Význam peptidových terapeutik v posledních letech neustále roste. Peptidy jako potenciální léčiva mají mnoho příznivých chemických a farmakologických vlastností, počínaje jejich velkou rozmanitostí a konče vysokou afinitou k různým druhům přirozených receptorů. Přes tyto a další přínosy však mají i své nevýhody. Mají omezenou stabilitu v organismu v důsledku rychlé degradace a vylučování. Pro dosažení co nejlepšího farmakologického účinku je žádoucí hledat vhodné způsoby modifikace peptidů vedoucí k jejich vyšší stabilitě bez ztráty afinity k příslušným receptorům. Existuje mnoho různých způsobů modifikace peptidů. V této práci jsou shrnuty v současnosti používané syntetické přístupy potenciálně vedoucí ke zlepšení klíčových vlastností peptidů v roli nových perspektivních léčiv se zaměřením na lipidizaci. Tato práce zároveň nabízí přehled lipidizovaných peptidových léčiv, které jsou momentálně dostupné na trhu.
Peptide therapeutics are becoming increasingly important in the quest for effective compounds to treat various difficult-to-cure diseases. As potential therapeutics, peptides have many favorable chemical and pharmacological properties, ranging from their great diversity to their high affinity to various types of natural receptors. However, despite these and other advantages, they also have their pitfalls, such as a very limited stability in the organism. They have a short half-life and tend to be excreted from the body very quickly. In order to achieve a better pharmacological effect, it is desirable to find new means of modifying peptides to enable them to be used as effective drugs. There are many ways of altering the peptide structure. In this review, we summarize the approaches currently used to modify the peptide constitution with a focus on lipidization. Simultaneously this review summarizes all lipidized peptide-based therapeutics that are currently on the market.
AIMS: This study investigates the neuroprotective effects of lipidized analogues of 2-SS-CART(61-102) derived from anorexigenic neuropeptide cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CARTp) in light of the link between obesity, its comorbidities, and the development of Alzheimer's disease. METHODS: We introduce novel lipidized analogues derived from 2-SS-CART(61-102), a specific analogue of natural CART(61-102), with two disulfide bridges. Using hypothermic PC12 cells, we tested the effect of the most potent analogues on Tau phosphorylation. We further described the anorexigenic and neuroprotective potential of subcutaneously (SC) injected lipidized CARTp analogue in a mouse model with prediabetes and obesity induced by neonatal monosodium glutamate (MSG) administration. RESULTS: Compared to the non-lipidized 2-SS-CART(61-102), all lipidized analogues exhibited a potent binding affinity to PC12 cells and enhanced in vitro stability in rat plasma. Two most potent lipidized analogues attenuated hypothermia-induced Tau hyperphosphorylation at multiple epitopes. Subsequently, chronic SC treatment with palm-2-SS-CART(61-102) significantly decreased body weight and food intake, improved metabolic parameters, decreased level of pTau and increased neurogenesis in hippocampi of obese MSG mice. CONCLUSION: Our unique CARTp analogue palm-2-SS-CART(61-102) shows promise as a potent anti-obesity and neuroprotective agent.
- MeSH
- anorektika farmakologie MeSH
- buňky PC12 MeSH
- fosforylace účinky léků MeSH
- glutamát sodný * MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lipidy chemie krev MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- myši MeSH
- neuroprotektivní látky * farmakologie MeSH
- obezita * metabolismus farmakoterapie MeSH
- proteiny nervové tkáně * metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny tau metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Since 1975, the incidence of obesity has increased to epidemic proportions, and the number of patients with obesity has quadrupled. Obesity is a major risk factor for developing other serious diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Recent epidemiologic studies have defined obesity as a risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other types of dementia. Despite all these serious comorbidities associated with obesity, there is still a lack of effective antiobesity treatment. Promising candidates for the treatment of obesity are anorexigenic neuropeptides, which are peptides produced by neurons in brain areas implicated in food intake regulation, such as the hypothalamus or the brainstem. These peptides efficiently reduce food intake and body weight. Moreover, because of the proven interconnection between obesity and the risk of developing AD, the potential neuroprotective effects of these two agents in animal models of neurodegeneration have been examined. The objective of this review was to explore anorexigenic neuropeptides produced and acting within the brain, emphasizing their potential not only for the treatment of obesity but also for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc farmakoterapie metabolismus patologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- hypothalamus účinky léků metabolismus patologie MeSH
- látky proti obezitě * farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozek účinky léků metabolismus patologie MeSH
- neurodegenerativní nemoci farmakoterapie metabolismus prevence a kontrola MeSH
- neuropeptidy * metabolismus farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- neuroprotektivní látky * farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- obezita * farmakoterapie metabolismus MeSH
- přijímání potravy účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
RF-amide peptides influence multiple physiological processes, including the regulation of appetite, stress responses, behavior, and reproductive and endocrine functions. In this study, we examined the roles of neuropeptide FF receptors (NPFFR1 and NPFFR2) by generating several lipidized analogs of neuropeptide AF (NPAF) and 1DMe, a stable analog of neuropeptide FF (NPFF). These analogs were administered peripherally for the first time to investigate their effects on food intake and other potential physiological outcomes. Lipidized NPAF and 1DMe analogs exhibited enhanced stability and increased pharmacokinetics. These analogs demonstrated preserved high affinity for NPFFR2 in the nanomolar range, while the binding affinity for NPFFR1 was tens of nanomoles. They activated the ERK and Akt signaling pathways in cells overexpressing the NPFFR1 and NPFFR2 receptors. Acute food intake in fasted mice decreased after the peripheral administration of oct-NPAF or oct-1DMe. However, this effect was not as pronounced as that observed after the injection of palm11-PrRP31, a potent anorexigenic compound used as a comparator that binds to GPR10 and the NPFFR2 receptor with high affinity. Neither oct-1DMe nor oct-NPAF decreased food intake or body weight in mice with diet-induced obesity during long-term treatment. In mice treated with oct-1DMe, we observed decreased activity in the central zone during the open field test and decreased activity in the open arms of the elevated plus maze. Furthermore, we observed a decrease in plasma noradrenaline levels and an increase in plasma corticosterone levels, as well as an increase in Crh expression in the hypothalamus. Moreover, neuronal activity in the hypothalamus was increased after treatment with oct-1DMe. In this study, we report that oct-1DMe did not have any long-term effects on the central regulation of food intake; however, it caused anxiety-like behavior.
- MeSH
- myši MeSH
- oligopeptidy * farmakologie MeSH
- receptory neuropeptidů metabolismus MeSH
- regulace chuti k jídlu * MeSH
- úzkost MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Peptides, as potential therapeutics continue to gain importance in the search for active substances for the treatment of numerous human diseases, some of which are, to this day, incurable. As potential therapeutic drugs, peptides have many favorable chemical and pharmacological properties, starting with their great diversity, through their high affinity for binding to all sort of natural receptors, and ending with the various pathways of their breakdown, which produces nothing but amino acids that are nontoxic to the body. Despite these and other advantages, however, they also have their pitfalls. One of these disadvantages is the very low stability of natural peptides. They have a short half-life and tend to be cleared from the organism very quickly. Their instability in the gastrointestinal tract, makes it impossible to administer peptidic drugs orally. To achieve the best pharmacologic effect, it is desirable to look for ways of modifying peptides that enable the use of these substances as pharmaceuticals. There are many ways to modify peptides. Herein we summarize the approaches that are currently in use, including lipidization, PEGylation, glycosylation and others, focusing on lipidization. We describe how individual types of lipidization are achieved and describe their advantages and drawbacks. Peptide modifications are performed with the goal of reaching a longer half-life, reducing immunogenicity and improving bioavailability. In the case of neuropeptides, lipidization aids their activity in the central nervous system after the peripheral administration. At the end of our review, we summarize all lipidized peptide-based drugs that are currently on the market.
The worldwide increase in the incidence of obesity and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, e.g. Alzheimer's disease, is related to many factors, including an unhealthy lifestyle and aging populations. However, the interconnection between these diseases is not entirely clear, and it is unknown whether common mechanisms underlie these conditions. Moreover, there are currently no fully effective therapies for obesity and neurodegeneration. While there has been extensive research in preclinical models addressing these issues, the experimental findings have not been translated to the clinic. Another challenge relates to the time of onset of individual diseases, which may not be easily identified, since there are no specific indicators or biomarkers that define disease onset. Hence knowing when to commence preventive treatment is unclear. This is especially pertinent in neurodegenerative diseases, where the onset of the disease may be subtle and occur decades before the signs and symptoms manifest. In metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, the risk may occur in-utero, in line with the concept of fetal programming. This review provides a brief overview of the link between obesity, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and discusses potential common mechanisms including the role of the gut microbiome.
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc * metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neurodegenerativní nemoci * metabolismus MeSH
- obezita komplikace diagnóza epidemiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive brain disorder characterized by extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles formed by hyperphosphorylated Tau protein and neuroinflammation. Previous research has shown that obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, underlined by insulin resistance (IR), are risk factors for neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, obesity-induced peripheral and central IR and inflammation were studied in relation to AD-like pathology in the brains and periphery of APP/PS1 mice, a model of Aβ pathology, fed a high-fat diet (HFD). APP/PS1 mice and their wild-type controls fed either a standard diet or HFD were characterized at the ages of 3, 6 and 10 months by metabolic parameters related to obesity via mass spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry to quantify how obesity affected AD pathology. The HFD induced substantial peripheral IR leading to central IR. APP/PS1-fed HFD mice had more pronounced IR, glucose intolerance and liver steatosis than their WT controls. The HFD worsened Aβ pathology in the hippocampi of APP/PS1 mice and significantly supported both peripheral and central inflammation. This study reveals a deleterious effect of obesity-related mild peripheral inflammation and prediabetes on the development of Aβ and Tau pathology and neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 mice.
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc * etiologie MeSH
- amyloidní beta-protein MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 2. typu * MeSH
- dieta s vysokým obsahem tuků škodlivé účinky MeSH
- inzulinová rezistence * MeSH
- myši MeSH
- neurozánětlivé nemoci MeSH
- zánět MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Zucker fatty (fa/fa) rats represent a well-established and widely used model of genetic obesity. Because previous metabolomic studies have only been published for young fa/fa rats up to 20 weeks of age, which can be considered early maturity in male fa/fa rats, the aim of our work was to extend the metabolomic characterization to significantly older animals. Therefore, the urinary profiles of obese fa/fa rats and their lean controls were monitored using untargeted NMR metabolomics between 12 and 40 weeks of age. At the end of the experiment, the rats were also characterized by NMR and LC-MS serum analysis, which was supplemented by a targeted LC-MS analysis of serum bile acids and neurotransmitters. The urine analysis showed that most of the characteristic differences detected in young obese fa/fa rats persisted throughout the experiment, primarily through a decrease in microbial co-metabolite levels, the upregulation of the citrate cycle, and changes in nicotinamide metabolism compared with the age-related controls. The serum of 40-week-old obese rats showed a reduction in several bile acid conjugates and an increase in serotonin. Our study demonstrated that the fa/fa model of genetic obesity is stable up to 40 weeks of age and is therefore suitable for long-term experiments.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CARTp) is an anorexigenic neuropeptide whose receptor is undisclosed. Previously, we reported the specific binding of CART(61-102) to pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, where CART(61-102) affinity and the number of binding sites per cell corresponded to ligand-receptor binding. Recently, Yosten et al. designated orphan GPR160 as the CARTp receptor, because the GPR160 antibody abolished neuropathic pain and anorexigenic effects induced by CART(55-102) and exogenous CART(55-102) coimmunoprecipitated with GPR160 in KATOIII cells. As no direct evidence that CARTp is a ligand for GPR160 has been described, we decided to verify this hypothesis by testing CARTp affinity to the GPR160 receptor. We investigated the GPR160 expression in PC12 cells since it is cell line known to specifically bind CARTp. Moreover, we examined the specific CARTp binding in THP1 cells, with high endogenous GPR160 expression and GPR160-transfected cell lines U2OS and U-251 MG. In PC12 cells, the GPR160 antibody did not compete for specific binding with 125I-CART(61-102) or with 125I-CART(55-102), and GPR160 mRNA expression and GPR160 immunoreactivity were not detected. Moreover, THP1 cells did not show any 125I-CART(61-102) or 125I-CART(55-102) specific binding despite GPR160 detection by fluorescent immunocytochemistry (ICC). Finally, no 125I-CART(61-102) or 125I-CART(55-102) specific binding in the GPR160-transfected cell lines U2OS and U-251 MG, selected due to their negligible endogenous expression of GPR160, was detected, despite the detection of GPR160 by fluorescent ICC. Our binding studies clearly demonstrated that GPR160 cannot be a receptor for CARTp. Further studies are needed to identify true CARTp receptors.
- MeSH
- kokain * MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- ligandy MeSH
- proteiny nervové tkáně * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Ačkoli jedinců s obezitou neustále přibývá, dostupnost účinné neinvazivní léčby je stále malá. Slibnými prostředky pro léčbu obezity jsou anorexigenní neuropeptidy s působností v mozku. Jejich dopravu do mozku ale komplikuje jejich malá stabilita a omezená schopnost překonat hematoencefalickou bariéru. Nedávno objevené anorexigenní neuropeptidy, jako peptid uvolňující prolaktin, představují nový směr ve vývoji antiobezitních látek. Neuropeptidy jsou uvolňovány a působí přímo v oblastech mozku regulujících příjem potravy, ale obecně neprocházejí hematoencefalickou bariérou po periferním podání. Nám se podařilo navrhnout a syntetizovat stabilní palmitoylované analogy tohoto neuropeptidu, které měly po periferním podání prodloužený akutní anorexigenní účinek v myších a potkanech. Opakované periferní podání palmitoylovaných analogů peptidu uvolňujícího prolaktin vedlo k dlouhodobému antiobezitnímu a antidiabetickému účinku u hlodavců s obezitou navozenou vysokotukovou dietou a s inzulinovou rezistencí. Dokázali jsme, že lipidizace by mohla být účinnou cestou, jak dosáhnout žádoucího centrálního účinku peptidu po jeho periferním podání pro léčbu obezity a vyplývajících komplikací, jako je diabetes 2. typu. Vedle vysokého věku jsou pro Alzheimerovu nemoc rizikovými faktory diabetes 2. typu a obezita. Proto látky snižující koncentraci glukosy v krvi a/nebo s anorexigenními účinky jsou potenciálně neuroprotektivní. Naše skupina sledovala vztah mezi obezitou, diabetem 2. typu a patologickými jevy při Alzheimerově nemoci a zkoumala, zda by originální palmitoylované analogy peptidu uvolňujícího prolaktin mohly působit prospěšně proti neurodegeneraci v několika myších modelech alzheimerovské patologie. Ukázali jsme, že tyto lipidizované analogy jsou potenciálně neuroprotektivní látky, které v myších modelech Alzheimerovy nemoci zlepšují prostorovou paměť, zvyšují neurogenezi, synaptogenezi a potlačují neuroinflamaci a dva hlavní znaky Alzheimerovy nemoci, hyperfosforylaci proteinu tau a vznik plaků amyloidního β‐peptidu.
Obesity is an escalating epidemic, but an effective non-invasive therapy is still scarce. For the obesity treatment, anorexigenic neuropeptides represent promising tools, but their delivery from the periphery to the brain is complicated because peptides have a low stability and limited ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Recently discovered anorexigenic neuropeptides, such as prolactin-releasing peptide, represent new trends in development of anti-obesity agents. They are released and acting directly in brain areas regulating food intake, but generally do not cross the blood-brain barrier if administered peripherally. We succeeded to design stable palmitoylated analogs of this neuropeptide with a prolonged acute anorexigenic effect after peripheral administration as shown in mice and rats. Repeated peripheral administration of the lipidized prolactin-releasing peptide analogs resulted in long-lasting anti-obesity and antidiabetic effects in rodent models of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. We proved that lipidation might be an effective way to transmit the desired effect to the central nervous system after peripheral administration, for a potential treatment of obesity and related complications such as type-2 diabetes. Besides the advanced age, type-2 diabetes and obesity were shown to be risk factors for Alzheimer's disease; therefore, compounds with glucose-lowering and/or anorexigenic properties were proposed to be neuroprotective. In our group, we studied a possible crosstalk between obesity, type-2 diabetes and Alzheimer's-like pathology. We also investigated if our novel palmitoylated analogs of prolactin-releasing peptide could have beneficial effect on neurodegeneration in several mouse models of Alzheimer's-like pathology and their age-matched wild type controls. We demonstrated that these lipidized analogs are potentially neuroprotective substances improving spatial memory, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and attenuating neuroinflammation and two hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, i.e., tau hyper-phosphorylation and β-amyloid plaques in different mouse models of Alzheimer's-like neurodegeneration.
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc farmakoterapie MeSH
- hormon uvolňující prolaktin * farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- inzulinová rezistence MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- myši MeSH
- obezita farmakoterapie MeSH
- objevování léků MeSH
- prediabetes farmakoterapie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
