Cardiorespiratory signals have long been treated as "noise" in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research, with the goal of minimizing their impact to isolate neural activity. However, there is a growing recognition that these signals, once seen as confounding variables, provide valuable insights into brain function and overall health. This shift reflects the dynamic interaction between the cardiovascular, respiratory, and neural systems, which together support brain activity. In this review, we explore the role of cardiorespiratory dynamics-such as heart rate variability (HRV), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and changes in blood flow, oxygenation, and carbon dioxide levels-embedded within fMRI signals. These physiological signals reflect critical aspects of neurovascular coupling and are influenced by factors such as physiological stress, breathing patterns, and age-related changes. We also discuss the complexities of distinguishing these signals from neuronal activity in fMRI data, given their significant contribution to signal variability and interactions with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Recognizing the influence of these cardiorespiratory dynamics is crucial for improving the interpretation of fMRI data, shedding light on heart-brain and respiratory-brain connections, and enhancing our understanding of circulation, oxygen delivery, and waste elimination within the brain.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie * metody   MeSH
• mozek * fyziologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• neurovaskulární vazba fyziologie   MeSH
• respirační sinusová arytmie fyziologie   MeSH
• srdeční frekvence fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Liečba jaziev u detských popálených pacientov zahŕňa kombináciu nechirurgických a chirurgických prístupov, ktorých cieľom je minimalizovať tvorbu jaziev a zlepšiť funkčné aj estetické výsledky. Nechirurgické možnosti najčastejšie zahŕňajú kompresívnu terapiu, aplikáciu silikónu a hydratačné prípravky na podporu dozrievania a hydratácie jazvy. Kortikosteroidy sa používajú pre svoje protizápalové účinky, zatiaľ čo botulotoxín a 5-fluorouracil pomáhajú redukovať hypertrofiu jaziev. Pokročilé laserové ošetrenia zohrávajú kľúčovú úlohu v remodelácii jaziev. Ďalšie neinvazívne terapie zahŕňajú intralezionálnu a povrchovú kryoterapiu, ako aj intenzívne pulzné svetlo (IPL), ktoré pomáha zlepšovať textúru jaziev.

The treatment of scars in pediatric burn patients es a combination of non-surgical and surgical approaches aimed at minimizing scar formation and improving both functional and aesthetic outcomes. Non-surgical options commonly include compression therapy, silicone applications, and moisturizers to promote scar maturation and hydration. Corticosteroids are used for their anti-inflammatory effects, while botulinum toxin and 5-fluorouracil help reduce scar hypertrophy. Advanced laser treatments, play a key role in scar remodeling. Other non-invasive therapies include intralesional and surface cryotherapy, as well as intense pulsed light (IPL), which helps improve scar texture. Among surgical options, scar excision and autologous skin grafts, either full or partial thickness, are commonly employed to replace damaged tissue. Tissue expanders enable the gradual stretching of skin, preparing the area for flap techniques. Local flaps and Z-plasty are used to improve scar mobility, while free flaps allow for the transfer of tissue from other parts of the body for more complex reconstructions. This comprehensive approach to scar management in pediatric burns ensures optimal functional and aesthetic recovery.

• MeSH
• chirurgie operační metody   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• hojení ran MeSH
• jizva * terapie   MeSH
• konzervativní terapie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• popálení * terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: The associations of risk factors with vascular impairment in type 1 diabetes patients seem more complex than that in type 2 diabetes patients. Therefore, we analyzed the associations between traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors and vascular parameters in individuals with T1D and modifications of these associations according to sex and genetic factors. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, we analyzed the association of risk factors in T1D individuals younger than 65 years using vascular parameters, such as ankle brachial index (ABI) and toe brachial index (TBI), duplex ultrasound, measuring the presence of plaques in carotid and femoral arteries (Belcaro score) and intima media thickness of carotid arteries (CIMT). We also used photoplethysmography, which measured the interbranch index expressed as the Oliva-Roztocil index (ORI), and analyzed renal parameters, such as urine albumin/creatinine ratio (uACR) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). We evaluated these associations using multivariate regression analysis, including interactions with sex and the gene for connexin 37 (Cx37) polymorphism (rs1764391). RESULTS: In 235 men and 227 women (mean age 43.6 ± 13.6 years; mean duration of diabetes 22.1 ± 11.3 years), pulse pressure was strongly associated with unfavorable values of most of the vascular parameters under study (ABI, TBI, Belcaro scores, uACR and ORI), whereas plasma lipids, represented by remnant cholesterol (cholesterol - LDL-HDL cholesterol), the atherogenic index of plasma (log (triglycerides/HDL cholesterol) and Lp(a), were associated primarily with renal impairment (uACR, GFR and lipoprotein (a)). Plasma non-HDL cholesterol was not associated with any vascular parameter under study. In contrast to pulse pressure, the associations of lipid factors with kidney and vascular parameters were modified by sex and the Cx37 gene. CONCLUSION: In addition to known information, easily obtainable risk factor, such as pulse pressure, should be considered in individuals with T1D irrespective of sex and genetic background. The associations of plasma lipids with kidney function are complex and associated with sex and genetic factors. The decision of whether pulse pressure, remnant lipoproteins, Lp(a) and other determinants of vascular damage should become treatment targets in T1D should be based on the results of future clinical trials.

• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 1. typu * genetika   patofyziologie   MeSH
• diabetické angiopatie genetika   patofyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• fotopletysmografie MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• hodnoty glomerulární filtrace MeSH
• intimomediální šíře tepenné stěny MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• polymorfismus genetický MeSH
• protein alfa 4 mezerového spoje * genetika   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory kardiovaskulárních chorob MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• tlakový index kotník-paže MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

We hypothesized that sympathetic hyperactivity and parasympathetic insuficiency in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) underlie their exaggerated cardiovascular response to acute stress and impaired adaptation to repeated restraint stress exposure compared to Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Cardiovascular responses to single (120 min) or repeated (daily 120 min for 1 week) restraint were measured by radiotelemetry and autonomic balance was evaluated by power spectral analysis of systolic blood pressure variability (SBPV) and heart rate variability (HRV). Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was measured by the pharmacological Oxford technique. Stress-induced pressor response and vascular sympathetic activity (low-frequency component of SBPV) were enhanced in SHR subjected to single restraint compared to WKY, whereas stress-induced tachycardia was similar in both strains. SHR exhibited attenuated cardiac parasympathetic activity (high-frequency component of HRV) and blunted BRS compared to WKY. Repeated restraint did not affect the stress-induced increase in blood pressure. However, cardiovascular response during the post-stress recovery period of the 7th restraint was reduced in both strains. The repeatedly restrained SHR showed lower basal heart rate during the dark (active) phase and slightly decreased basal blood pressure during the light phase compared to stress-naive SHR. SHR subjected to repeated restraint also exhibited attenuated stress-induced tachycardia, augmented cardiac parasympathetic activity, attenuated vascular sympathetic activity and improved BRS during the last seventh restraint compared to single-stressed SHR. Thus, SHR exhibited enhanced cardiovascular and sympathetic responsiveness to novel stressor exposure (single restraint) compared to WKY. Unexpectedly, the adaptation of cardiovascular and autonomic responses to repeated restraint was more effective in SHR.

• MeSH
• autonomní nervový systém * patofyziologie   MeSH
• baroreflex * fyziologie   MeSH
• fyzické omezení * MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace * fyziologie   MeSH
• hypertenze * patofyziologie   MeSH
• krevní tlak * fyziologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• potkani inbrední SHR * MeSH
• potkani inbrední WKY * MeSH
• psychický stres patofyziologie   MeSH
• srdeční frekvence * fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Cíl: Představit historii a současnost zrakových korových neuroprotéz a předložit novou metodu stimulace nepoškozených buněk zrakové kůry. Metody: Práce podává nejen přehled o historii a současném stavu stimulace zrakové kůry u těžkých poruch zraku, ale hlavně upozorňuje na jejich nedostatky. K nim se řadí hlavně stimulace právě poškozených korových buněk na malé ploše a z morfologického hlediska pak možné poškození stimulovaných neuronů elektrodami a jejich zapouzdření gliotickou tkání. Výsledky: Práce dále předkládá návrh nové technologie zpracování obrazu a jeho transformace do podoby neinvazivní transkraniální stimulace nepoškozených částí mozku, která je chráněna národním i mezinárodním patentem. Závěr: V práci je předložen ucelený přehled současných možností náhrady ztraceného zraku na úrovni mozkové kůry a návrh nové neinvazivní metody stimulace funkčních neuronů zrakové kůry.

