Around 180 genes have been associated with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) in mice, and represent promising novel candidate genes for human CAKUT. In whole-exome sequencing data of two siblings with genetically unresolved multicystic dysplastic kidneys (MCDK), prioritizing variants in murine CAKUT-associated genes yielded a rare variant in the teashirt zinc finger homeobox 3 (TSHZ3) gene. Therefore, the role of TSHZ3 in human CAKUT was assessed. Twelve CAKUT patients from 9/301 (3%) families carried five different rare heterozygous TSHZ3 missense variants predicted to be deleterious. CAKUT patients with versus without TSHZ3 variants were more likely to present with hydronephrosis, hydroureter, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, MCDK, and with genital anomalies, developmental delay, overlapping with the previously described phenotypes in Tshz3-mutant mice and patients with heterozygous 19q12-q13.11 deletions encompassing the TSHZ3 locus. Comparable with Tshz3-mutant mice, the smooth muscle layer was disorganized in the renal pelvis and thinner in the proximal ureter of the nephrectomy specimen of a TSHZ3 variant carrier compared to controls. TSHZ3 was expressed in the human fetal kidney, and strongly at embryonic day 11.5-14.5 in mesenchymal compartments of the murine ureter, kidney, and bladder. TSHZ3 variants in a 5' region were more frequent in CAKUT patients than in gnomAD samples (p < 0.001). Mutant TSHZ3 harboring N-terminal variants showed significantly altered SOX9 and/or myocardin binding, possibly adversely affecting smooth muscle differentiation. Our results provide evidence that heterozygous TSHZ3 variants are associated with human CAKUT, particularly MCDK, hydronephrosis, and hydroureter, and, inconsistently, with specific extrarenal features, including genital anomalies.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- heterozygot * MeSH
- homeodoménové proteiny genetika MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- ledviny abnormality metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- missense mutace MeSH
- močové ústrojí abnormality metabolismus MeSH
- multicystické dysplastické ledviny genetika MeSH
- myši MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- transkripční faktory genetika MeSH
- urogenitální abnormality genetika patologie MeSH
- vezikoureterální reflux MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Arteriální hypertenze je jedním z hlavních rizikových faktorů kardiovaskulární morbidity a mortality u dospělých a kardiovaskulárních a renálních onemocnění v dětském věku. doporučení pro diagnostiku a léčbu hypertenze u dětí vychází ze současných doporučení evropské společnosti pro hypertenzi a evropské pediatrické akademie.(1,2) Hypertenze v dětském věku je definována jako opakovaně (alespoň 3×) naměřený krevní tlak ≥ 95. percentilu. pro adolescenty od 16 let je doporučováno používat již dospělá kritéria. Výskyt hypertenze v dětském věku v posledním desetiletí významně stoupl na incidenci 1–4 %. Hypertenze se dělí na primární (esenciální) a sekundární. každé dítě s hypertenzí musí být pečlivě vyšetřeno. Mezi bazální vyšetření, která musí být provedena u všech dětí s hypertenzí, patří vyšetření moči, krve, ultrazvuk ledvin a echokardiografie. Léčba hypertenze spočívá v léčbě základního onemocnění v případech sekundární hypertenze (kauzální), v nefarmakologických opatřeních (redukce nadváhy/obezity, snížení nadměrného příjmu soli a dostatek pohybu) a farmakologické léčbě. u dětí je dnes již povoleno 5 skupin antihypertenziv. lékem první volby u renální hypertenze jsou ace inhibitory. cílem léčby je nejen znormalizovat tk, ale také navodit regresi případných hypertenzních postižení cílových orgánů (hypertrofie levé komory, albuminurie).
Arterial hypertension i sone of the most common risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adults and cardiovascular and kidney diseases in children. these recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in children are based on the current recommendations of the european society for Hypertension and the european academy of pediatrics.(1,2) Hypertension in children is defined as repeatedly (at least 3×) blood pressure ≥ 95th percentile. For adolescents aged 16 and over, it is recommended to use the adult criteria. the incidence of hypertension in childhood has risen significantly in the last decade to an incidence of 1-4%. Hypertension is divided into primary (essential) and secondary. every child with hypertension must be carefully examined. Basic tests that must be performed in all children with hypertension include urine and blood tests, kidney ultrasound, and echocardiography. The treatment of hypertension consists in the treatment of the underlying disease in cases of secondary hypertension (causal), in non-pharmacological measures (reduction of overweight/obesity, reduction of excessive salt intake and sufficient exercise) and pharmacological treatment. nowadays, five groups of antihypertensive drugs are allowed for children. ace-inhibitors are the drug of first choice for renal hypertension. the goal of treatment is not only to normalize Bp, but also to induce regression of hypertension-mediated organ damage (left ventricular hypertrophy, albuminuria).
