Protein p63 je transkripční faktor, který má významnou funkci ve vývoji a diferenciaci epidermálních struktur a v průběhu tumorigeneze. Je členem rodiny nádorového supresoru p53 a vyskytuje se minimálně v počtu šesti izoforem, které mají během vývoje epidermis a při vzniku a progresi nádorů opačné funkce. Protein p63 ovlivňuje proliferaci a diferenciaci epidermálních buněk v průběhu ontogeneze: vrozené mutace v genu TP63 vedou k různým vývojovým deformacím a odstranění tohoto genu u myší má za následek ztrátu epidermis. Protein p63 také ovlivňuje buněčnou adhezi prostřednictvím regulace desmozomů. Ztráta kontroly proliferace buněk a mezibuněčné adheze je přitom důležitou událostí při vývoji nádorů a vysoká hladina p63 podporuje růst nádorů a brání apoptóze nádorových buněk. Tento přehledový článek stručně shrnuje úlohy proteinu p63 ve vývoji epitelů, buněčné proliferaci, adhezi a migraci a poodhaluje jeho význam při vzniku nádorových onemocnění a tvorbě metastáz.
p63 is a transcription factor which plays an important role in epidermal development, differentiation and tumourigenesis. p63 belongs to the p53 protein family and at least six isoforms were identified to date. p63 isoforms play contrary roles during the development and formation of the epidermis as well as in cancer. p63 participates in epithelial development, where it affects proliferation and differentiation of epidermal cells. Inherited mutations in the TP63 gene generate different developmental defects and p63 knockout in mice results in the absence of epidermis. Another important role of p63 is the control of cell-cell adhesion, where it regulates desmosomes. The loss of proliferation and cell-cell adhesion control are important for tumourigenesis and overexpression of p63 can enhance tumour growth and inhibit apoptosis. This review briefly summarises the roles of p63 in epithelial development, cellular proliferation, adhesion and migration and reveals its share in tumourigenesis and metastasis.
- Keywords
- epidermální vývoj, vývoj nádorového onemocnění, buněčná proliferace,
- MeSH
- Cell Adhesion MeSH
- Cell Differentiation MeSH
- Epidermal Cells MeSH
- Epidermis * physiopathology MeSH
- Keratinocytes cytology physiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic MeSH
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins * physiology MeSH
- Neoplasms physiopathology MeSH
- Cell Proliferation MeSH
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins MeSH
- Transcription Factors * physiology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
- Keywords
- výskoková ergometrie, Wingatův test,
- MeSH
- Anthropometry MeSH
- Exercise physiology MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Ergometry * methods instrumentation utilization MeSH
- Human Experimentation MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
- Somatotypes physiology MeSH
- Athletic Performance MeSH
- Sports MeSH
- Statistics as Topic MeSH
- Physical Fitness physiology MeSH
- Volleyball * MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
V článku je autory popsán případ poranění mladého golfisty, který si při tréninku kompresně-rotačním mechanismem poranil chrupavku na zevním kondylu stehenní kosti. Složitost včasné diagnostiky a načasování terapeutického zásahu představují základní faktory ovlivňující konečný výsledek. S rozvojem artroskopických technik, novými poznatky v transplantační a v budoucnu i genové terapii stoupá výrazně šance na konečné zhojení ad integrum
In the article authors describe a chondral traumatic lesion of a lateral femoral condyle in a young golf player causing by torsion-compressive mechanism during his training. Complexity of early diagnosis and timing of therapeutic intervention make up basic factors affecting final result. Due to development of arthroscopic techniques, new experience of transplantation and coming gene therapy go up any chance of final healing ad integrum.
- MeSH
- Arthroscopy utilization MeSH
- Cartilage injuries MeSH
- Golf MeSH
- Knee Injuries etiology surgery therapy MeSH
- Athletic Injuries etiology therapy MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
Background: Rule changes such as the use of the additional field player in the attack to replace the goalkeeper can significantly change the tactical strategies of the handball game. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of the use of the additional field player in offensive situations during the positional attack and counterattack suffered by the teams participating in the 2017 Women's Handball World Championship. Methods: The sample consisted of 15 matches in the knockout stage. In total, 1638 attack actions (positioned and counterattack) were identified and analyzed. For the exploratory analysis, we used descriptive statistics, obtaining the frequencies and respective percentages for each category of study variables for both situations: when the additional player was used and when not. Results: Our data showed that teams tend to use goalkeeper substitution by a field player to maintain numerical equality (54.9%), followed by the use to obtain numerical offensive advantage (41.3%). There were no differences in the throwing position (left wing, left back, center, pivot, right back and right wing) between situations with and without the additional field player. There was a significant increase in the number of errors when using the additional field player to gain numerical superiority in attack. In numerical equality and inferiority situations, no difference was found. The analyses also showed more counterattacks with goals and 9-m throws when using the additional field player. Conclusions: The use of the additional player did not bring advantages to the team, as more counterattacks were suffered.
The oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In CVD progression an aberrant redox regulation was observed. In this regulation levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in cellular signaling, where Nrf2 is the key regulator of redox homeostasis. Keap1-Nrf2-ARE system regulates a great set of detoxificant and antioxidant enzymes in cells after ROS and electrophiles exposure. In this review we focus on radical-generating systems in cardiovascular system as well as on Nrf2 as a target against oxidative stress and a key player of redox regulation in cardiovascular diseases. We also summarize the current knowledge about the role of Nrf2 in pathophysiology of several CVD (hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyopathies) as well as in cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia/ reperfusion injury.
- MeSH
- Antioxidant Response Elements * MeSH
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2 metabolism MeSH
- Cardiovascular Diseases metabolism MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Oxidative Stress * MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Review MeSH
Two most influential models of evolutionary game theory are the Hawk-Dove and Prisoner's dilemma models. The Hawk-Dove model explains evolution of aggressiveness, predicting individuals should be aggressive when the cost of fighting is lower than its benefit. As the cost of aggressiveness increases and outweighs benefits, aggressiveness in the population should decrease. Similarly, the Prisoner's dilemma models evolution of cooperation. It predicts that individuals should never cooperate despite cooperation leading to a higher collective fitness than defection. The question is then what are the conditions under which cooperation evolves? These classic matrix games, which are based on pair-wise interactions between two opponents with player payoffs given in matrix form, do not consider the effect that conflict duration has on payoffs. However, interactions between different strategies often take different amounts of time. In this article, we develop a new approach to an old idea that opportunity costs lost while engaged in an interaction affect individual fitness. When applied to the Hawk-Dove and Prisoner's dilemma, our theory that incorporates general interaction times leads to qualitatively different predictions. In particular, not all individuals will behave as Hawks when fighting cost is lower than benefit, and cooperation will evolve in the Prisoner's dilemma.
- MeSH
- Aggression MeSH
- Biological Evolution * MeSH
- Models, Biological MeSH
- Time Factors MeSH
- Interpersonal Relations * MeSH
- Cooperative Behavior MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Game Theory * MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
AGR2 has evolutionarily conserved roles in development and tissue regeneration and is linked with several human cancers. The exact functions and regulation of AGR2 are poorly understood, but current data identify AGR2 as a clinically relevant factor that modulates the behavior and response of hormone-dependent cancers (breast, prostate) and hormone-independent cancers (colorectal, pancreatic, esophageal and other common cancers). AGR2 protein expression induces metastasis, acts as a p53 tumor suppressor inhibitor and survival factor, participates directly in neoplastic transformation and is involved in drug resistance. Thus, AGR2 is an important tumor biomarker and negative prognostic factor potentially exploitable in clinical practice.
- MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic metabolism MeSH
- Biomarkers, Tumor metabolism MeSH
- Neoplasms metabolism MeSH
- Prognosis MeSH
- Proteins physiology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
In this study we explore how music can entrain human walkers to synchronise to the musical beat without being instructed to do so. For this, we use an interactive music player, called D-Jogger, that senses the user's walking tempo and phase. D-Jogger aligns the music by manipulating the timing difference between beats and footfalls. Experiments are reported that led to the development and optimisation of four alignment strategies. The first strategy matched the music's tempo continuously to the runner's pace. The second strategy matched the music's tempo at the beginning of a song to the runner's pace, keeping the tempo constant for the remainder of the song. The third alignment starts a song in perfect phase synchrony and continues to adjust the tempo to match the runner's pace. The fourth and last strategy additionally adjusts the phase of the music so each beat matches a footfall. The first two strategies resulted in a minor increase of steps in phase synchrony with the main beat when compared to a random playlist, the last two strategies resulted in a strong increase in synchronised steps. These results may be explained in terms of phase-error correction mechanisms and motor prediction schemes. Finding the phase-lock is difficult due to fluctuations in the interaction, whereas strategies that automatically align the phase between movement and music solve the problem of finding the phase-locking. Moreover, the data show that once the phase-lock is found, alignment can be easily maintained, suggesting that less entrainment effort is needed to keep the phase-lock, than to find the phase-lock. The different alignment strategies of D-Jogger can be applied in different domains such as sports, physical rehabilitation and assistive technologies for movement performance.
- MeSH
- Acoustic Stimulation MeSH
- Algorithms MeSH
- Wireless Technology MeSH
- Walking * MeSH
- Electrical Equipment and Supplies MeSH
- Music * MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Foot physiology MeSH
- Technology instrumentation methods MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
DNA topoisomerases II regulate conformational changes in DNA topology. They act on double-stranded DNA, catalyzing its relaxation, decatenation and unknotting. Vertebrate cells express two isoforms of topoisomerase II, which are similar in structure, but different in function and regulation. Whereas the alpha isoform is indispensable for proper cell replication, the functions of the beta isoform as well as reasons for its evolution in vertebrates were long unclear. Unlike topoisomerase II alpha, the beta isoform is predominantly expressed in quiescent cells and has been implicated mainly in the process of gene transcription. Recently, new discoveries point on the role of the topoisomerase II beta in regulation of cellular differentiation and tissue development. Furthermore, contemporary discoveries are raising possibilities for novel therapeutic approaches involving selective targeting of either topoisomerase II isoform in potentiating antitumor and/or reducing adverse effects of topoisomerase II poisons.
- MeSH
- Cell Differentiation physiology MeSH
- DNA-Binding Proteins physiology MeSH
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II physiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Gene Expression Regulation physiology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