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to present the history and current status of visual cortical neuroprostheses, and to present a new method of stimulating intact visual cortex cells. Methods: This paper contains an overview of the history and current status of visual cortex stimulation in severe visual impairment, but also highlights its shortcomings. These include mainly the stimulation of currently damaged cortical cells over a small area and, from a morphological point of view, possible damage to the stimulated neurons by the electrodes and their encapsulation by gliotic tissue. Results: The paper also presents a proposal for a new technology of image processing and its transformation into a form of non-invasive transcranial stimulation of undamaged parts of the brain, which is protected by a national and international patent. Conclusion: The paper presents a comprehensive review of the current options for compensating for lost vision at the level of the cerebral cortex and a proposal for a new non-invasive method of stimulating the functional neurons of the visual cortex.

• Klíčová slova
• zraková neuroprotéza,
• MeSH
• kvalita života MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci retiny klasifikace   terapie   MeSH
• oční protézy * klasifikace   MeSH
• primární vizuální kortex MeSH
• transkraniální magnetická stimulace * metody   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• zrak MeSH
• zrakově postižení MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• dentální technologie MeSH
• fotochemoterapie metody   MeSH
• lasery MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci zubů MeSH
• společnosti stomatologické MeSH
• stomatochirurgie MeSH
• zubní lékařství * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• rozhovory MeSH

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• antiinfekční látky lokální terapeutické užití   MeSH
• bakteriální infekce farmakoterapie   MeSH
• biofilmy MeSH
• fotochemoterapie metody   MeSH
• laserová terapie metody   MeSH
• lasery polovodičové terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mukozitida * terapie   MeSH
• periimplantitida * terapie   MeSH
• probiotika terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

The Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS) has been involved in the field of chronobiology, i.e., in research on temporal regulation of physiological processes, since 1970. The review describes the first 35 years of the research mostly on the effect of light and daylength, i.e., photoperiod, on entrainment or resetting of the pineal rhythm in melatonin production and of intrinsic rhythms in the central biological clock. This clock controls pineal and other circadian rhythms and is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus. During the early chronobiological research, many original findings have been reported, e.g. on mechanisms of resetting of the pineal rhythm in melatonin production by short light pulses or by long exposures of animals to light at night, on modulation of the nocturnal melatonin production by the photoperiod or on the presence of high affinity melatonin binding sites in the SCN. The first evidence was given that the photoperiod modulates functional properties of the SCN and hence the SCN not only controls the daily programme of the organism but it may serve also as a calendar measuring the time of a year. During all the years, the chronobiological community has started to talk about "the Czech school of chronobiology". At present, the today ́s Laboratory of Biological Rhythms of the Institute of Physiology CAS continues in the chronobiological research and the studies have been extended to the entire circadian timekeeping system in mammals with focus on its ontogenesis, entrainment mechanisms and circadian regulation of physiological functions. Key words: Pineal, Melatonin, AA-NAT rhythm, Light entrainment, Photoperiod, SCN clock.