- MeSH
- antihypertenziva farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- dieta s nízkým obsahem soli metody MeSH
- dítě * MeSH
- hmotnostní úbytek MeSH
- hypertenze * diagnóza etiologie farmakoterapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- měření krevního tlaku metody MeSH
- renální hypertenze diagnóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- terapie cvičením metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
Data on the presentation of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) in children have been based on small/regional cohorts and practices regarding both asymptomatic screening in minors and genetic testing differ greatly between countries. To provide a global perspective, we analyzed over 2100 children and adolescents with ADPKD from 32 countries in six World Health Organization regions: 1060 children from the multi-national ADPedKD registry were compared to 269 pediatric patients from the United Kingdom (RaDaR) and 825 from the European Rare Kidney Disease Registry (ERKReg). Asymptomatic family screening was a common mode of presentation (48% in ADPedKD, 62% in ERKReg) with broad international variability (19%-75%), but fairly stable temporal trends in both registries with no correlation to genetic testing. The national rates of genetic testing varied and correlated significantly with healthcare expenditure (odds ratio 1.030 per 100 United States Dollars/capita/year, in the ERKReg cohort), with little variation over time. Diagnosis due to prenatal abnormalities was more common than anticipated at 14% increasing steadily from 2000 onward in both registries. Realistically, a high proportion of children were diagnosed with ADPKD by active screening, underlining that families affected by ADPKD have a high need for counselling on the complex issues around presymptomatic diagnosis. Regional variations in rate of genetic testing appeared to be driven by economic factors. However, large differences in rate of active screening were not correlated to healthcare spending and probably reflect the influence of different of cultural, legal and ethical frameworks on families and clinicians in different healthcare systems.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- genetické testování statistika a číselné údaje ekonomika MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- polycystické ledviny autozomálně dominantní * diagnóza epidemiologie genetika ekonomika MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- prenatální diagnóza MeSH
- registrace MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
- Spojené království MeSH
Trombotické mikroangiopatie (TMA) jsou skupinou onemocnění, která je spuštěna poškozením nebo funkční poruchou endotelu. Charakteristickými znaky TMA jsou mikroangiopatická hemolytická anémie, trombocytopenie a ischemické poškození orgánů na podkladě mikrotrombotizace v kapilárním řečišti. Nejčastěji poškozeným orgánem jsou ledviny. V dětském věku se TMA vyskytuje jak v primární formě, tak mnohem častěji v sekundární, tj. získané formě – a to zejména při infekci shiga-toxin produkující E. coli. Porozumění epidemiologickým souvislostem, podmiňujícím příčinám, laboratorním a klinickým nálezům a diferenciální diagnóze je nezbytné pro urgentní cílenou terapii těchto život ohrožujících stavů. Níže uvedený text je doporučením Sekce dětské nefrologie České pediatrické společnosti a vychází ze současných doporučení expertů Evropské a Mezinárodní společnosti pro dětskou nefrologii.
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a group of disorders triggered by endothelial injury or dysfunction. TMA is characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and ischemic organ injury due to thrombosis in microvasculature. The most often damaged organs are kidneys. TMA is observed as primary or most frequently secondary, acquired form - especially linked to shiga-toxin producing E. coli infection. Understanding of epidemiology, pathophysiology, laboratory and clinical signs and differential diagnosis is crucial for early and on-time specific diagnostic approach of this life-threatening diseases. The text below is a recommendation of the Pediatric Nephrology Section of the Czech Pediatric Society and is based on the current recommendations of experts from the European and International Society for Pediatric Nephrology.
