• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pohyb MeSH
• veřejná zařízení statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• volnočasové aktivity statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

The concentration of a drug in the circulatory system is studied under two different elimination strategies. The first strategy--geometric elimination--is the classical one which assumes a constant elimination rate per cycle. The second strategy--Poisson elimination--assumes that the elimination rate changes during the process of elimination. The problem studied here is to find a relationship between the residence-time distribution and the cycle-time distribution for a given rule of elimination. While the presented model gives this relationship in terms of Laplace-Stieltjes transform., the aim here is to determine the shapes of the corresponding probability density functions. From experimental data, we expect positively skewed, gamma-like distributions for the residence time of the drug in the body. Also, as some elimination parameter in the model approaches a limit, the exponential distribution often arises. Therefore, we use Laguerre series expansions, which yield a parsimonious approximation of positively skewed probability densities that are close to a gamma distribution. The coefficients in the expansion are determined by the central moments, which can be obtained from experimental data or as a consequence of theoretical assumptions. The examples presented show that gamma-like densities arise for a diverse set of cycle-time distribution and under both elimination rules.

• MeSH
• biologické modely * MeSH
• farmakokinetika * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• matematika MeSH
• metabolická clearance MeSH
• stochastické procesy MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Species gain membership of regional assemblages by passing through multiple ecological and environmental filters. To capture the potential trajectory of structural changes in regional meta-communities driven by biological invasions, one can categorize species pools into assemblages of different residence times. Older assemblages, having passed through more environmental filters, should become more functionally ordered and structured. Here we calculate the level of compartmentalization (modularity) for three different-aged assemblages (neophytes, introduced after 1500 AD; archaeophytes, introduced before 1500 AD, and natives), including 2,054 species of vascular plants in 302 reserves in central Europe. Older assemblages are more compartmentalized than younger ones, with species composition, phylogenetic structure and habitat characteristics of the modules becoming increasingly distinctive. This sheds light on two mechanisms of how alien species are functionally incorporated into regional species pools: the settling-down hypothesis of diminishing stochasticity with residence time, and the niche-mosaic hypothesis of inlaid neutral modules in regional meta-communities.

• MeSH
• Asteraceae klasifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• distribuce rostlin fyziologie   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• fylogeografie MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipnicovité klasifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• Rosaceae klasifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• šáchorovité klasifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• zavlečené druhy MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Cíle. Kognitivní výkony u starších osob často souvisí s věkem a vzděláním. Cílem studie bylo zjistit, zda u starších osob může bydliště v Praze (jediné město s počtem obyvatel nad 1 milion a nejvyšší hustotou zalidnění) souviset s výkony v neuropsychologických testech. Soubor. Soubor vycházel z dat Národní normativní studie kognitivních determinant zdravého stárnutí a zahrnoval 84 osob, které jako své bydliště uvedly Prahu, a 84 osob, jejichž bydliště se nachází mimo Prahu a okolí. Skupiny byly vytvořeny metodou párování na základě věku, pohlaví a dosaženého vzdělání (věk 60–92 let, 39 % mužů, 34,5 % s nižším vzděláním bez maturity). Analýza a výsledky. Analýzy byly provedeny pomocí Wilcoxonova-Whiteova testu a pomocí síly efektu r. Statisticky významný rozdíl (p < 0,0029) se objevil pouze u testů, u kterých je měřen čas a většinou patří mezi metody, které se užívají k měření exekutivních funkcí: Pražského Stroopova testu (ve všech 3 subtestech), Testu cesty A i B a Kategorické verbální fluence – zvířata. U ostatních sledovaných metod včetně screeningových nástrojů MoCA a MMSE se neobjevil žádný rozdíl mezi sledovanými skupinami. Síla efektu byla u všech sledovaných proměnných slabá (r ≤ 0,29). Tyto výsledky naznačují směr důkladnějších analýz souvislosti životního stylu v různých typech prostředí a výkonů v neuropsychologických testech. U neuropsychologických normativních a validizačních studií by se při volbě kritérií pro skladbu souboru v některých případech mohlo zvažovat zařazení osob z různých regionů. Efekt životního stylu daného bydlištěm by měl být nejprve důkladněji prozkoumán. Omezení. Nejpodstatnějším omezením studie je nedostupnost údajů o převažujícím místě bydliště během života účastníků, či převažujícím typu zaměstnání a dalších informací souvisejících s jejich životním stylem, a tedy určité zjednodušení při zařazení do skupin. Přesto zjištěný trend zasluhuje v budoucích studiích bližší pozornost.

Goals. Cognitive performance in older persons is often related to age and education. The goal of the study was to find whether living in Prague (the only city with over 1 million inhabitants and the most densely populated city in the Czech Republic), may be related to performance in neuropsychological tests in older persons. Sample. The sample was obtained from the National Normative Study of Cognitive Determinants of Healthy Aging. It included 84 persons living in Prague and 84 pair-matched persons living in other regions than Prague or Central Bohemia. The groups were matched for age, gender, and education (age 60–92 years, 39 % men, 34,5% lower education). Analysis and results. Wilcoxon-White test and effect size were used to analyze the data. Statistically significant differences (p<0,0029) were found only in tests usually used as tests of executive functions with time being the measured outcome: Prague Stroop test (all three subtests), Trail Making Test A and B, and Category verbal fluency – Animals. Other methods including cognitive screening tests MoCA and MMSE did not show significantly different performance in the groups. Effect size was small in all variables (r≤0,29). The results show possible direction of more thorough analyses of relations of habitat lifestyle and cognition. Selection of persons for normative and validation samples in neuropsychology may reflect in some cases the possible effect of region. This effect still needs to be clarified. Limitations. The study was based only on present place of residence; no data on prevailing life-long residence, work position nor other information related to lifestyle were available. This could lead to simplifications; the tendency still deserves the further investigation.

• MeSH
• duševní zdraví MeSH
• klinická studie jako téma MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• kognitivní stárnutí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy * MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sociální determinanty zdraví * MeSH
• venkovské obyvatelstvo * MeSH
• zdraví ve městech * MeSH
• zdraví venkovských oblastí MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH

• MeSH
• aplikace orální MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• farmakokinetika MeSH
• intravenózní infuze MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• roztoky MeSH
• sulpirid analogy a deriváty   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• tablety MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• srovnávací studie MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Smoking is a commonly recognized risk factor of civilization diseases. Despite many educational programmes concerning harmful effects of tobacco smoking, this habit is still very popular. Particularly alarming is a high percentage of pregnant women who smoke. METHODS: The aim of the study was to analyse the prevalence of smoking among pregnant women depending on their place of residence. The research was conducted in randomly selected 30 outpatient clinics for women in Łodź and 16 outpatient clinics in rural communes of the Łodź province. The epidemiological analysis included 400 women. Collected data were processed statistically using the descriptive methods and statistical inference. RESULTS: It has been demonstrated that smoking in the past was more popular among city residents than countryside residents (58.2% and 47.9%, respectively). Women living in the city smoked almost three times more frequently during the whole pregnancy than the respondents from the countryside (13.4% and 4.3%, respectively). Furthermore, every fifth respondent living in the urban area (f=0.21) smoked over 10 cigarettes a day, and every fourth respondent from rural communes (f=0.24) smoked from 5 to 10 cigarettes a day. However, in the month preceding the research, pregnant women from rural areas smoked slightly more frequently as compared to the subjects from the city. In the group of pregnant women who smoked in the past or who smoke at present, regardless from their place of residence, every other woman did not breastfeed her baby. 6.1% of city residents and 4.3% of countryside residents declared that they smoked during the breastfeeding period. CONCLUSIONS: Within the analysed population the influence of place of residence on the prevalence of active smoking, number of smoked cigarettes and giving up smoking during pregnancy and breastfeeding period has been evidenced.

• MeSH
• charakteristiky bydlení * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kouření epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• těhotné ženy * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Polsko MeSH

INTRODUCTION: The introduction of the European Working Time directive 2003/88/EC has led to a reduction of the working hours with distinct impact on the clinical and surgical activity of neurosurgical residents in training. METHODS: A survey was performed among European neurosurgical residents between 06/2014 and 03/2015. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between responder-specific variables (e.g., age, gender, country, postgraduate year (PGY)) and outcome (e.g., working time). RESULTS: A total of 652 responses were collected, of which n = 532 responses were taken into consideration. In total, 17.5, 22.1, 29.5, 19.5, 5.9, and 5.5 % of European residents indicated to work <40, 40-50, 51-60, 61-70, 71-80, or >80 h/week, respectively. Residents from France and Turkey (OR 4.72, 95 % CI 1.29-17.17, p = 0.019) and Germany (OR 2.06, 95 % CI 1.15-3.67, p = 0.014) were more likely to work >60 h/week than residents from other European countries. In total, 29 % of European residents were satisfied with their current working time, 11.3 % indicated to prefer reduced working time. More than half (55 %) would prefer to work more hours/week if this would improve their clinical education. Residents that rated their operative exposure as insufficient were 2.3 times as likely as others to be willing to work more hours (OR 2.32, 95 % CI 1.47-3.70, p < 0.001). Less than every fifth European resident spends >50 % of his/her working time in the operating room. By contrast, 77.4 % indicate to devote >25 % of their daily working time to administrative work. For every advanced PGY, the likelihood to spend >50 % of the working time in the OR increases by 19 % (OR 1.19, 95 % CI 1.02-1.40, p = 0.024) and the likelihood to spend >50 % of the working time with administrative work decreases by 18 % (OR 0.84, 95 % CI 0.76-0.94, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this survey on >500 European neurosurgical residents clearly prove that less than 40 % conform with the 48-h week as claimed by the WTD2003/88/EC. Still, more than half of them would chose to work even more hours/week if their clinical education were to improve; probably due to subjective impression of insufficient training.

• MeSH
• akademický sbor MeSH
• chirurgové statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kurzy a stáže v nemocnici statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurochirurgie výchova   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• operační sály pracovní síly   organizace a řízení   MeSH
• oprávnění k praxi MeSH
• pracovní uspokojení MeSH
• pracovní zátěž statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

Communities comprising alien species with different residence times are natural experiments allowing the assessment of drivers of community assembly over time. Stochastic processes (such as dispersal and fluctuating environments) should be the dominant factors structuring communities of exotic species with short residence times. In contrast, communities should become more similar, or systematically diverge, if they contain exotics with increasing resident times, due to the increasing importance of deterministic processes (such as environmental filtering). We use zeta diversity (the number of species shared by multiple assemblages) to explore the relationship between the turnover of native species and two categories of alien species with different residence times (archaeophytes [introduced between 4000 BC and 1500 AD] and neophytes [introduced after 1500 AD]) in a network of nature reserves in central Europe. By considering multiple assemblages simultaneously, zeta diversity allows us to determine the contribution of rare and widespread species to turnover. Specifically, we explore the relative effects of assembly processes representing isolation by distance, environmental filtering, and environmental stochasticity (fluctuating environments) on zeta diversity using Multi-Site Generalized Dissimilarity Modelling (MS-GDM). Four clusters of results emerged. First, stochastic processes for structuring plant assemblages decreased in importance with increasing residence time. Environmental stochasticity only affected species composition for neophytes, offering possibilities to predict the spread debt of recent invasions. Second, native species turnover was well explained by environmental filtering and isolation by distance, although these factors did not explain the turnover of archaeophytes and neophytes. Third, native and alien species compositions were only correlated for rare species, whereas turnover in widespread alien species was surprisingly unrelated to the composition of widespread native species. Site-specific approaches would therefore be more appropriate for the monitoring and management of rare alien species, whereas species-specific approaches would suit widespread species. Finally, the size difference of nature reserves influences not only native species richness, but also their richness-independent turnover. A network of reserves must therefore be designed and managed using a variety of approaches to enhance native diversity, while controlling alien species with different residence times and degrees of commonness.

• MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• rostliny * MeSH
• zavlečené druhy * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• městské obyvatelstvo MeSH
• růst MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost MeSH
• tělesná výška MeSH
• vývoj dítěte MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH

The City of The Hague monitors the use of Alcohol and Other Drugs (AOD) in the town‘s nightlife since 2002. Nightlife par ticipants, although not completely underground, are a „hidden“ or „hard to reach“ population for which there is no sampling framework available. Time–Location and Snowball Sampling are often used in studies of hidden populations, but these methods produce biased results and do not provide the basis for valid generalizations towards populations. Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) was designed to overcome some of these limitations. Combining a modified form of snowball sampling with a mathematical system for weighting the sample, RDS produces unbiased estimators and standard errors or confidence intervals. RDS is successfully applied in various vulnerable (IDUs, non-IDUs, CSW, MSM) and less vulnerable populations (recreational drug users, nightlife participants, Jazz musicians) and has become the „Golden Standard“ for sampling hidden populations. As in the Netherlands internet connectivity is approaching 100% in our target popula- tion, we have developed a novel application to conduct RDS studies on the internet. Combining RDS with internet technology strengthens and automates the entire survey process. All steps in the research process (sampling, interviewing and distri- bution of incentives) are conducted online, producing analyzable net work and survey data instantly, minimizing e.g. interviewer bias, while the application of RDS greatly improves the reliability of internet survey data. In September 2008 the application will be used for the first time to draw a sample of 1500 nightlife participants. This presentation will discuss the internet appli- cation and methodology of Project Residence, the first community based WEB-RDS study. Jean-Paul C. Grund is a drug policy schol- ar, specialized in f ield studies of drug use, and its social, health and policy con- comitants. In the recent past, Dr. Grund conducted a study of drug use and HIV risks among the Roma/Gypsy popula- tion of Central and Eastern Europe and evaluation studies of needle exchange in Russia and Eastern Europe. He was the founding Director of the International Harm Reduction Development program at The Lindesmith Center, which fostered the development of practical harm reduc- tion programs in Central Eastern Europe and Russia. He also was the first Research Fellow in Residence at this New York based drug policy research center, which is part of the Open Society Institute. Dr. Grund holds an advanced degree in Clinical and Developmental Psychology from Utrecht University and received a Ph.D. in Social Science from the Medical and Health Sciences Faculty at Erasmus University in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Grund is the author of numerous articles and two books on drug use culture, HIV, and their social-politi- cal determinants.

• Publikační typ
• abstrakty MeSH