Jedním z aktuálních témat neuropsychologické diagnostiky je detekce simulace kognitivního oslabení a nedostatečné snahy během vyšetření. Důvodem simulace kognitivního oslabení či nedostatečné snahy může být získání různých výhod, např. finančních, materiálních, nebo pozornosti jiných osob. Při detekci simulace a nedostatečné snahy jsou využívány různé typy metod, např. testy kognitivních schopností či testy určené speciálně pro detekci simulace. Tento článek se zaměřuje na popis dvou konkrétních metod a jejich psychometrických vlastností – Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) a Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS). V rámci neuropsychologického testu RBANS lze snahu hodnotit pomocí několika ukazatelů. SIMS je inventářem zaměřujícím se nejen na hodnocení simulace kognitivního oslabení, ale i na hodnocení dalších oblastí psychopatologie.
One of the current issues in neuropsychological diagnostics is the detection of simulation of cognitive impairment and inadequate effort during the examination. The reason for the simulation of cognitive impairment or lack of effort may be to obtain various benefits, such as financial, material or attention from others. Different types of methods are used to detect simulation and lack of effort. These include tests of cognitive abilities and tests specifically designed to detect malingering. This article focuses on describing two specific methods and their psychometric properties – The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS). Within the RBANS neuropsychological test, effort can be assessed using several indicators. SIMS is an inventory that focuses not only on the assessment of simulated cognitive impairment, but also on the assessment of other areas of psychopathology.
PURPOSE: With the global epidemic of obesity, the importance of metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is greater than ever before. Performing these surgeries requires academic training and the completion of a dedicated fellowship training program. This study aimed to develop guidelines based on expert consensus using a modified Delphi method to create the criteria for metabolic and bariatric surgeons that must be mastered before obtaining privileges to perform MBS. METHODS: Eighty-nine recognized MBS surgeons from 42 countries participated in the Modified Delphi consensus to vote on 30 statements in two rounds. An agreement/disagreement among ≥ 70.0% of the experts was regarded to indicate a consensus. RESULTS: Consensus was reached on 29 out of 30 statements. Most experts agreed that before getting privileges to perform MBS, surgeons must hold a general surgery degree and complete or have completed a dedicated fellowship training program. The experts agreed that the learning curves for the various operative procedures are approximately 25-50 operations for the LSG, 50-75 for the OAGB, and 75-100 for the RYGB. 93.1% of experts agreed that MBS surgeons should diligently record patients' data in their National or Global database. CONCLUSION: MBS surgeons should have a degree in general surgery and have been enrolled in a dedicated fellowship training program with a structured curriculum. The learning curve of MBS procedures is procedure dependent. MBS surgeons must demonstrate proficiency in managing postoperative complications, collaborate within a multidisciplinary team, commit to a minimum 2-year patient follow-up, and actively engage in national and international MBS societies.
- MeSH
- bariatrická chirurgie * normy výchova MeSH
- chirurgové normy výchova MeSH
- delfská metoda * MeSH
- klinické kompetence normy MeSH
- konsensus * MeSH
- křivka učení MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- morbidní obezita chirurgie MeSH
- stipendia normy MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The effect of practice schedule on retention and transfer has been studied since the first publication on contextual interference (CI) in 1966. However, strongly advocated by scientists and practitioners, the CI effect also aroused some doubts. Therefore, our objective was to review the existing literature on CI and to determine how it affects retention in motor learning. We found 1255 articles in the following databases: Scopus, EBSCO, Web of Science, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect, supplemented by the Google Scholar search engine. We screened full texts of 294 studies, of which 54 were included in the meta-analysis. In the meta-analyses, two different models were applied, i.e., a three-level mixed model and random-effects model with averaged effect sizes from single studies. According to both analyses, high CI has a medium beneficial effect on the whole population. These effects were statistically significant. We found that the random practice schedule in laboratory settings effectively improved motor skills retention. On the contrary, in the applied setting, the beneficial effect of random practice on the retention was almost negligible. The random schedule was more beneficial for retention in older adults (large effect size) and in adults (medium effect size). In young participants, the pooled effect size was negligible and statically insignificant.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- motorické dovednosti * fyziologie MeSH
- retence (psychologie) fyziologie MeSH
- učení * fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- metaanalýza MeSH
- systematický přehled MeSH
AIM: To explore the influence of supervisory and mentoring relationships on the clinical learning experiences of Czech Nursing and health professional students in the context of patient safety events BACKGROUND: Clinical experience is integral to healthcare education, shaping skills, behaviours, values and professional identity. During clinical placements, students may encounter memorable patient safety events and experience varied reactions from mentors/supervisors/others. Some research has highlighted challenges faced by students on clinical placement. Few studies involve multiple professions, most emanating from Western Europe, the UK, the USA and Australia with little relating to central European countries such as the Czech Republic. DESIGN: Two stage interpretivist qualitative study based in social constructionism METHODS: Convenience sample across 13 undergraduate and 18 postgraduate health professions courses. Stage 1 (2022): using SLIPPS Learning Event Recording Tool translated into Czech. 20 students' (Midwifery=11, Nursing=1, Paramedic=1, Occupational therapy =7) submitted 21 patient safety learning event narratives. Stage 2 (2022): Focus group with 2 nursing and nine midwifery students. Phased thematic analysis involving multiple researchers. RESULTS: Three themes illustrate the circumstances and impact of placement mentoring/supervision experiences, conceptualised as: 'Clinical and Emotional Companionship', 'Clinical and Emotional Abandonment' and 'Sense of agency - Professional and personal growth'. 'Companionship' reflected the students' feelings of being welcomed, respected, heard, trusted and supported. Conversely 'abandonment' emerged from feelings of being unheard, vulnerable, humiliated, afraid, leaving students feeling abandoned, lonely and 'useless'. Notwithstanding these conditions, students showed the ability to identify patient safety issues with agency evident in reactions such as stepping-in to try to ameliorate a situation, rather than speaking-up. Professional and personal growth was also apparent in their narratives and a conceptual diagram illustrates the students' learning journeys in a patient safety context. CONCLUSION: The findings and new conceptualisations around abandonment and companionship emerging from this study expand the evidence base regarding the profound impact of clinical experience and mentorship/supervision on learning and students' emotional wellbeing. A sense of companionship appears to play a buffering role even in challenging circumstances of involvement in or witnessing compromised patients' safety. Allowing students a sense of belonging, to vent, grow, feel supported and safe to ask/learn - contributing to 'emotional safety for learning', promotes students' behaviour that may prevent/minimize hazards or ameliorate the aftermath. However, we must not simply blame mentors/supervisors, staff, or the students themselves- they are simply part of a much larger complex environment of professional education encompassing hidden curriculums, power dynamics and professional socialisation.
- MeSH
- bezpečnost pacientů * MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- klinické kompetence MeSH
- kvalitativní výzkum * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mentoring MeSH
- školitelé psychologie MeSH
- studenti ošetřovatelství * psychologie MeSH
- studenti zdravotnických povolání psychologie MeSH
- studium ošetřovatelství bakalářské MeSH
- učení MeSH
- zjišťování skupinových postojů * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The present study addresses the main contention of the Noticing Hypothesis that conscious attention is necessary for successful learning. Arguments are given against the strong version of the hypothesis, under which one cannot acquire new language forms without conscious attention. Foreign learners were tested on their familiarity with formulaic expressions especially selected for their low salience. Additionally, the expressions used were tested for the likelihood of attracting attention. The results suggest that despite their inconspicuousness, such expressions are part of learners' lexical representations. Students' performance was found to correlate with usage patterns found in the input, a strong indication that their lexical representations are shaped by numerous encounters with specific uses of these expressions. It is argued that conscious attention is unlikely in even most, let alone all encounters. While the importance of awareness is not debated here, this study questions conscious attention as a default condition for learning.
- MeSH
- jazyk (prostředek komunikace) * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- pozornost * fyziologie MeSH
- rozpoznávání (psychologie) fyziologie MeSH
- učení fyziologie MeSH
- uvědomování si fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Research has shown that external relative to internal focus (IF) instructions may improve motor performance as well as cognitive function (e.g., attentional stability and task-focus). The aim of the study was to examine the influence of attentional focus instructions on skill acquisition and learning of an aiming task in individuals with hearing impairments. The participants (N = 39, Mage = 17.87 ± 1.88 years) performed a bowling task with their dominant hand to knock down as many pins as possible. On day 1, they were randomly divided into three attentional focus groups; IF (focus on your throwing hand), external focus (EF) (focus on the pins), and control (no-focus) instructions. Each participant performed 36 trials, divided into 3 blocks of 12 trials. Attentional focus instructions were given before each block, with a brief reminder provided after each 3 trials. On day 2, retention and transfer (further distance) tests were performed. Results showed that while there were no significant differences between groups in the pre-test, the EF group outperformed both IF and control groups in retention and transfer tests. No significant difference was found between the control and IF. The findings suggest that the advantages of the external relative to the IF and no-focus instructions may generalize to individuals with hearing impairments.
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the best approaches to teaching a foreign language to older people to help them achieve the desired results and explore their benefits. This review strictly follows the PRISMA methodology for systematic reviews and meta-analyses to identify the core experimental studies that deal with the topic of foreign language learning approaches among the older generations. Altogether eight studies detected were included in the systematic review. The available sources were found in Web of Science and Scopus. The findings indicate that foreign language learning can promote seniors' welfare and successful aging despite their learning outcomes, which means that the key benefit for third-age foreign language learners while learning a foreign language is not the achieved proficiency level, but the feeling of subjective satisfaction. This can be a good incentive to achieve better learning outcomes, provided that learners have been offered a pleasant and safe learning environment, using suitable learning approaches during which they can build on their acquired knowledge and experience, as well as discuss the topics they are interested in. Thus, foreign language teachers play an important part in seniors' educational process because their teaching methods and materials when adapted to the elderly's educational needs can have a positive impact on the maintenance and possibly, enhancement of the older people's cognitive functions and on the improvement of their mental activity, which consequently maintains their healthy aging.
- MeSH
- jazyk (prostředek komunikace) MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mnohojazyčnost * MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- učení * fyziologie MeSH
- zdravé stárnutí * fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- systematický přehled MeSH
BACKGROUND: The Indian Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched in 2014 with the goal to make India open defecation (OD) free by October 2019. Although it is known that the ambitious goal was not achieved, the nature of the sanitation change brought about by the SBM in different parts of India is poorly understood. One reason is a dearth of case studies that would shed light on the performance of the SBM simultaneously across its different domains. This article provides an example of such study. Employing a Process, Outcomes, Context approach, the objective is to understand the process and outcomes of the SBM-induced sanitation change in a specific context of rural Jharkhand. METHODS: The study utilizes data collected through field research conducted in the rural areas of Ranchi district, Jharkhand, a state in east-central India. This data was obtained via repeated cross-sectional household surveys conducted at the beginning and at the end of the SBM, supplemented by key informant interviews with SBM stakeholders. FINDINGS: We identified political support of SBM implementation and its acceptance amongst the population. Female community workers became key agents of SBM implementation at local level. The SBM increased toilet coverage in the study area from 15% to 85% and lowered the OD rate from 93% to 26%. It substantially reduced structural inequalities in access to toilets, furthered social sanitation norms, improved some of the attitudes towards toilet use, but impacted less on hygiene and sanitation knowledge. The implementation mainly concentrated on the construction of subsidized toilets but less on improving public understanding of safe sanitation practices. CONCLUSIONS: Although the SBM reduced sanitation inequalities in access to toilets in the study area, the behaviour change component was underplayed, focusing more on spreading normative sanitation messages and less on public education. Sustainability of the observed sanitation change remains a key question for the future. This article calls for more systematic production of geographically situated knowledge on the performance of sanitation interventions.
- MeSH
- Asijci * MeSH
- aspirace (psychologie) MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- sanitace * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Indie MeSH
Recent research has demonstrated the significance of incorporating invariance into neural networks. However, existing methods require direct sampling over the entire transformation set, notably computationally taxing for large groups like the affine group. In this study, we propose a more efficient approach by addressing the invariances of the subgroups within a larger group. For tackling affine invariance, we split it into the Euclidean group E(n) and uni-axial scaling group US(n), handling invariance individually. We employ an E(n)-invariant model for E(n)-invariance and average model outputs over data augmented from a US(n) distribution for US(n)-invariance. Our method maintains a favorable computational complexity of O(N2) in 2D and O(N4) in 3D scenarios, in contrast to the O(N6) (2D) and O(N12) (3D) complexities of averaged models. Crucially, the scale range for augmentation adapts during training to avoid excessive scale invariance. This is the first time nearly exact affine invariance is incorporated into neural networks without directly sampling the entire group. Extensive experiments unequivocally confirm its superiority, achieving new state-of-the-art results in affNIST and SIM2MNIST classifications while consuming less than 15% of inference time and fewer computational resources and model parameters compared to averaged models.
- MeSH
- neuronové sítě (počítačové) * MeSH
- učení * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