BACKGROUND: There is a lack of information on the current healthcare systems for children with kidney diseases across Europe. The aim of this study was to explore the different national approaches to the organization and delivery of pediatric nephrology services within Europe. METHODS: In 2020, the European society for Paediatric Nephrology (ESPN) conducted a cross-sectional survey to identify the existing pediatric nephrology healthcare systems in 48 European countries covering a population of more than 200 million children. RESULTS: The reported three most important priorities in the care of children with kidney diseases were better training of staff, more incentives for physicians to reduce staff shortages, and more hospital beds. Positive achievements in the field of pediatric nephrology included the establishment of new specialized pediatric nephrology centers, facilities for pediatric dialysis and transplant units in 18, 16, and 12 countries, respectively. The most common problems included no access to any type of dialysis (12), inadequate transplant programs for all ages of children (12), lack of well-trained physicians and dialysis nurses (12), inadequate reimbursement of hospitals for expensive therapies (10), and lack of multidisciplinary care by psychologists, dieticians, physiotherapists, social workers and vocational counsellors (6). Twenty-five of 48 countries (52%) expected to have a shortage of pediatric nephrologists in the year 2025, 63% of clinical nurses and 56% of dialysis nurses. All three groups of health care professionals were expected to be lacking in 38% of countries. Prenatal assessment and postnatal management of renal malformations by a multidisciplinary team including obstetricians, geneticists, pediatricians, and pediatric surgeons was available in one third of countries. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that there are still very marked differences in pediatric health care systems across the European countries and highlights the need need for appropriate services for children with kidney disease in all European countries.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Arteriální hypertenze je nejdůležitější modifikovatelný rizikový faktor kardiovaskulární morbidity a mortality. Léčbu arteriální hypertenze u dítěte/adolescenta je třeba zahájit co nejdříve po stanovení diagnózy a posouzení rizikových faktorů pro hypertenzí mediovaného orgánového poškození (HMOD). Léčba zahrnuje jak vhodná nefarmakologická (také režimová opatření nebo změnu životního stylu), tak farmakologická opatření. Změny životního stylu u dítěte a adolescenta se skládají z kombinace intervencí (dieta k redukci nadváhy/obezity a omezení příjmu soli, pohyb, behaviorální terapie aj.). Nefarmakologická opatření v případě primární hypertenze mohou vést k dostatečné redukci TK bez nutnosti antihypertenzní medikace, u hypertenze sekundární pak jsou součástí komplexní terapie zahrnující i podání farmak.
Arterial hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Appropriate therapy of the disease should be initiated in children and adolescents as early as possible; mostly at the time of the diagnosis confirmation and the evaluation of the risk factors for hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD). Therapy includes non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions. Nonpharmacological therapy consists from combined lifestyle interventions (diet, physical activity, body weight changes and behavioral therapy components). The complex of lifestyle interventions can lead to effective reduction in blood pressure without pharmacotherapy in the case of primary hypertension, and is important part of therapeutic approach in the case of secondary hypertension in children and adolescents, where the medication is necessary.
Trombotická mikroangiopatie je patologická léze spuštěná poškozením nebo dysfunkcí endotelu, která se vyskytuje v širokém spektru onemocnění. Jejími charakteristickými znaky jsou mikroangiopatická hemolytická anémie, trombocytopenie a ischémie orgánů, zejména ledvin, na podkladě mikrotrombotizace zejména v kapilárním řečišti. V dětském věku se vyskytuje jak v primární, tak sekundární, tj. získané formě – nejčastěji při infekci shiga-toxin produkující Escherichia coli. Porozumění epidemiologickým souvislostem, podmiňujícím příčinám, laboratorním a klinickým nálezům a diferenciální diagnóze je nezbytné pro včasnou a cílenou terapii těchto život ohrožující stavů.
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a pathological lesion triggered by endothelial injury or dysfunction. TMA occurs in a wide range of diseases and is characterized by microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and ischemic organ injury due to thrombosis in the microvascular capillary bed. In the paediatric population, TMA occurs in both as a primary, i.e. congenital form, and a secondary, acquired form – especially linked to E. coli infection. Understanding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, laboratory and clinical signs and differential diagnosis is crucial for a timely specific therapeutic approach to this life-threatening disease.
- MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- hemolyticko-uremický syndrom diagnóza patologie terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- protein ADAMTS13 metabolismus MeSH
- trombotická trombocytopenická purpura diagnóza patologie terapie MeSH
- trombotické mikroangiopatie * diagnóza komplikace patologie terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Ačkoliv je zvyšující se výskyt hypertenze v dětské populaci ve světě v poslední době často probírané téma, nemáme k dispozici recentní data z české populace, která by nám zodpověděla zdánlivě jednoduchou otázku "Kolik českých dětí má vysoký krevní tlak?". Pro určení odhadu prevalence hypertenze můžeme vycházet z mnoha jiných recentních dat, ať už ze studií provedených v USA, mnoha evropských zemích či nejnovější metaanalýzy. Jediná dodnes publikovaná studie provedená v ČR vycházela z dat, která již brzy dosáhnou stáří dvaceti let a mohou se tedy již značně lišit od reality dneška. Role PLDD v diagnostice hypertenze a následné sérii základních vyšetření je stále nezastupitelná, a to tím více, čím rychleji přibývá dětí s touto diagnózou. V přehledu uvádíme tato základní vyšetření, která by měla být provedena u každého dětského pacienta před odesláním do specializované ambulance.
Although the rising prevalence of hypertension among children in the whole world is lately often discussed, recent data from the Czech population are not available to answer seemingly an easy question "How many Czech children are hypertensive?". To determine estimate of the prevalence of hypertension we may base on the many other recent data which include studies performed in the USA, many European countries or the newest meta-analysis. The only published study performed in the Czech Republic until today is based on the data which will be soon twenty years old and thus can quite differ from the reality of today. The role of the general pediatrician in the diagnostics of hypertension and subsequent set of the basic examinations is still crucial even more as number of children with such diagnosis is rapidly increasing. In the review we state these basic examinations which should be performed in every child patient before referring to the specialized ambulance.
- MeSH
- časná diagnóza MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- hypertenze * diagnóza epidemiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- klinická studie jako téma MeSH
- krevní tlak MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- měření krevního tlaku metody MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- směrnice pro lékařskou praxi jako téma MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND: Pediatric blood pressure (BP) assessment and management is increasingly important. Uncontrolled systolic and combined hypertension leads to hypertension-mediated organ damage. The impact of isolated diastolic hypertension is less clearly understood. METHODS: We analyzed the prevalence of ambulatory isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH) in primary (PH) and secondary (SH) hypertension, and associations with BMI Z-score (BMIz) and left ventricular mass index adjusted to the 95th percentile (aLVMI) in a large, multicenter cohort of hypertensive children. Hypertensive children were divided and analyzed in three ambulatory hypertension subgroups: 24-h, daytime, and nighttime. Specifically, we sought to determine the prevalence of ambulatory 24-h, daytime, or nighttime IDH. RESULTS: Prevalence of IDH varied based on ambulatory phenotypes, ranging from 6 to 12%, and was highest in children with SH. Children with IDH tended to be more likely female and, in some cases, were leaner than those with isolated systolic hypertension (ISH). Despite previous pediatric studies suggesting no strong association between diastolic blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), we observed that children with IDH were equally likely to have LVH and had comparable aLVMI to those with ISH and combined systolic-diastolic hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, ambulatory IDH appears to be a unique phenotype with a female sex, and younger age predilection, but equal risk for LVH in children with either PH or SH.
- MeSH
- ambulantní monitorování krevního tlaku * MeSH
- diastola MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- hypertenze * epidemiologie diagnóza etiologie MeSH
- hypertrofie levé komory srdeční * epidemiologie etiologie diagnóza MeSH
- krevní tlak * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
INTRODUCTION: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common hereditary kidney disease, which is mainly caused by pathogenic variants in two particular genes: PKD1 and PKD2. ADPKD caused by variants in other genes (GANAB or IFT140) is very rare. CASE REPORT: In a 6-year-old girl examined for abdominal pain, a cystic mass in the upper part of the right kidney was detected during an abdominal ultrasound. She was referred to pediatric oncology and urology for suspicion of a tumorous mass and the condition was assessed as a cystic nephroma. A heminephrectomy was then performed on the upper cystic part of the right kidney. The histological examination was inconclusive; therefore, genetic testing was recommended. Kidney and liver cysts were detected sonographically in the mother, but DNA analysis of the PKD1 and PKD2 genes did not reveal any pathogenic variant; the cause of the pathological formation in the kidneys remained unclear. Nine years later, next-generation sequencing of a panel of genes for kidney disease was performed and a heterozygous deletion was found on chromosome 16; this included exon 13 of the IFT140 gene. The same deletion was found in the patient's mother. Currently, the patient is 14 years old and has mild sonographic findings, normal glomerular filtration, mild proteinuria, and hypertension. CONCLUSION: Pathogenic variants of the IFT140 gene very rarely cause ADPKD; however, they should be considered in all children with autosomal dominant forms of PKD and asymmetric/atypical cystic kidney involvement or negative findings of PKD1 and PKD2.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH