Investigating prenatal hypoxia is difficult in mammals, as there are confounding factors stemming from maternal adaptations and compensatory mechanisms. We have thus established an avian model of hypoxic incubation (starting after 2 days of normoxia, 15% O2, normobaric, until the time of sampling at embryonic day 8) to study embryonic reactions to low oxygen concentration. Our previous studies have shown increased vascularization, oedema, and ventricular wall thinning preceding the lethality at mid-gestation. Analysis of the cardiac proteome after 6 days of hypoxic incubation showed strong upregulation of enzymes involved in anaerobic glycolysis as well as an increase in apoptosis-related proteins, cell adhesion proteins, and secretory activity.

• MeSH
• Apoptosis MeSH
• Glycolysis MeSH
• Hypoxia * metabolism   MeSH
• Chick Embryo MeSH
• Myocardium metabolism   MeSH
• Proteome metabolism   MeSH
• Proteomics * methods   MeSH
• Heart * embryology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Chick Embryo MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Although the heart atria have a lesser functional importance than the ventricles, atria play an important role in the pathophysiology of heart failure and supraventricular arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation. In addition, knowledge of atrial morphology recently became more relevant as cardiac electrophysiology and interventional procedures in the atria gained an increasingly significant role in the clinical management of patients with heart disease. The atrial chambers are thin-walled, and several vessels enter at the level of the atria. The left and right atrium have different structures and shape. In general, both atrial chambers have the venous part, the appendage, and the vestibule; different aspects of each part allow us to distinguish morphologically between the left and right atrium. The human atrial conduction system consists of the sinus node and the atrioventricular node with no histologically specialized conduction pathways in the atrial chamber and an interatrial connection. The data show that the propagation of the impulse depends mainly on the myocardial architecture in the atria and the orientation of the myocytes plays a significant role in conduction. To complete the picture, it is also important to know how the atria develop and what is the embryonic origin of its different structures, as this may play a role in the development of some pathological conditions such as atrial fibrillation or certain types of congenital heart defects. Functional impairment of the atria can in some situations severely compromise heart pumping function, and conversely, can support it if other areas are damaged, balancing the blood flow to the body for some time. Key words Morphology of atrial chambers, Pectinate muscles, Atrial function.

• MeSH
• Atrial Fibrillation physiopathology   pathology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Heart Conduction System physiopathology   MeSH
• Atrial Function physiology   MeSH
• Heart Atria * MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

Interlabiální tumor je u novorozených dívek dia gnostikován v prvních dnech, resp. týdnech života. Vyskytuje se s prevalencí 1: 500 až 1: 7 000 novorozených dívek. Tumor ve vaginálním introitu, resp. mezi velkými stydkými pysky může způsobit dia gnostické obtíže nebo vytvářet dojem genitálu nejasného pohlaví. Interlabiální útvary různé etiologie jsou si svým vzhledem podobné, což může vést k diferenciálně-dia gnostickým omylům. Nejčastější příčinou interlabiálního tumoru jsou u novorozených dívek hymenální a parauretrální cysty, které se projevují jako tenkostěnné kulovité útvary vyplněné zlatavě zbarvenou tekutinou. V případě cystického interlabiálního útvaru je nutné vyloučit zejména atrezii hymenu s hydrokolpos a prolaps ektopické ureterokély. V diferenciální dia gnostice je nutné pomyslet na prolaps uretry, rhabdomyosarkom pochvy a děložního hrdla, uretrální či vaginální polyp a u novorozence extrémně vzácný prolaps dělohy a poševních stěn nebo duplikaturu rekta. Novorozené dívky s interlabiálně lokalizovaným tumorem by měly být podle klinického nálezu vyšetřeny pediatrem, gynekologem, chirurgem nebo urologem. V závislosti na etiologii interlabiálního útvaru je možné zvolit expektační postup nebo chirurgickou léčbu. Včasná operace může zejména v případě hydrokolpos a prolapsu ektopické ureterokély zabránit obstrukci dolních močových cest a z toho plynoucímu zdraví ohrožujícímu poškození ledvin.

: An interlabial mass in newborn girls is diagnosed usually after birth or during the first days or weeks of life. According to various studies, its prevalence ranges between 1 : 500 and 1 : 7,000 newborn girls. A mass in the vaginal introitus or between the labia majora can cause a diagnostic dilemma and may be suspected even of ambiguous genitalia. Interlabial masses of different etiologies present clinically similar, and therefore, can be misdiagnosed. The most common causes of an interlabial mass in a newborn are hymenal and paraurethral cysts, both of which present as thin-walled spherical formations filled with golden fluid. When diagnosing a cystic interlabial tumor, it is necessary to particularly exclude a non-perforated hymen with hydrocolpos and prolapse of an ectopic ureterocele. In the differential diagnosis, prolapse of the urethra, rhabdomyosarcoma of the vagina or cervix, urethral or vaginal polyps, and extremely rare conditions such as genital prolapse or duplicate rectum cannot be omitted. A newborn girl with an interlabial formation should be examined by a pediatrician, gynecologist, surgeon, or urologist depending on the nature of the clinical findings. Once the etiology of an interlabial mass is identified, expectant management or surgery should be chosen. Early surgical treatment of hydrocolpos and prolapse of a ureterocele can prevent lower urinary tract obstruction and life-threatening renal damage.

• Keywords
• interlabiální tumor,
• MeSH
• Cysts diagnosis   classification   congenital   MeSH
• Diagnosis, Differential MeSH
• Genital Diseases, Female diagnosis   classification   congenital   MeSH
• Hydrocolpos diagnosis   etiology   pathology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Genital Diseases * diagnosis   classification   congenital   MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Prolapse MeSH
• Rhabdomyosarcoma diagnosis   classification   MeSH
• Vagina abnormalities   pathology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

Drenáž pupočníka zahŕňa uvoľnenie Peánových klieští z pupočníka po oddelení novorodenca z maternálneho konca pupočníka. Následne dochádza k vyprázdňovaniu krvi z placenty. Tento postup je súčasťou aktívneho vedenia III. doby pôrodnej (TSL – third stage of labor). Cieľ: Táto štúdia je určená na poskytnutie poznatkov o dĺžke trvania tretej doby pôrodnej a riziku retencie placenty pri použití drenáže pupočníka, a pri postupe bez drenáže pupočníka. Materiál a metodika: Prospektívnej randomizovanej štúdie manažmentu TSL sa zúčastnilo 600 pacientiek. Pacientky boli rovnomerne rozdelené do dvoch skupín s drenážou pupočníka (300) a bez drenáže pupočníka (300). TSL bola aktívne vedená odporúčaniami FIGO (the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics). Sledovali sme trvanie TSL a retenciu placenty po 30 min. Výsledky: Priemerné trvanie TSL bolo 6,8 ± 0,4 min v skupine s drenážou a 11,6 ± 0,8 min v kontrolnej skupine. Dospeli sme k záveru, že drenáž pupočníka významne skracuje trvanie TSL (p = 0,026), ako aj znižuje riziko retencie placenty. V skupine, s použitou drenážou pupočníka sa retencia placenty 30 min po pôrode plodu vyskytla v čtyroch prípadoch, kým v druhom súbore sa vyskytla v 14 prípadoch (RR 3,62; 95% CI 1.18–11.14). Záver: Predpokladáme, že pri drenáži pupočníka dochádza ku kolabovaniu tenkostenných uteroplacentárnych ciev skôr, čo spôsobuje krvácanie z týchto ciev medzi placentu a stenu maternice, a týmto mechanizmom dochádza k včasnejšiemu odlúčeniu placenty. Samozrejme, že drenáž pupočníka je len jedným z krokov algoritmu aktívneho vedenia tretej doby pôrodnej podľa FIGO.

Umbilical cord drainage involves releasing the cord clam from the umbilical cord after separation of the newborn from the maternal end of the umbilical cord. Consequently, there is emptying of blood from the placenta. This procedure is part of the active management of the third stage of labor (TSL). Objective: This study is intended to provide knowledge about the duration of TSL and the risk of retention of the placenta using umbilical cord drainage and the no-drainage procedure. Materials and methods: A prospective randomized study of the management of the third stage of labor in 600 patients. The patients were equally divided into two groups with umbilical cord drainage (300) and without umbilical cord drainage (300). TSL was actively managed by FIGO (the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) recommendations. We monitored the duration of TSL and retention of the placenta after a 30 min period. Results: The mean duration of TSLwas 6.8 ± 0.4 min in the drainage group and 11.6 ± 0.8 min in the control group. We conclude that umbilical cord drainage significantly shortens the duration of TSL (P = 0.026) as well as reduces the risk of placental retention. In a group where we use the drainage of the umbilical cord, placental retention 30 min after delivery of the fetus occurred in four cases while the second set occurred in 14 cases (RR 3.62; 95% CI 1.18–11.14). Conclusion: We assume that during umbilical cord drainage, the collapse of thin-walled uteroplacental vessels occurs earlier causing bleeding from these vessels between the placenta and the uterine wall, and therefore, earlier separation of the placenta occurs. Of course, the drainage of the umbilical cord is only one step in the algorithm of active management at the third stage of labor according to FIGO.

• Keywords
• drenáž placenty, manuální vybavenií placenty,
• MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Placenta MeSH
• Umbilical Cord Clamping MeSH
• Postpartum Hemorrhage MeSH
• Parturition * MeSH
• Prospective Studies MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Delivery, Obstetric MeSH
• Placenta, Retained MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH

Autoři popisují případ 30letého muže s dlouholetou anamnézou výskytu tenkostěnných vezikul a bul na kůži rukou a nohou. Histologickým a molekulárně genetickým vyšetřením byla stanovena diagnóza syndromu akrálního olupování kůže. Autoři předkládají přehled současných poznatků o tomto vzácném onemocnění a o jeho základní diferenciální diagnostice.

The authors describe a case of a 30-year-old man with a long-standing history of thin-walled blisters on the skin of his hands and feet. Histopathology and molecular genetics confirmed the acral peeling skin syndrome. The authors provide an overview of current knowledge about this rare disorder and its differential diagnosis.

• Keywords
• syndrom akrálního olupování kůže,
• MeSH
• Foot Dermatoses diagnosis   MeSH
• Hand Dermatoses diagnosis   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Epidermis pathology   ultrastructure   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Mutation genetics   MeSH
• Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous * diagnosis   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Publication type
• Case Reports MeSH

Lipoblastoma-like tumor (LLT) is a benign soft tissue tumor demonstrating mixed morphologic features of lipoblastoma, myxoid liposarcoma, and spindle cell lipoma but lacking genetic alterations associated with those tumors. LLT was originally thought to be specific to the vulva but has since been reported in the paratesticular region. The morphologic features of LLT overlap with those of "fibrosarcoma-like lipomatous neoplasm" (FLLN), a rare, indolent adipocytic neoplasm considered by some to form part of the spectrum of atypical spindle cell and pleomorphic lipomatous tumor. We compared the morphologic, immunohistochemical, and genetic features of 23 tumors previously classified as LLT (n = 17) and FLLN (n = 6). The 23 tumors occurred in 13 women and 10 men (mean age, 42 years; range, 17 to 80 years). Eighteen (78%) cases arose in the inguinogenital region, whereas 5 tumors (22%) involved noninguinogenital soft tissue, including the flank (n = 1), shoulder (n = 1), foot (n = 1), forearm (n = 1), and chest wall (n = 1). Microscopically, the tumors were lobulated and septated, with variably collagenized fibromyxoid stroma, prominent thin-walled vessels, scattered univacuolated or bivacuolated lipoblasts, and a minor component of mature adipose tissue. Using immunohistochemistry, 5 tumors (42%) showed complete RB1 loss, with partial loss in 7 cases (58%). RNA sequencing, chromosomal microarray, and DNA next-generation sequencing study results were negative for significant alterations. There were no clinical, morphologic, immunohistochemical, or molecular genetic differences between cases previously classified as LLT or FLLN. Clinical follow-up (11 patients [48%]; range, 2-276 months; mean, 48.2 months) showed all patients were alive without disease, and only one patient had experienced a single local recurrence. We conclude that LLT and FLLN represent the same entity, for which "LLT" seems most appropriate. LLT may occur in either sex and any superficial soft tissue location. Careful morphologic study and appropriate ancillary testing should allow for the distinction of LLT from its potential mimics.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Fibrosarcoma * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Lipoblastoma * genetics   MeSH
• Lipoma * genetics   pathology   MeSH
• Liposarcoma * genetics   MeSH
• Molecular Biology MeSH
• Liposarcoma, Myxoid * MeSH
• Biomarkers, Tumor genetics   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of iatrogenic menopause on the physiology of the vagina of the ewe and to evaluate if vaginal changes in ewes can be translated to women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM). METHODS: Preclinical research with Dohne Merino ewes. Iatrogenic menopause was induced by bilateral ovariectomy (OVX). Animals were randomized for surgery, blinded for allocation and outcome assessment. Differences between groups were determined by linear regression analyses at 5 months after OVX. Outcome measures were vaginal epithelial thickness, pH, vaginal maturation value, vaginal maturation index, epithelial glycogen accumulation, content of elastin fibers, collagen, and vascularity. RESULTS: OVX ewes (n = 20) showed epithelial thinning of the vaginal wall from 146 μm to 47 μm (mean, P < 0.001). Furthermore, epithelial glycogen accumulation and vascularity of the vaginal wall significantly decreased (43% and 23%, respectively) as compared with the control group (no intervention; n = 5). No significant differences were found for other outcome measures. CONCLUSION: This study established the ewe as a suitable large animal model for GSM. Furthermore, the similar relevant outcomes in humans and ewes hold great value for future translational research for the evaluation and optimization of different treatment modalities for GSM.

• MeSH
• Glycogen MeSH
• Iatrogenic Disease MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Menopause * MeSH
• Models, Animal MeSH
• Ovariectomy adverse effects   MeSH
• Sheep MeSH
• Vagina * surgery   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Spontaneous regression of cysts of the cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) and cavum vergae (CV) is rare and little discussed. The authors present their case report of this phenomenon following a severe headache in a 23-year-old woman, in whom magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) had previously confirmed significant thinning of the left lateral cyst wall. We consider this finding to be a possible predisposing factor to rupture and the spontaneous regression of such cysts. In addition to the mechanism of cyst regression, the interrelated causes of their expansion and formation will be discussed.

• MeSH
• Cysts * diagnostic imaging   surgery   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Septum Pellucidum * diagnostic imaging   surgery   pathology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Case Reports MeSH

BACKGROUND: Recent reports confirmed the notion that there exists a rudimentary cardiac conduction system (CCS) in the crocodylian heart, and development of its ventricular part is linked to septation. We thus analyzed myocardial development with the emphasis on the CCS components and vascularization in two different crocodylian species. RESULTS: Using optical mapping and HNK-1 immunostaining, pacemaker activity was localized to the right-sided sinus venosus. The atrioventricular conduction was restricted to dorsal part of the atrioventricular canal. Within the ventricle, the impulse was propagated from base-to-apex initially by the trabeculae, later by the ventricular septum, in which strands of HNK-1 positivity were temporarily observed. Completion of ventricular septation correlated with transition of ventricular epicardial activation pattern to mature apex-to-base direction from two periapical foci. Despite a gradual thickening of the ventricular wall, no morphological differentiation of the Purkinje network was observed. Thin-walled coronary vessels with endothelium positive for QH1 obtained a smooth muscle coat after septation. Intramyocardial vessels were abundant especially in the rapidly thickening left ventricular wall. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the CCS components present in the homeiotherm hearts can be identified in the developing crocodylian heart, with a notable exception of the Purkinje network distinct from the trabeculae carneae.

• MeSH
• Myocardium MeSH
• Heart Conduction System * MeSH
• Heart * physiology   MeSH
• Heart Ventricles MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Two new species in Hymenochaetaceae, Fulvifomes acaciae and Pyrrhoderma nigra, are illustrated and described from tropical Asia and America based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses. F. acaciae is characterized by perennial, pileate, and woody hard basidiomata when fresh; ash gray to dark gray, encrusted, concentrically sulcate, and irregularly cracked pileal surface; circular pores of 7-8 per mm with entire dissepiments; a dimitic hyphal system in trama and context; absence of setal element and presence of cystidioles; and broadly ellipsoid, yellowish brown, thick-walled, and smooth basidiospores measuring 5-6 μm × 4-5 μm. P. nigra is characterized by perennial and resupinate basidiomata with dark gray to almost black pore surface when fresh; small and circular pores of 7-9 per mm, a monomitic hyphal system with generative hyphae simple septate, hyphoid setae dominant in subiculum but not in tube trama, and absence of cystidia; and ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled basidiospores measuring 4-5 μm × 3-3.6 μm. The differences between the new species and morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species are discussed. Keys to Fulvifomes and Pyrrhoderma have also been provided.

• MeSH
• Basidiomycota * genetics   MeSH
• DNA, Fungal genetics   MeSH
• Phylogeny MeSH
• DNA, Ribosomal Spacer genetics   MeSH
• DNA, Ribosomal MeSH
• Sequence Analysis, DNA MeSH
• Spores, Fungal MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Asia MeSH