- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- primární prevence metody MeSH
- první pomoc MeSH
- uštknutí hadem * diagnóza prevence a kontrola terapie MeSH
- Vipera MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- novinové články MeSH
The northern cottonmouth, Agkistrodon piscivorus (Lacépède, 1789) (Viperidae: Crotalinae), occurs in the southeastern United States and is one of the few semiaquatic vipers in the world. Three proteocephalid tapeworms of the genus OphiotaeniaLa Rue, 1911 (Cestoda), have been described from this venomous snake. A critical evaluation of type specimens and tapeworms recently collected from A. piscivorus has revealed that only 2 species, Ophiotaenia marenzelleri (Barrois, 1898) and Ophiotaenia grandisLa Rue, 1911 (new synonym Ophiotaenia agkistrodontis [Harwood, 1933]), are specific parasites of this crotaline viper; both species are redescribed here. Ophiotaenia grandis was originally described from a mixture of 2 species: 'true' O. grandis, which is indistinguishable from O. agkistrodontis described 22 yr later and thus considered to be a junior synonym of O. grandis, and O. marenzelleri. Ophiotaenia marenzelleri, also reported from the pygmy rattlesnake, Sistrurus miliarius (Linnaeus, 1766), is a larger tapeworm with a massive scolex, a large cirrus sac, a very large, annular vaginal sphincter near the equatorial gonopore, and an oval, 3-layered embryophore surrounded by a nearly square hyaline outer membrane. Ophiotaenia grandis is much smaller and more slender and has a narrower scolex, a smaller cirrus sac and vaginal sphincter, a 2-layered embryophore, and a distinctly pre-equatorial gonopore. In addition to O. marenzelleri and O. grandis, other Ophiotaenia species typical of semiaquatic snakes (Colubridae: Natricinae) may be present in the northern cottonmouth, which serves only as a postcyclic or occasional host. There is also a tabular summary of 18 species of Ophiotaenia from semiaquatic snakes worldwide, with information on their hosts, distribution, and taxonomically important characters, including key measurements.
- MeSH
- Agkistrodon * MeSH
- Cestoda * MeSH
- peritoneální dutina MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- jihovýchod USA MeSH
Envenomations that are caused by Viperidae snakebites are mostly accompanied by venom-induced consumption coagulopathy (VICC) with defibrination. The clinical course of VICC is well described; however, reports about its detailed effects in the hemocoagulation systems of patients are sparse. In this pilot study, we prospectively analyzed the changes in plasma fibrinogen that were caused by the envenomation of six patients by five non-European Viperidae snakes. Western blot analysis was employed and fibrinogen fragments were visualized with the use of specific anti-human fibrinogen antibodies. All of the studied subjects experienced hypo- or afibrinogenemia. The western blot analysis demonstrated fibrinogenolysis of the fibrinogen chains in all of the cases. Fibrinogenolysis was considered to be a predominant cause of defibrination in Crotalus, Echis, and Macrovipera envenomation; while, in the cases of VICC that were caused by Atheris and Calloselasma envenomation, the splitting of the fibrinogen chains was present less significantly.
Coagulopathy with defibrination is one of symptoms accompanying snakebite envenoming, where life-threatening complications such as massive bleeding and organ hematomas formation can occur. Here, we report a case of hemocoagulation failure due to bite by African Great Lakes bush viper Atheris nitschei with impossibility of specific treatment for absence of antivenom and its life-threatening complication: very rare and unexpected atraumatic splenic rupture with massive hemoperitoneum and necessity of urgent splenectomy.
V kazuistice je prezentován případ 66leté ženy se šokovým stavem, těžkými celkovými a závažnými lokálními příznaky po uštknutí hadem do levé dolní končetiny. Druh útočícího hada nebyl jasně specifikován, nebyl zcela jasně spatřen, ale pravděpodobně se jednalo o zmiji obecnou, hada z čeledi zmijovitých, který se běžně vyskytuje v našich zeměpisných šířkách. Z důvodu nejasného původce uštknutí nebylo přistoupeno k podání specifického antiséra a léčba probíhala symptomaticky.
The case report presents the case od 66-year-old woman with schock, severe general and grave local symptoms after a snake bite into the left limb. The species of attacking snake was not clearly specific, it should not have been clearly seen, but it was propably a common viper, a snake of viper family, which commonly occurs in our latitude. Due to the unclear origin of the bite, no specific antiserum and symptomatic treatment were given.
- MeSH
- anafylaxe diagnóza terapie MeSH
- antisérum aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- glukokortikoidy aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- šok diagnóza etiologie terapie MeSH
- uštknutí hadem * diagnóza komplikace terapie MeSH
- Viperidae MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- zmijí jedy * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
- MeSH
- antisérum MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- hadí jedy škodlivé účinky MeSH
- klinické laboratorní techniky metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- uštknutí hadem * terapie MeSH
- Viperidae MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
- MeSH
- anafylaxe etiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- antiveniny aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- Crotalinae fyziologie MeSH
- hadí jedy * klasifikace škodlivé účinky MeSH
- hemoragické poruchy etiologie terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- péče o pacienty v kritickém stavu MeSH
- urgentní zdravotnické služby MeSH
- uštknutí hadem * diagnóza komplikace terapie MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
Atractaspidines are poorly studied, fossorial snakes that are found throughout Africa and western Asia, including the Middle East. We employed concatenated gene-tree analyses and divergence dating approaches to investigate evolutionary relationships and biogeographic patterns of atractaspidines with a multi-locus data set consisting of three mitochondrial (16S, cyt b, and ND4) and two nuclear genes (c-mos and RAG1). We sampled 91 individuals from both atractaspidine genera (Atractaspis and Homoroselaps). Additionally, we used ancestral-state reconstructions to investigate fang and diet evolution within Atractaspidinae and its sister lineage (Aparallactinae). Our results indicated that current classification of atractaspidines underestimates diversity within the group. Diversification occurred predominantly between the Miocene and Pliocene. Ancestral-state reconstructions suggest that snake dentition in these taxa might be highly plastic within relatively short periods of time to facilitate adaptations to dynamic foraging and life-history strategies.
- MeSH
- anatomické struktury zvířat anatomie a histologie fyziologie MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- cytochromy b genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- geny mos MeSH
- geny RAG-1 MeSH
- mitochondriální geny MeSH
- molekulární evoluce MeSH
- NADH-dehydrogenasa genetika MeSH
- predátorské chování MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika MeSH
- Viperidae klasifikace genetika fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
Scaling evolutionary trees to time is essential for understanding the origins of clades. Recently developed methods allow including the entire fossil record known for the group of interest and eliminated the need for specifying prior distributions for node ages. Here we apply the fossilized birth-death (FBD) approach to reconstruct the diversification timeline of the viperines (subfamily Viperinae). Viperinae are an Old World snake subfamily comprising 102 species from 13 genera. The fossil record of vipers is fairly rich and well assignable to clades due to the unique vertebral and fang morphology. We use an unprecedented sampling of 83 modern species and 13 genetic markers in combination with 197 fossils representing 28 extinct taxa to reconstruct a time-calibrated phylogeny of the Viperinae. Our results suggest a late Eocene-early Oligocene origin with several diversification events following soon after the group's establishment. The age estimates inferred with the FBD model correspond to those from previous studies that were based on node dating but FBD provides notably narrower credible intervals around the node ages. Viperines comprise two African and an Eurasian clade, but the ancestral origin of the subfamily is ambiguous. The most parsimonious scenarios require two transoceanic dispersals over the Tethys Sea during the Oligocene.
- MeSH
- biologická evoluce MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genetické markery * MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- Viperidae klasifikace genetika MeSH
- výpočetní biologie metody MeSH
- zkameněliny MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