• MeSH
• akademie a ústavy MeSH
• biologické hodiny fyziologie   MeSH
• cirkadiánní hodiny fyziologie   MeSH
• cirkadiánní rytmus * fyziologie   MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• epifýza mozková * metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• fotoperioda MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• melatonin metabolismus   MeSH
• mozek metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• nucleus suprachiasmaticus fyziologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Úvod a cieľ: Cieľom článku je predstaviť a zhrnúť nechirurgické možnosti ošetrenia ochorení peri-implantátových tkanív a porovnať efektivitu ošetrenia s podpornou antibiotickou terapiou alebo bez nej. Materiál a metodika: Prebehlo vyhľadanie odborných článkov publikovaných v databázach PubMed-MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase a Google Scholar nasledované ručným dohľadaním. Do analýzy boli zavzaté klinické štúdie, prehľadové články a konsenzuálne články ohľadom nechirurgickej terapie (NCHT) ochorení peri-implantátových tkanív, publikované v anglickom jazyku v rozmedzí rokov 1990–2022. Záver: Na základe dostupných informácií sa dá povedať, že existuje veľká rôznorodosť v spôsobe liečby dentálnych implantátov (DI) postihnutých peri-implantitídou. Štúdie venujúce sa testovaniu rôznych terapeutických protokolov sú vzácne a značne heterogénne. Stabilizácia peri-implantitídy po liečbe bez systémovej, respektíve lokálnej podpornej antibiotickej terapie je možná, avšak redukcia hĺbky sondáže v okolí DI len pomocou NCHT je stále nedostatočná. NCHT je úspešná najmä v riešení peri-implantátovej mukozitídy a taktiež ako príprava pred plánovanou terapiou chirurgickou.

Introduction: The aim of this article is to present and summarize the non-surgical treatment options in management of peri-implant diseases and compare the effectiveness of the treatment with/without adjunctive use of antibiotics. Methods: A search was conducted in the PubMed- MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar databases, and available repositories, followed by a hand search. The relevant clinical studies, reviews, and consensuses about the non-surgical peri-implant therapy published between 1990–2022 in English language were included. Conclusion: Based on the available information, it can be said that there is a great diversity in the treatment of dental implants affected by peri-implantitis. Studies testing different therapeutic protocols are rare and highly heterogeneous. Stabilization of peri-implant disease after the treatment without systemic or local antibiotics is possible, but the reduction of probing depth around the dental implant using only the non-surgical therapy is still insufficient. Non-surgical treatment is therefore successful particularly in solving the peri-implant mucositis and also as a conditioning before surgical therapy.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• fotochemoterapie metody   MeSH
• konzervativní terapie MeSH
• laserová terapie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• periimplantitida * terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

PURPOSE: The aim of this pilot study was to assess oxygen saturation in retinal blood vessels in patients with monoclonal gammopathies (MGs). METHODS: Thirty-one patients with MGs (11 women and 20 men, mean age 65.9 ± 8.9 years) were enrolled during 2016-2020. The patients were diagnosed at the Haemato-Oncology Department and subsequently examined at the Ophthalmology Department before initiating systemic therapy. All patients were subjected to automatic retinal oximetry (Oxymap ehf.) and had their fundus photographed (Topcon TRC-50DX retinal camera). We assessed the association between retinal oxygen saturation (SatO2 ) - arterial SatO2 , venous SatO2 and arterio-venous (AV) difference-and MGs parameters: serum monoclonal immunoglobulin (M-protein) level and serum immunoglobulin-free light chains (FLC kappa and lambda), total protein, serum viscosity, haemoglobin, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein, creatinine and serum calcium level. Hyperviscosity-related retinopathy was also evaluated. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.462; p = 0.009) between the AV difference and the haemoglobin level. A significant, medium strong negative correlation was found between the AV difference and the serum levels of the monoclonal light lambda chains (r = -0.450; p = 0.011). Contrary to expectations, no statistically significant correlation was found between retinal oxygen saturation and the total protein or viscosity. CONCLUSION: This study found correlation between retinal oxygen saturation and certain parameters in the blood of patients with MGs. Increasing levels of monoclonal immunoglobulin seem to reduce oxygen absorption in retinal arterioles, resulting in a lower AV difference, particularly in patients with a high free light chain level.

• MeSH
• kyslík MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oxymetrie metody   MeSH
• paraproteinemie * diagnóza   MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• retina MeSH
• retinální cévy MeSH
• saturace kyslíkem * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH