phenomics
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Plants are affected by complex genome×environment×management interactions which determine phenotypic plasticity as a result of the variability of genetic components. Whereas great advances have been made in the cost-efficient and high-throughput analyses of genetic information and non-invasive phenotyping, the large-scale analyses of the underlying physiological mechanisms lag behind. The external phenotype is determined by the sum of the complex interactions of metabolic pathways and intracellular regulatory networks that is reflected in an internal, physiological, and biochemical phenotype. These various scales of dynamic physiological responses need to be considered, and genotyping and external phenotyping should be linked to the physiology at the cellular and tissue level. A high-dimensional physiological phenotyping across scales is needed that integrates the precise characterization of the internal phenotype into high-throughput phenotyping of whole plants and canopies. By this means, complex traits can be broken down into individual components of physiological traits. Since the higher resolution of physiological phenotyping by 'wet chemistry' is inherently limited in throughput, high-throughput non-invasive phenotyping needs to be validated and verified across scales to be used as proxy for the underlying processes. Armed with this interdisciplinary and multidimensional phenomics approach, plant physiology, non-invasive phenotyping, and functional genomics will complement each other, ultimately enabling the in silico assessment of responses under defined environments with advanced crop models. This will allow generation of robust physiological predictors also for complex traits to bridge the knowledge gap between genotype and phenotype for applications in breeding, precision farming, and basic research.
The study of senescence in plants is complicated by diverse levels of temporal and spatial dynamics as well as the impact of external biotic and abiotic factors and crop plant management. Whereas the molecular mechanisms involved in developmentally regulated leaf senescence are very well understood, in particular in the annual model plant species Arabidopsis, senescence of other organs such as the flower, fruit, and root is much less studied as well as senescence in perennials such as trees. This review addresses the need for the integration of multi-omics techniques and physiological phenotyping into holistic phenomics approaches to dissect the complex phenomenon of senescence. That became feasible through major advances in the establishment of various, complementary 'omics' technologies. Such an interdisciplinary approach will also need to consider knowledge from the animal field, in particular in relation to novel regulators such as small, non-coding RNAs, epigenetic control and telomere length. Such a characterization of phenotypes via the acquisition of high-dimensional datasets within a systems biology approach will allow us to systematically characterize the various programmes governing senescence beyond leaf senescence in Arabidopsis and to elucidate the underlying molecular processes. Such a multi-omics approach is expected to also spur the application of results from model plants to agriculture and their verification for sustainable and environmentally friendly improvement of crop plant stress resilience and productivity and contribute to improvements based on postharvest physiology for the food industry and the benefit of its customers.
Understanding the dynamics of communities in space and time requires reconciling ecological and evolutionary processes, including colonization, adaptation, speciation and extinction. In practice, this has been challenging because empirical data obtained by traditional methods and predictive models typically focus on particular processes driving local community assembly and biogeographical structure. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, by using phylogenomics, population genomics and phenomics approaches, Darwell et al. show that ant community assembly on islands is governed by predictable eco-evolutionary trends of geographical range expansion, adaptive radiation and local population decline. The authors provide one of the most robust lines of evidence that the evolutionary progression of island communities may often be directional and repeatable, as predicted by the concept of taxon cycles.
Agriculture requires a second green revolution to provide increased food, fodder, fiber, fuel and soil fertility for a growing population while being more resilient to extreme weather on finite land, water, and nutrient resources. Advances in phenomics, genomics and environmental control/sensing can now be used to directly select yield and resilience traits from large collections of germplasm if software can integrate among the technologies. Traits could be Captured throughout development and across environments from multi-dimensional phenotypes, by applying Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) to identify causal genes and background variation and functional structural plant models (FSPMs) to predict plant growth and reproduction in target environments. TraitCapture should be applicable to both controlled and field environments and would allow breeders to simulate regional variety trials to pre-select for increased productivity under challenging environments.
BACKGROUND: We characterised the phenotypic consequence of genetic variation at the PCSK9 locus and compared findings with recent trials of pharmacological inhibitors of PCSK9. METHODS: Published and individual participant level data (300,000+ participants) were combined to construct a weighted PCSK9 gene-centric score (GS). Seventeen randomized placebo controlled PCSK9 inhibitor trials were included, providing data on 79,578 participants. Results were scaled to a one mmol/L lower LDL-C concentration. RESULTS: The PCSK9 GS (comprising 4 SNPs) associations with plasma lipid and apolipoprotein levels were consistent in direction with treatment effects. The GS odds ratio (OR) for myocardial infarction (MI) was 0.53 (95% CI 0.42; 0.68), compared to a PCSK9 inhibitor effect of 0.90 (95% CI 0.86; 0.93). For ischemic stroke ORs were 0.84 (95% CI 0.57; 1.22) for the GS, compared to 0.85 (95% CI 0.78; 0.93) in the drug trials. ORs with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were 1.29 (95% CI 1.11; 1.50) for the GS, as compared to 1.00 (95% CI 0.96; 1.04) for incident T2DM in PCSK9 inhibitor trials. No genetic associations were observed for cancer, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or Alzheimer's disease - outcomes for which large-scale trial data were unavailable. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic variation at the PCSK9 locus recapitulates the effects of therapeutic inhibition of PCSK9 on major blood lipid fractions and MI. While indicating an increased risk of T2DM, no other possible safety concerns were shown; although precision was moderate.
- MeSH
- anticholesteremika škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- biologické markery krev MeSH
- celogenomová asociační studie MeSH
- cévní mozková příhoda epidemiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- down regulace MeSH
- dyslipidemie krev farmakoterapie epidemiologie genetika MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- infarkt myokardu epidemiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- inhibitory serinových proteinas škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- ischemie mozku epidemiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- jednonukleotidový polymorfismus * MeSH
- LDL-cholesterol krev MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- PCSK9 inhibitory MeSH
- proproteinkonvertasa subtilisin/kexin typu 9 genetika MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie jako téma MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
The biomedical research community addresses reproducibility challenges in animal studies through standardized nomenclature, improved experimental design, transparent reporting, data sharing, and centralized repositories. The ARRIVE guidelines outline documentation standards for laboratory animals in experiments, but genetic information is often incomplete. To remedy this, we propose the Laboratory Animal Genetic Reporting (LAG-R) framework. LAG-R aims to document animals' genetic makeup in scientific publications, providing essential details for replication and appropriate model use. While verifying complete genetic compositions may be impractical, better reporting and validation efforts enhance reliability of research. LAG-R standardization will bolster reproducibility, peer review, and overall scientific rigor.
Závěrečná zpráva o řešení grantu Agentury pro zdravotnický výzkum MZ ČR
nestr.
Akutní lymfoblastická leukémie (ALL) je nejčastějším maligním onemocněním u dětí. Prognóza těchto pacientů se neustále zlepšuje i díky přesnější diagnostice a sledování minimální reziduální nemoci (MRN) pomocí průtokové cytometrie. V předkládaném projektu vyvineme automatické nástroje na analýzu velkého počtu multidimenzionálních cytometrických dat, které umožní kategorizaci leukémií dle jejich imunofenotypu s ohledem na přežití a další klinické charakteristiky pacientů. Popis vývoje imunofenotypu leukémií v průběhu léčby umožní optimalizaci detekce MRN. Imunofenotyp leukémií dále zkombinujeme s celogenomovými daty, abychom stanovili relevanci genetických aberací a jejich vliv na fenotyp. Tato integrální analýza povede ke zlepšení diagnostiky specifických maligních onemocnění, predikce prognózy dětských pacientů s ALL i k racionalizaci nákladů zahrnutých metod.; Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most frequent cancer in children. Its improving outcome depends on accurate diagnosis and minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring as done by flow cytometry. In proposed project we will develop automatic tools usable in clinical setting to analyse large numbers of multidimensional flow cytometry datasets. This will allow for clinical relevant categorisation of leukemias based on their immunophenotypes (LAIPs) with respect to outcome and other clinical features. Likewise better description of LAIPs dynamics and changes under treatment will allow for optimisation of MRD detection. Moreover, we will use whole genome data to associate genetic traits to immunophenotypes. Such integrative analysis will provide insights into relevance of genetic aberrations and their propagation into phenotype. Thus ultimately the combined analysis will lead to improvement of diagnostic of specific cancer subtypes and to better prediction of treatment outcome as well as rationalisation of costs of involved methods.
- MeSH
- akutní lymfatická leukemie MeSH
- fenomika MeSH
- genomika MeSH
- průtoková cytometrie MeSH
- reziduální nádor MeSH
- sekvenování celého genomu MeSH
- sekvenování transkriptomu MeSH
- Konspekt
- Pediatrie
- NLK Obory
- pediatrie
- onkologie
- genetika, lékařská genetika
- NLK Publikační typ
- závěrečné zprávy o řešení grantu AZV MZ ČR
Závěrečná zpráva o řešení grantu Agentury pro zdravotnický výzkum MZ ČR
nestr.
Zobrazovací metody jsou základem diagnostiky, stagingu i sledování efektu terapie plicního karcinomu. Trendem posledních let je využití tzv. funkčních zobrazovacích metod, které kombinují morfologii s určitým klinickým parametrem - např. metabolickou aktivitou (PET/CT), difuzivitou (MR) či vaskularizací (CT). Tato kombinace umožňuje jednak zpřesnění klinického obrazu onemocnění a současně poskytuje informaci o dynamice jeho průběhu. Vývoj metod v oblasti nádorové genomiky v posledních několika letech vedl k novým minimálně-invazivním postupům molekulárních vyšetření DNA uvolňované z nádorové masy do periferního oběhu (circulating tumor DNA, ctDNA) a jejich využití pro zpřesnění diagnostiky a racionální volbu cílené protinádorové terapie. V tomto projektu je předkládán zcela nový koncept funkčních zobrazovacích metod založených na kombinaci PET/CT vyšetření s kvantitativním stanovením ctDNA, který bude vyvinut na souboru celkem 200 pacientů podstupující systémovou terapii bronchogenního karcinomu, u kterých bude v čase sledován a hodnocen klinický průběh onemocnění a léčby.; Imaging methods are fundamental for diagnosis, staging and monitoring of therapy of lung cancer. Functional imaging combines morphology with clinical parameters - e.g. metabolic activity (PET/CT), diffusivity (MR) or vascularization (CT) is a new trend to improve accuracy of clinical description of the actual disease status and information on the dynamics of its progress. Development of methods in the field of cancer genomics in the last few years has led to a new minimally-invasive procedures for molecular profiling of DNA released from the tumor mass into the peripheral circulation (circulating tumor DNA, ctDNA) and its usage for more accurate diagnosis and rational choice of targeted anticancer therapies. The present project proposes an entirely new concept of functional imaging methods based on the combination of PET/CT examination with quantitative determination of ctDNA which will be developed on the set of 200 patients undergoing systemic therapy of lung cancer. The clinical course of the disease treatment will be followed over time using this new combination approach.
- MeSH
- cirkulující nádorová DNA analýza MeSH
- fenomika metody MeSH
- genomika metody MeSH
- genotypizační techniky MeSH
- kombinovaná terapie metody MeSH
- nádorové biomarkery MeSH
- nádory plic diagnostické zobrazování genetika MeSH
- PET/CT metody MeSH
- Konspekt
- Patologie. Klinická medicína
- NLK Obory
- radiologie, nukleární medicína a zobrazovací metody
- genetika, lékařská genetika
- onkologie
- NLK Publikační typ
- závěrečné zprávy o řešení grantu AZV MZ ČR
Odhadovat směřování jakéhokoliv vědního oboru je sice tématem velice přitažlivým, nicméně riskantním, a v dnešním pojetí něčím na způsob adrenalinového sportu. Zvláště posouzení rychlosti, kterou se biologické vědy budou pohybovat, může být ošidné, protože se stává stále méně závislou na lidských pozorovacích schopnostech, paměti a zručnosti, tedy na lidských mírách. Stáváme se stále více závislými na technickém pokroku, na tom, v čem nás předčí přístroje. I v genetice můžeme díky nim sledovat neustálé zrychlování, s jakou přibývají naše poznatky. Množí se proto i způsoby pohledu a po dlouhém období klasické genetiky založené na pozorováních fenotypových znaků jsme postupně dospěli až do období nejrůznějších „omics“. Za vrchol a předěl současné genetiky považujeme dokončení stanovení sekvence nukleotidů celého lidského genomu potažmo roky 2000–2003. Dnes máme již k dispozici genomové sekvence celé řady dalších organismů a věnujeme svou pozornost modifikacím, které, aniž by měnily sekvenci samu, dokážou dočasně měnit funkční vlastnosti genetických informací – potlačovat, anebo aktivovat jejich uvolňování. Další intenzivně studovanou oblastí jsou „mezigenové vztahy“, jejich sítivo, a zdá se, že nezbytným směrem našeho dalšího postupu bude návrat k fenotypu, ovšem na úrovni vyplývající ze současných znalostí funkce genetického aparátu. Tuto historickou cestu lze schematicky vyjádřit jako fenom › genom › fenom.
Though we start to speak about postgenomic era, the genomic era has not been finished yet and the structure, function and variability of our genome is being still intensively studied and these studies bring us continually new scientific information – more than we are able to digest. The classical genetics utilized phenotype observation for discovering the function of genetic information and proceeded to the molecular basis represented by nucleic acids. Determination of the nucleotide sequence of the human genome is the top outcome of the effort. At present, the function, regulatory pathways and genome modifications have become principal targets of our research. If we compare variability, it increases in the direction from human genome to transcriptome and to proteom reaching the highest level in phenome. Differences concern not only quantity, but also quality with the exception of genome which is relatively stable and „we hand over to our children what we have inherited from our parents“ - all other levels undergo dynamic changes, and from this point of view are much less stable and under continuous influence of environment. To understand enviromental factors shaping our phenome, a long-term monitoring of our living functions will be necessary and an instrumental approach has to be looked for.
- Klíčová slova
- metylom, fenom, epigenetika, remodelace chromatinu,
- MeSH
- epigeneze genetická MeSH
- genom lidský MeSH
- genom MeSH
- genomika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metabolom MeSH
- proteom MeSH
- transkriptom MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
