Background: Research has demonstrated the advantages of an external relative to internal focus of attention for enhancing motor performance and learning across diverse tasks, contexts and populations. However, research has yet to examine whether this finding holds true for individuals who have a major visual impairment in discrete and locomotion-based continuous motor tasks.Methods: In experiment 1, twenty-four visually impaired participants were asked to kick a soccer ball with their dominant foot to a target 7 meters away. Participants performed 10 trials within an internal focus (concentration on inside of the foot), external focus (concentration on the ball), and control (no focus instructions) conditions, in a counterbalanced order. In experiment 2, thirty-nine visually impaired adults were asked to ride a rehabilitation Pedalo for a distance of 7 meters. Participants were randomly assigned to either an internal focus (focus on the feet), external focus (focus on the platform), or control (no focus instructions) group. Retention and transfer tests were conducted on day 2.Results: An external focus resulted in more accurate kicks and faster pedalo movement times compared to an internal focus.Conclusions: These findings indicate that visual information does not mediate external focus benefits for motor performance and learning.Implications for RehabilitationPractitioners should use instructions that encourage visually impaired individuals who are going through rehabilitation to adopt an appropriate focus of attention for enhancing motor performance and learning of discrete or locomotion-based motor skills.Instructions that foster an external focus, relative to an internal focus, enhances performance of both discrete and continuous motor skills in individuals with visual impairment.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• motorické dovednosti MeSH
• pohyb MeSH
• pozornost * MeSH
• učení * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH

• MeSH
• lékařství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• periodika MeSH

• Konspekt
• Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
• NLK Obory
• lékařství

Research has shown that external focus (EF) instructions-directing attention to intended movement effects (e.g., ball's or dart's path)-are more effective for enhancing motor performance and learning than internal focus (IF) instructions, which focus on body movements (e.g., arm or foot motion). Nonetheless, the impact of visuospatial working memory capacity (WMC) in this context, especially among children, has been less investigated. This research sought to examine the effects of EF compared to IF on the skill acquisition and motor learning of a dart-throwing task among children with both high and low visuospatial WMC. Forty-eight boys aged 9-11 (Mage: 9.67 ± 0.76 years) were grouped by high or low WMC based on spatial span and memory tests, then assigned to receive either EF or IF instructions. The experiment comprised three stages: practice, retention, and two transfer tests, including throwing from a longer distance and a dual-task scenario with added cognitive load (tone counting). Results showed that EF outperformed IF at all stages. While WMC did not affect performance during practice and retention, children with low WMC performed better than those with high WMC during the longer distance test. In dual-task conditions, an EF continued to surpass an IF, whilst the WMC exerted no significant impact. The present findings suggest that an EF relative to an IF promotes more automatic movement and enhanced multitasking, while the impact of visuospatial WMC was less than expected, highlighting the benefits of EF in teaching motor skills to children, regardless of visuospatial WMC.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• krátkodobá paměť * fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• motorické dovednosti * fyziologie   MeSH
• pozornost * fyziologie   MeSH
• psychomotorický výkon * fyziologie   MeSH
• učení fyziologie   MeSH
• vnímání prostoru fyziologie   MeSH
• zraková percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Používání slovních instrukcí je běžným nástrojem ke zlepšení motorického učení a výkonu. Aktuální výsledky ukazují, že instrukce, které zaměřují pozornost sportovce externě (zaměřené na pohybový efekt), spíše než interně (zaměřené na pohyby těla sportovce), mají obecně za následek zlepšení motorické výkonnosti. Tato studie poskytuje komplexní přehled stávající literatury, která zkoumala vliv verbálních instrukcí zaměřených na pozornost v plavání. Cílem studie bylo zjistit, jaké pokyny jsou vhodné pro motorické učení a plavecké výkony. Analýza ukázala, že většina dostupných studií se zaměřuje hlavně na samotný výkon, nikoli na motorické učení. Několik studií nicméně potvrdilo hypotézu, že externě zaměřená instrukce má obecně efektivnější účinek - pro závodní plavce i pro nesoutěžní plavce. Na základě výsledků lze také dojít k závěru, že pokyny zaměřené na hnací síly (tj. pohyby paží a nohou) se zdají být pro samotný výkon účinnější než pokyny, které vedou ke správné poloze těla nebo dýchání. Je zřejmé, že ve srovnání s jinými sporty podobného druhu je v oblasti plavání potřeba dalších experimentů zaměřených nejen na výkon, ale také na celý proces motorického učení.

The use of verbal instructions is a common tool to improve motor learning and performance. Current results show, that providing instructions that focus an athlete's attention externally (directed at the movement effect), rather than internally (directed at the athlete's body movements), generally result in enhanced motor skill performance. This study provides a comprehensive review of the existing literature which examined the influence of verbal attentional focusing instructions in swimming. The aim of the study was to find out what kind of instructions are suitable for motor learning and swimming performance. Analysis has shown that most of the available studies are focused mainly on performance itself, not motor learning. Nevertheless, several studies have confirmed the hypothesis that externally directed instruction appears to have a more effective effect in general - for competitive swimmers and also for non-competitive swimmers. Based on the results, it can also be concluded that instructions directed at driving forces (i.e. arm and leg movements) appear to have a more effective effect for performance, than instructions that lead to the correct body position or breathing. It is obvious that in comparison with other sports of a similar nature, in the field of swimming there is a need for further experiments focusing not only on performance but also on the whole process of motor learning.

• Klíčová slova
• attentional focus, external attentional focus, internal attentional focus, swimming, motor learning, záměrná pozornost, vnější záměrná pozornost, vnitřní záměrná pozornost, plavání, motorické učení,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plavání * výchova   MeSH
• pozornost MeSH
• učení MeSH
• vyučování MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

• MeSH
• příručky lékařské MeSH
• vnitřní lékařství * MeSH

• Konspekt
• Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
• NLK Obory
• vnitřní lékařství
• NLK Publikační typ
• kolektivní monografie

• MeSH
• flekainid MeSH
• supraventrikulární tachykardie farmakoterapie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kongresy MeSH

• Konspekt
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NLK Obory
• kardiologie
• farmacie a farmakologie

Vnitřní lékařství je klíčový lékařský obor zodpovědný za péči o dospělé s komplexními onemocněními. Proto je specializační příprava náročná a vyžaduje úzkou spolupráci mladého lékaře s jeho školitelem, kterým je v reálných podmínkách interních oddělení většinou primář. Primář akreditovaného pracoviště je kromě své medicínské práce také organizátorem systému vzdělávání na oddělení. Vzdělávací aktivity mají mít svůj vyhrazený čas, a mají do nich být zapojeni všichni lékaři zastávající pozice školitelů. Komplexní hodnocení pokroku školenců musí být nedílnou součástí atestačního programu. U atestačních zkoušek z vnitřního lékařství neuspěje téměř jedna čtvrtina uchazečů, je tedy pravděpodobné, že prostor ke zlepšení postgraduální výuky je také na straně akreditovaných interních oddělení, jejich primářů a dalších školitelů.

Internal medicine is the core medical discipline that is responsible for the care of adults with complex illness. Therefore, the preparation for the internal medicine specialty is demanding and requires close cooperation of trainees with the educational supervisor, who is usually the head of the internal medicine department. In addition to his medical work, the head of the department is also director of the training programme. Educational activities should have their allocated time, and all doctors who act as trainers should recognise their responsibility to participate in the postgraduate training of future physicians. Comprehensive assessment of trainees progress must be an integral part of the training programme. Almost one quarter of trainees fail board certification in internal medicine. Training institutions offering postgraduate education in internal medicine should focus on to improve their performance.

• MeSH
• odborná způsobilost MeSH
• školitelé * zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• studium lékařství specializační postgraduální organizace a řízení   statistika a číselné údaje   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• vnitřní lékařství organizace a řízení   výchova   MeSH

The present study was designed to fill a gap in the literature on attentional focus and sports performance. Specifically, in contrast to most previous studies in which an external focus was directed at an implement, we used a gymnastics skill that did not involve the use of an implement. Furthermore, while most studies used only outcome measures of performance, we also assessed movement quality. Twelve-year-old gymnasts performed a maximum vertical jump with a 180-degree turn while airborne, with their hands crossing in front of their chest during the turn under three different focus conditions. Under the external focus condition, participants were asked to focus on the direction in which a tape marker, which was attached to their chest, was pointing after the turn. Under the internal focus condition, they were asked to focus on the direction in which their hands were pointing after the turn. Under the control condition, no focus instructions were given. The external focus condition resulted in both superior movement form and greater jump height than did the other two conditions, which produced comparable results. The present findings show that, similar to other tasks, the performance of form-based skills can be enhanced relatively easily by appropriate external focus instructions.

• MeSH
• gymnastika fyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• motorické dovednosti fyziologie   MeSH
• pohyb fyziologie   MeSH
• pozornost fyziologie   MeSH
• tělesná výchova metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Research has shown that external relative to internal focus (IF) instructions may improve motor performance as well as cognitive function (e.g., attentional stability and task-focus). The aim of the study was to examine the influence of attentional focus instructions on skill acquisition and learning of an aiming task in individuals with hearing impairments. The participants (N = 39, Mage = 17.87 ± 1.88 years) performed a bowling task with their dominant hand to knock down as many pins as possible. On day 1, they were randomly divided into three attentional focus groups; IF (focus on your throwing hand), external focus (EF) (focus on the pins), and control (no-focus) instructions. Each participant performed 36 trials, divided into 3 blocks of 12 trials. Attentional focus instructions were given before each block, with a brief reminder provided after each 3 trials. On day 2, retention and transfer (further distance) tests were performed. Results showed that while there were no significant differences between groups in the pre-test, the EF group outperformed both IF and control groups in retention and transfer tests. No significant difference was found between the control and IF. The findings suggest that the advantages of the external relative to the IF and no-focus instructions may generalize to individuals with hearing impairments.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• motorické dovednosti * fyziologie   MeSH
• pozornost * MeSH
• učení fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of attentional focus instructions on the biomechanical variables associated with the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury of the knee joint during a drop landing task using a time series analysis. Ten female volleyball players (age: 20.4 ± 0.8 years, height: 169.7 ± 7.1 cm, mass: 57.6 ± 3.1 kg, experience: 6.3 ± 0.8 years) performed landings from a 50 cm height under three different attentional focus conditions: (1) external focus (focus on landing as soft as possible), (2) internal focus (focus on bending your knees when you land), and (3) control (no-focus instruction). Statistical parameter mapping in the sagittal plane during the crucial first 30% of landing time showed a significant effect of attentional focus instructions. Despite the similarity in landing performance across foci instructions, adopting an external focus instruction promoted reduced vertical ground reaction force and lower sagittal flexion moment during the first 30% of execution time compared to internal focus, suggesting reduced knee loading. Therefore, adopting an external focus of attention was suggested to reduce most biomechanical risk variables in the sagittal plane associated with anterior cruciate ligament injuries, compared to internal focus and control condition. No significant differences were found in the frontal and horizontal planes between the conditions during this crucial interval.

• MeSH
• biomechanika fyziologie   MeSH
• kolenní kloub * fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• poranění předního zkříženého vazu patofyziologie   MeSH
• pozornost * fyziologie   MeSH
• volejbal * fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH