Takotsubo syndrom je definován jako syndrom akutního srdečního selhání, který se klinicky velmi často projevuje jako akutní koronární syndrom. Charakteristickým klinickým znakem je přechodná dysfunkce levé komory srdeční. Spouštějícími faktory jsou relativně často akutní neurologická onemocnění, a tak se předpokládá, že v patofyziologii hraje významnou roli právě centrální nervová soustava. Tento přehledový článek si klade za cíl představit základní informace o takotsubo syndromu se zaměřením na velmi pravděpodobné patofyziologické mechanismy v ose mozek-srdce.
Takotsubo syndrome is defined as a syndrome of acute heart failure that is very often manifested clinically as acute coronary syndrome. Transient left ventricular dysfunction is a characteristic clinical feature. Acute neurological diseases are relatively frequently the triggering factors; thus, it is assumed that it is the central nervous system that plays a significant role in the pathophysiology. The review article aims to provide basic information on Takotsubo syndrome with a focus on the very likely pathophysiological mechanisms in the brain-heart axis.
BACKGROUND: Physical activity is pivotal in managing heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, and walking integrated into daily life is an especially suitable form of physical activity. This study aimed to determine whether a 6-month lifestyle walking intervention combining self-monitoring and regular telephone counseling improves functional capacity assessed by the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) in patients with stable heart failure with reduced ejection fraction compared with usual care. METHODS: The WATCHFUL trial (Pedometer-Based Walking Intervention in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction) was a 6-month multicenter, parallel-group randomized controlled trial recruiting patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction from 6 cardiovascular centers in the Czech Republic. Eligible participants were ≥18 years of age, had left ventricular ejection fraction <40%, and had New York Heart Association class II or III symptoms on guidelines-recommended medication. Individuals exceeding 450 meters on the baseline 6MWT were excluded. Patients in the intervention group were equipped with a Garmin vívofit activity tracker and received monthly telephone counseling from research nurses who encouraged them to use behavior change techniques such as self-monitoring, goal-setting, and action planning to increase their daily step count. The patients in the control group continued usual care. The primary outcome was the between-group difference in the distance walked during the 6MWT at 6 months. Secondary outcomes included daily step count and minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity as measured by the hip-worn Actigraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer, NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein biomarkers, ejection fraction, anthropometric measures, depression score, self-efficacy, quality of life, and survival risk score. The primary analysis was conducted by intention to treat. RESULTS: Of 218 screened patients, 202 were randomized (mean age, 65 years; 22.8% female; 90.6% New York Heart Association class II; median left ventricular ejection fraction, 32.5%; median 6MWT, 385 meters; average 5071 steps/day; average 10.9 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per day). At 6 months, no between-group differences were detected in the 6MWT (mean 7.4 meters [95% CI, -8.0 to 22.7]; P=0.345, n=186). The intervention group increased their average daily step count by 1420 (95% CI, 749 to 2091) and daily minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity by 8.2 (95% CI, 3.0 to 13.3) over the control group. No between-group differences were detected for any other secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Whereas the lifestyle intervention in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction improved daily steps by about 25%, it failed to demonstrate a corresponding improvement in functional capacity. Further research is needed to understand the lack of association between increased physical activity and functional outcomes. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03041610.
- MeSH
- chůze MeSH
- dysfunkce levé srdeční komory * MeSH
- funkce levé komory srdeční MeSH
- kvalita života MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- srdeční selhání * terapie farmakoterapie MeSH
- tepový objem MeSH
- životní styl MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
BACKGROUND: The clinical relevance of cardiac troponin (cTn) elevation in takotsubo syndrome (TTS) remains uncertain. The present study sought to investigate the role of cardiac troponin (cTn) elevations in mortality prediction of patients with Takotsubo syndrome (TTS). METHODS: Patients enrolled in the International Takotsubo (InterTAK) Registry from January 2011 to February 2020 with available data on peak cTn levels were included in the analysis. Peak cTn levels during the index hospitalization were used to define clinically relevant myocardial injury. The threshold at which clinically relevant myocardial injury drives mortality at 1 year was identified using restricted cubic spline analysis. RESULTS: Out of 2'938 patients, 222 (7.6%) patients died during 1-year follow-up. A more than 28.8-fold increase of cTn above the upper reference limit was identified as threshold for clinically relevant myocardial injury. The presence of clinically relevant myocardial injury was significantly associated with an increased risk of mortality at 5 years (adjusted HR 1.58, 95% CI 1.18-2.12, p =.002). Clinically relevant myocardial injury was related to an increased 5-year mortality risk in patients with apical TTS (adjusted HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.21-2.03, p =.001), in presence of physical stressors (adjusted HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.22-2.11, p =.001), and in absence of emotional stressors (adjusted HR 1.49, 95% CI, 1.17-1.89, p =.001). CONCLUSION: This study for the first time determined a troponin threshold for the identification of TTS patients at excess risk of mortality. These findings advance risk stratification in TTS and assist in identifying patients in need for close monitoring and follow-up.
- MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- registrace * MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- takotsubo kardiomyopatie * krev mortalita MeSH
- troponin I krev MeSH
- troponin T * krev MeSH
- troponin krev metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: The perception of takotsubo syndrome (TTS) has evolved significantly over the years, primarily driven by increased recognition of acute complications and mortality. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore temporal trends in demographic patterns, risk factors, clinical presentations, and outcomes in patients with TTS. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with TTS between 2004 and 2021 were enrolled from the InterTAK (International Takotsubo) registry. To assess temporal trends, patients were divided into 6 groups, each corresponding to a 3-year interval within the study period. RESULTS: Overall, 3,957 patients were included in the study. There was a significant demographic transition, with the proportion of male patients rising from 10% to 15% (P = 0.003). Although apical TTS remained the most common form, the diagnosis of midventricular TTS increased from 18% to 28% (P = 0.018). The prevalence of physical triggers increased from 39% to 58% over the years (P < 0.001). There was a significant increase in 60-day mortality over the years (P < 0.001). However, a landmark analysis excluding patients who died within the first 60 days showed no differences in 1-year mortality (P = 0.150). CONCLUSIONS: This study of temporal trends in TTS highlights a transition in patients demographic with a growing prevalence among men, increasing recognition of midventricular TTS type, and increased short-term mortality and rates of cardiogenic shock in recent years. This transition aligns with the rising prevalence of physical triggers, as expression of increased recognition of TTS in association with acute comorbidities.
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- registrace * MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- takotsubo kardiomyopatie * epidemiologie mortalita diagnóza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
- MeSH
- biologické markery * krev MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- natriuretický peptid typu B krev MeSH
- takotsubo kardiomyopatie * diagnóza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Pacienti s ischemickou CMP čelí zvýšenému riziku výskytu celé řady kardiovaskulárních komplikací. Ty se mohou projevit například jako akutní myokardiální postižení, akutní koronární syndrom, dysfunkce levé komory (včetně syndromu Takotsubo). Dále se objevují závažné arytmie nebo náhlá srdeční smrt. Vedle těchto klinicky manifestních komplikací se u části pacientů vyskytnou oligosymptomatické abnormity jako například elevace specifických biomarkerů nebo změny na EKG. Tyto komplikace jsou spojeny s těžším neurologickým postižením a vyšší mortalitou pacientů s akutní CMP. Diagnostika a léčba kardiálních komplikací u pacientů s CMP má svá specifika a odvíjí se zejména od typu CMP. Patofyziologie těchto komplikací zůstává částečně nejasná. Podle nového konceptu tzv. stroke-heart syndromu se na vzniku časných kardiálních komplikací u pacientů s CMP mimo tradičních rizikových faktorů podílejí také další mechanizmy, jako je autonomní dysregulace nebo systémová zánětlivá odpověď, ke kterým dochází následkem CMP. Přes narůstající zájem o tuto problematiku a nové poznatky v její patofyziologii specifické léčebné postupy tohoto tzv. stroke-heart syndromu zatím chybí. V běžné klinické praxi je při včasné diagnostice a léčbě kardiálních komplikací u pacientů s akutní CMP zásadní úloha neurologa.
Patients with ischemic stroke face an increased risk of a broad range of cardiovascular complications. These may manifest as acute myocardial injury, acute coronary syndrome, left ventricular dysfunction (including Takotsubo syndrome). Furthermore, severe arrhythmias or sudden cardiac death may also occur. In addition to these clinically manifested complications, oligosymptomatic abnormalities such as elevation of specific biomarkers or ECG changes occur in some patients. These complications are associated with more severe neurological disability and higher mortality in patients with acute stroke. The diagnosis and treatment of cardiac complications in patients with stroke has its own specificities and depends mainly on the type of stroke. The pathophysiology of these complications remains partly unclear. According to the new concept of the stroke heart syndrome, it appears that, in addition to the traditional vascular risk factors, other underlying mechanisms, such as autonomic dysregulation or systemic inflammatory response arising as a consequence of brain tissue damage during stroke are involved in the development of early cardiac complications. Despite growing interest in this issue and new insights into its pathophysiology, specific therapies for this so-called stroke-heart syndrome are still lacking. In routine clinical practice, the role of the neurologist in the early diagnosis and treatment of cardiac complications in patients after acute stroke is crucial.
- MeSH
- akutní koronární syndrom diagnóza komplikace MeSH
- cévní mozková příhoda * diagnóza komplikace MeSH
- dysfunkce levé srdeční komory komplikace MeSH
- kardiovaskulární abnormality klasifikace MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci * etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- srdeční arytmie komplikace MeSH
- troponin analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND: The effect of left ventricular septal myocardial pacing (LVSP) and left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) on ventricular synchrony and left ventricular (LV) hemodynamic status is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of LVSP and LBBP vs biventricular pacing (BVP) on ventricular electrical synchrony and hemodynamic status in cardiac resynchronization therapy patients. METHODS: In cardiac resynchronization therapy candidates with LV conduction disease, ventricular synchrony was assessed by measuring QRS duration (QRSd) and using ultra-high-frequency electrocardiography. LV electrical dyssynchrony was assessed as the difference between the first activation in leads V1 to V8 to the last from leads V4 to V8. LV hemodynamic status was estimated using invasive systolic blood pressure measurement during multiple transitions between LBBP, LVSP, and BVP. RESULTS: A total of 35 patients with a mean LV ejection fraction of 29% and a mean QRSd of 168 ± 24 ms were included. Thirteen had ischemic cardiomyopathy. QRSd during BVP, LVSP, and LBBP was the same, but LBBP provided shorter LV electrical dyssynchrony than BVP (-10 ms; 95% CI: -16 to -4 ms; P = 0.001); the difference between LVSP and BVP was not significant (-5 ms; 95% CI: -12 to 1 ms; P = 0.10). LBBP was associated with higher systolic blood pressure than BVP (4%; 95% CI: 2%-5%; P < 0.001), whereas LVSP was not (1%; 95% CI: 0%-2%; P = 0.10). Hemodynamic differences during LBBP and LVSP vs BVP were more pronounced in nonischemic than ischemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: Ultra-high-frequency electrocardiography allowed the documentation of differences in LV synchrony between LBBP, LVSP, and BVP, which were not observed by measuring QRSd. LVSP provided the same LV synchrony and hemodynamic status as BVP, while LBBP was better than BVP in both.
- MeSH
- dysfunkce levé srdeční komory patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- elektrokardiografie * MeSH
- funkce levé komory srdeční fyziologie MeSH
- hemodynamika * fyziologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mezikomorová přepážka patofyziologie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- srdeční resynchronizační terapie * metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Transtorakální echokardiografické vyšetření (TTE) hraje nezastupitelnou úlohu při diagnostice příčiny akutního srdečního selhání. Při pátrání po srdeční dysfunkci by se mělo využít možnosti všech srdečních ultrazvukových zobrazovacích technik, včetně dvourozměrné/trojrozměrné echokardiografie, pulzního a kontinuálního vlnového dopplerovského zobrazení, barevného průtokového dopplerovského mapování, tkáňového dopplerovského zobrazování i deformační analýzy.
Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is the method of choice for assessment of myocardial systolic and diastolic function of both the left and right ventricles. Echocardiography is a term used here to refer to all cardiac ultrasound imaging techniques, including two-dimensional/three-dimensional echocardiography, pulsed and continuous wave Doppler, colour flow Doppler, tissue Doppler imaging, contrast echocardiography, and deformation imaging (strain and strain rate).
- MeSH
- akutní nemoc MeSH
- arteriální tlak MeSH
- dysfunkce levé srdeční komory diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- dysfunkce pravé srdeční komory diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- echokardiografie * metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- náhlé příhody MeSH
- srdeční selhání * diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- tepový objem MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
AIMS: The determinants and relevance of right ventricular (RV) mechanical dyssynchrony in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) are poorly understood. We hypothesized that increased afterload may adversely affect the synchrony of RV contraction. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 148 patients with HFrEF and 36 controls underwent echocardiography, right heart catheterization, and gated single-photon emission computed tomography to measure RV chamber volumes and mechanical dyssynchrony (phase standard deviation of systolic displacement timing). Exams were repeated after preload (N = 135) and afterload (N = 15) modulation. Patients with HFrEF showed higher RV dyssynchrony compared with controls (40.6 ± 17.5° vs. 27.8 ± 9.1°, P < 0.001). The magnitude of RV dyssynchrony in HFrEF correlated with larger RV and left ventricular (LV) volumes, lower RV ejection fraction (RVEF) and LV ejection fraction, reduced intrinsic contractility, increased heart rate, higher pulmonary artery (PA) load, and impaired RV-PA coupling (all P ≤ 0.01). Low RVEF was the strongest predictor of RV dyssynchrony. Left bundle branch block (BBB) was associated with greater RV dyssynchrony than right BBB, regardless of QRS duration. RV afterload reduction by sildenafil improved RV dyssynchrony (P = 0.004), whereas preload change with passive leg raise had modest effect. Patients in the highest tertiles of RV dyssynchrony had an increased risk of adverse clinical events compared with those in the lower tertile [T2/T3 vs. T1: hazard ratio 1.98 (95% confidence interval 1.20-3.24), P = 0.007]. CONCLUSIONS: RV dyssynchrony is associated with RV remodelling, dysfunction, adverse haemodynamics, and greater risk for adverse clinical events. RV dyssynchrony is mitigated by acute RV afterload reduction and could be a potential therapeutic target to improve RV performance in HFrEF.
PURPOSE: Left ventricular myocardial work (LVMW) has been shown to better characterize LV function in patients with severe aortic stenosis by correcting LV afterload. The aim of this study was to evaluate the evolution in LVMW indices after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and their prognostic value. METHODS: The following LVMW indices were calculated before and immediately after TAVR in 255 patients (median age 82 years, 51% male): global work index (GWI), global constructive work (GCW), global wasted work (GWW) and global work efficiency (GWE). The study endpoint was all-cause mortality. RESULTS: After TAVR, LV ejection fraction and LV global longitudinal strain (GLS) did not change significantly (from 56% to 55%, p = 0.470 and from 13.6% to 13.2%, p = 0.068). Concerning LVMW indices, while LV GWW remained unchanged after TAVR (from 247 to 258 mmHg%, p = 0.080), LV GWI, LV GCW, and LV GWE significantly decreased (from 1882 to 1291 mmHg%, p < 0.001, from 2248 to 1671 mmHg%, p < 0.001, and from 89% to 85%, p < 0.001, respectively). During a median follow-up of 59 [40-72] months, 129 patients died. After correcting for potential confounders (sex, diabetes, renal function, atrial fibrillation, Charlson comorbidity index, and pacemaker implantation post-TAVR), post-TAVR LV GLS, GWI, and GCW remained independently associated with all-cause mortality. However, post-TAVR LV GWI demonstrated the highest increase in model predictivity. CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing TAVR, LVMW parameters significantly change after intervention. LV GWI after TAVR showed the strongest association with all-cause mortality among both conventional and advanced parameters of LV systolic function both pre- and post-TAVR and might enable better risk stratification of these patients after intervention.
- MeSH
- aortální stenóza * chirurgie patofyziologie komplikace MeSH
- dysfunkce levé srdeční komory patofyziologie diagnostické zobrazování etiologie MeSH
- echokardiografie metody MeSH
- funkce levé komory srdeční fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- srdeční komory diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie MeSH
- stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
- tepový objem fyziologie MeSH
- transkatetrální implantace aortální chlopně * metody MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
