostile immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Gal-3, a prominent TME modulator, efficiently subverts the elimination of cancer, either directly by inducing apoptosis of immune cells or indirectly by binding essential effector molecules, such as interferon-gamma (IFNγ). METHODS: N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA)-based glycopolymers bearing poly-N-acetyllactosamine-derived tetrasaccharide ligands of Gal-3 were designed, synthesized, and characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography, dynamic light scattering, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, gel permeation chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, high-resolution mass spectrometry and CCK-8 assay for evaluation of glycopolymer non-toxicity. Pro-immunogenic effects of purified glycopolymers were tested by apoptotic assay using flow cytometry, competitive ELISA, and in vitro cell-free INFγ-based assay. RESULTS: All tested glycopolymers completely inhibited Gal-3-induced apoptosis of monocytes/macrophages, of which the M1 subtype is responsible for eliminating cancer cells during immunotherapy. Moreover, the glycopolymers suppressed Gal-3-induced capture of glycosylated IFNγ by competitive inhibition to Gal-3 carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), which enables further inherent biological activities of this effector, such as differentiation of monocytes into M1 macrophages and repolarization of M2-macrophages to the M1 state. CONCLUSION: The prepared glycopolymers are promising inhibitors of Gal-3 and may serve as important supportive anti-cancer nanosystems enabling the infiltration of proinflammatory macrophages and the reprogramming of unwanted M2 macrophages into the M1 subtype.

• MeSH
• akrylamidy chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• apoptóza účinky léků   MeSH
• galektin 3 * antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• galektiny MeSH
• interferon gama * metabolismus   MeSH
• krevní proteiny MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makrofágy účinky léků   MeSH
• monocyty * účinky léků   MeSH
• nádorové mikroprostředí účinky léků   MeSH
• polymery * chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• protinádorové látky * farmakologie   chemie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are a group of rare systemic autoimmune diseases characterized by muscle weakness, histopathological signs of inflammation in muscle tissues, elevated serum levels of muscle-associated enzymes, inflammatory mononuclear cells infiltrating muscle tissue and progressive symmetrical proximal muscle weakness. The current view is that they begin by immune activation in response to environmental factors in genetically predisposed people, but despite the number of investigations into the genetic background, the detailed etiopathogenesis remains unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between select polymorphisms located in the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and IIM. These genetic markers may take part in the onset of the autoimmune process, and their identification could aid in the diagnosis and classification of IIM subtypes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and fifty-two adult patients suffering from IIM (82 dermatomyositis and 70 polymyositis) and 150 healthy controls were analyzed in this study. All were from the Czech Republic. SNPs of the HSP70 genes HSPA1A (rs1008438, rs1043618), HSPA1B (rs1061581, rs539689, pentanucleotide tandem duplication rs9281590) and HSPA1L (rs2227956) were analyzed in all patients and controls. For the detection of HLA polymorphisms, we used commercial kits from CareDx. Haplotypes were created using Arlequin 3.5. RESULTS: Our results confirm the association of IIM with the ancestral haplotype HLA-DRB1*03-DQB1*02. The most important MHC haplotype related to IIM and covering all polymorphisms was HLA-DQB1*02-DRB1*03:01-T-C-C-G-C-INS (p < 0.05, OR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.15-3.13). This haplotype is associated with the risk of IIM development. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that polymorphism typing within the MHC might be a very strong tool for recognition of IIM.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Advanced metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) with deficient DNA mismatch repair (MMR-d), or immune-hot CRCs, show significantly improved clinical outcomes compared to MMR-proficient (MMR-p), or immune-cold CRCs. While the prior represents about 5% of all CRCs, the latter represent 95% and are characterized by low immunogenicity. This study investigates bis-diethyldithiocarbamate (CuET), a novel anticancer compound, and its impact on the colorectal cancer tumor microenvironment (TME). CuET is shown to convert immunologically inactive tumors into hotbeds of antitumor immune responses, marked by increased lymphocyte infiltration, heightened cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) and T cells, and enhanced non-self recognition by lymphocytes. The potent anticancer cytotoxicity and in vivo safety and efficacy of CuET are established. In summary, CuET transforms the colorectal cancer TME, bolstering NK and T cell cytotoxicity and refining tumor cell recognition through non-classical activation via the NKG2D/NKG2DL axis. This study unveils a novel mechanism of action for CuET: a potent immunomodulator capable of turning cold tumors hot.

• MeSH
• buňky NK imunologie   účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• dithiokarb * farmakologie   MeSH
• kolorektální nádory * farmakoterapie   imunologie   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• lektinové receptory NK-buněk - podrodina K * metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• měď MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nádorové mikroprostředí * účinky léků   imunologie   MeSH
• protinádorové látky farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Mikroorganismy si během evoluce vyvinuly širokou škálu strategií, jak uniknout vrozenému i adaptivnímu imunitnímu systému, a některým těmto strategiím se věnujeme v našem přehledu. Mikroorganismy mohou využívat podobnost svých proteinů s proteiny hostitele, produkovat protizánětlivé faktory, narušovat komplementový systém, ovlivňovat funkci a blokovat syntézu cytokinů, inhibovat rozpoznávání imunoglobulinů, snižovat expresi a modifikovat antigeny na svém povrchu, narušovat zpracování a prezentaci antigenu imunitními buňkami, vstupovat do imunitních buněk, ovlivňovat apoptózu buněk, modulovat funkce imunitních buněk nebo ovlivňovat produkci hormonů. S těmito únikovými strategiemi je nutné počítat při léčbě infekčních onemocnění.

Microorganisms have evolved a wide variety of strategies to evade both the innate and adaptive immune systems during evolution, and some of these strategies are addressed in our review. Microorganisms can use the similarity of their proteins to host proteins, produce anti-inflammatory factors, disrupt the complement system, affect the function and block the synthesis of cytokines, inhibit the recognition of immunoglobulins, reduce the expression and modify antigens on their surface, disrupt the processing and presentation of antigen by immune cells, enter immune cells , influence cell apoptosis, modulate immune cell functions or influence hormone production. These escape strategies must be taken into account when treating infectious diseases.

• Klíčová slova
• únikové strategie mikroorganismů,
• MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiologické jevy * MeSH
• přirozená imunita * MeSH
• trénovaná imunita MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

ANCA-asociované vaskulitidy jsou nekrotizující vaskulitidy malých cév s minimem imunodepozit. Obvykle jsou doprovázené pozitivitou ANCA protilátek (AntiNeutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody, protilátky proti cytoplazmě neutrofilů), jejichž cílovými antigeny může být proteináza 3 (PR3-ANCA) nebo myeloperoxidáza (MPO-ANCA). Mezi ANCA-asociované vaskulitidy patří granulomatóza s polyangiitidou (dříve Wegenerova), mikroskopická polyangiitida a eozinofilní granulomatóza s polyangiitidou (dříve syndrom Churga a Straussové). Nejčastěji postiženými orgány bývají plíce a dýchací cesty, ORL oblast a ledviny. Při postižení ledvin je typickým projevem pauciimunní nekrotizující srpkovitá rychle progredující glomerulonefritida. Akutním život ohrožujícím stavem je pulmo-renální syndrom s krvácením do plic a selháváním ledvin. V diagnostice se využívá stanovení ANCA protilátek, zobrazovací metody a biopsie. Pro dobrou prognózu je nezbytné časné stanovení správné diagnózy i časné podání adekvátní terapie, kterou dnes nejčastěji bývá kombinace kortikosteroidů a buď cyklofosfamidu nebo rituximabu (monoklonální protilátky proti antigenu CD20). Stále je možné zvážit v léčbě těžkých případů přidání plazmaferézy. Rituximab je lékem volby v terapii relabující vaskulitidy. Adresa pro korespondenci: MUDr. Zdenka Hrušková, PhD. Klinika nefrologie VFN a 1. LF UK U Nemocnice 499/2 128 08 Praha 2 email: hruskova.zdenka@vfn.cz

ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAV) are small-vessel necrotizing vasculitides, with no or few immune deposits. They are usually associated with the presence of ANCA antibodies (AntiNeutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody), targeted either against proteinase 3 (PR3-ANCA) or myeloperoxidase (MPO-ANCA). ANCA-associated vasculitides include granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Wegener‘s), microscopic polyangiitis and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Churg-Strauss syndrome). The most commonly afflicted organs involve the lungs and the respiratory tract, ENT area, and the kidneys. Renal involvement typically manifests as pauci-immune necrotizing crescentic rapidly progressive glomerulonpehritis. Pulmo-renal syndrome with lung haemorrhage and deteriorating kidney function may be acutely life-threatening. Diagnostic methods include ANCA measurement, imaging methods and biopsy. Early recognition of the diagnosis and an early start of adequate treatment are necessary for a good outcome. The current treatment typically consists of corticosteroids and either cyclophoshapmide or rituximab (a monoclonal antibody directed against CD20 antigen). The addition of plasma exchange may be considered in severe cases. Rituximab is preferred for the treatment of all relapsing forms of this vasculitis.

• MeSH
• ANCA-asociované vaskulitidy * diagnóza   klasifikace   patologie   terapie   MeSH
• biopsie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

As of the 7th of July 2024, 775,754,322 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 7,053,902 deaths worldwide, had been reported to the WHO (World Health Organization). Nevertheless, untill the 15th of July 2024, a total of 13,578,710,228 vaccine doses had been administered, with almost no country spared from COVID-19 attacks. The pathophysiology of this virus is complicated, and several symptoms require a deep understanding of the actual mechanisms. It is unclear why some patients develop severe symptoms while others do not, although literature suggests a role for vitamin D. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in the infection or in ameliorating the severity of symptoms. The mechanism of action of vitamin D and vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is well understood. VDD is associated with increased hospitalization of severely ill patients and increased levels of COVID-19-caused mortality. Recent studies suggest that vitamin D levels and genetic variations in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene significantly impact the severity and outcomes of COVID-19, especially in the infections caused by Delta and Omicron variants. Furthermore, VDD causes immune system dysregulation upon infection with SARS-CoV-2, indicating that vitamin D sufficiency is crucial in fighting against COVID-19 infection. The therapeutic effect of vitamin D raises interest in its potential role as a prophylactic and treatment adjunct. We evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D and its ability to enhance the efficacy of new antiviral drugs like molnupiravir and paxlovid against SARS-CoV-2. This review discusses the role of vitamin D sufficiency and VDD in COVID-19 initiation and progression, emphasizing the molecular mechanisms by which vitamin D exerts its actions as a proactive step for the next pandemic. However, there is still no clear evidence of vitamin D's impact on prevention and treatment, leading to contradictory findings. Therefore, large-scale randomized trials are required to reach a definitive conclusion. A bibliometric analysis of publications related to vitamin D, immunity, and COVID-19 revealed a significant increase in research activity in this area, particularly in 2020-2024, underscoring the growing recognition of vitamin D's potential role in the context of the pandemic.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * imunologie   MeSH
• farmakoterapie COVID-19 MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nedostatek vitaminu D * farmakoterapie   imunologie   MeSH
• pandemie MeSH
• receptory kalcitriolu metabolismus   MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 imunologie   MeSH
• vitamin D * terapeutické užití   aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Aging is generally regarded as an irreversible process, and its intricate relationship with the immune system has garnered significant attention due to its profound implications for the health and well-being of the aging population. As people age, a multitude of alterations occur within the immune system, affecting both innate and adaptive immunity. In the realm of innate immunity, aging brings about changes in the number and function of various immune cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. Additionally, certain immune pathways, like the cGAS-STING, become activated. These alterations can potentially result in telomere damage, the disruption of cytokine signaling, and impaired recognition of pathogens. The adaptive immune system, too, undergoes a myriad of changes as age advances. These include shifts in the number, frequency, subtype, and function of T cells and B cells. Furthermore, the human gut microbiota undergoes dynamic changes as a part of the aging process. Notably, the interplay between immune changes and gut microbiota highlights the gut's role in modulating immune responses and maintaining immune homeostasis. The gut microbiota of centenarians exhibits characteristics akin to those found in young individuals, setting it apart from the microbiota observed in typical elderly individuals. This review delves into the current understanding of how aging impacts the immune system and suggests potential strategies for reversing aging through interventions in immune factors.

• MeSH
• adaptivní imunita * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• přirozená imunita * MeSH
• stárnutí * imunologie   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligases are versatile protein complexes that mediate the ubiquitination of protein substrates. The direct substrate recognition relies on a large family of F-box-domain-containing subunits. One of these substrate receptors is FBXO38, which is encoded by a gene found mutated in families with early-onset distal motor neuronopathy. SCFFBXO38 ubiquitin ligase controls the stability of ZXDB, a nuclear factor associated with the centromeric chromatin protein CENP-B. Loss of FBXO38 in mice results in growth retardation and defects in spermatogenesis characterized by deregulation of the Sertoli cell transcription program and compromised centromere integrity. Moreover, it was reported that SCFFBXO38 mediates the degradation of PD-1, a key immune-checkpoint inhibitor in T cells. Here, we have re-addressed the link between SCFFBXO38 and PD-1 proteolysis. Our data do not support the notion that SCFFBXO38 directly or indirectly controls the abundance and stability of PD-1 in T cells.

• MeSH
• antigeny CD279 * metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• F-box proteiny * metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• proteinligasy komplexu SCF metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• proteolýza MeSH
• T-lymfocyty metabolismus   MeSH
• ubikvitinace MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Newborn screening (NBS) programs for severe combined immunodeficiency facilitate early diagnosis of severe combined immunodeficiency and promote early treatment with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, resulting in improved clinical outcomes. Infants with congenital athymia are also identified through NBS because of severe T-cell lymphopenia. With the expanding introduction of NBS programs, referrals of athymic patients for treatment with thymus transplantation have recently increased at Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) (London, United Kingdom). OBJECTIVE: We studied the impact of NBS on timely diagnosis and treatment of athymic infants with thymus transplantation at GOSH. METHODS: We compared age at referral and complications between athymic infants diagnosed after clinical presentation (n = 25) and infants identified through NBS (n = 19) who were referred for thymus transplantation at GOSH between October 2019 and February 2023. We assessed whether age at time of treatment influences thymic output at 6 and 12 months after transplantation. RESULTS: The infants referred after identification through NBS were significantly younger and had fewer complications, in particular fewer infections. All deaths occurred in the group of those who did not undergo NBS, including 6 patients before and 2 after thymus transplantation because of preexisting infections. In the absence of significant comorbidities or diagnostic uncertainties, timely treatment was achieved more frequently after NBS. Treatment when younger than age 4 months was associated with higher thymic output at 6 and 12 months after transplantation. CONCLUSION: NBS contributes to earlier recognition of congenital athymia, promoting referral of athymic patients for thymus transplantation before they acquire infections or other complications and facilitating treatment at a younger age, thus playing an important role in improving their outcomes.

• MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• novorozenecký screening MeSH
• syndromy imunologické nedostatečnosti * MeSH
• těžká kombinovaná imunodeficience * diagnóza   terapie   MeSH
• thymus MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH