PURPOSE: The term PNES refers to a conversion disorder that mimics epileptic seizures but has a psychological etiology. Recent studies report that in patients with PNES, there is reduced understanding of emotions, impulse control difficulties, and limited access to emotional regulation strategies. The aim of this study was to compare patients diagnosed with PNES with healthy volunteers on the presence of maladaptive emotional regulation. METHOD: Patients (N = 64 F:M 52:12; mean age 35.5 years; duration ≥ 2 years) were assessed while inpatients at the Epilepsy Center, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague. PNES diagnosis was based on normal EEG findings, habitual seizure capture, suggestive seizure provocation, neuropsychological assessment and patients´ history. The clinical sample was compared with healthy volunteers (N = 64 F:M 52:12; mean age 35.8 years). The presence of maladaptive emotional regulation was assessed through the Czech research version of the ASQ and DERS. RESULTS: Compared with a healthy sample, patients with PNES had greater emotion regulation impairments across nearly all dimensions of the DERS - Nonacceptance = 17.0 (M = 14.5), p = 0.006, Goals = 16.0 (M = 11.5), p < 0.001, Impulse control = 13.8 (M = 11.5), p = 0.005, Awareness = 16.4 (M = 15.3), p = 0.183, Strategies = 17.9 (M = 13.0), p < 0.001, Clarity = 11.8 (M = 9.5), p < 0.001 and the total score of the DERS = 92.9 (M = 75.3), p < 0.001. Similar results were found in ASQ questionnaire scales - Concealing = 24.5 (M = 21.0), p = 0.002, and Adjusting = 20.9 (M = 22.8), p = 0.076 but not on the Tolerating Scale = 14.5 (M = 14.7), p = 0.873. CONCLUSION: Our results highlight that maladaptive emotional regulation is a key psychological mechanism in PNES. Emotional dysregulation may represent an important target when designing psychoeducational and psychotherapeutic approaches for patients with PNES.
Telomeres, nucleoprotein structures at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, are crucial for the maintenance of genome integrity. While the lengths of telomeres at birth are determined genetically, many factors including environmental and living conditions affect the telomere lengths during a lifespan. In this context, extreme and long-term stress has been shown to negatively impact telomeres and their protective function, with even offspring being influenced by the stress experienced by parents. Using quantitative PCR, the relative lengths of telomeres of survivors of the Holocaust during World War II and two generations of their offspring were analyzed. These data were related to those of control groups, persons of comparable age without a strong life stress experience. In contrast to previous studies of other stress-exposed groups, the relative lengths of telomeres were comparable in groups of persons exposed to Holocaust-related stress and their progenies, and in control groups. Interestingly, shorter telomeres of Holocaust survivors of the age under 12 in the year 1945 compared to Holocaust survivors of the age above 12 were detected. Our results are discussed with respect to certain exceptionality of persons having been able to cope with an extreme stress more than 70 years ago and living to a very old age.
- MeSH
- adaptace psychologická fyziologie MeSH
- dospělé děti * MeSH
- dospělí traumatizovaní v dětství * MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- holocaust * MeSH
- homeostáza telomer fyziologie MeSH
- kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- posttraumatická stresová porucha * metabolismus patofyziologie MeSH
- přežívající * MeSH
- psychický stres * metabolismus patofyziologie MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- stárnutí fyziologie MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- zkracování telomer fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Efficient soil exploration by roots represents an important target for crop improvement and food security [1, 2]. Lateral root (LR) formation is a key trait for optimizing soil foraging for crucial resources such as water and nutrients. Here, we report an adaptive response termed xerobranching, exhibited by cereal roots, that represses branching when root tips are not in contact with wet soil. Non-invasive X-ray microCT imaging revealed that cereal roots rapidly repress LR formation as they enter an air space within a soil profile and are no longer in contact with water. Transcript profiling of cereal root tips revealed that transient water deficit triggers the abscisic acid (ABA) response pathway. In agreement with this, exogenous ABA treatment can mimic repression of LR formation under transient water deficit. Genetic analysis in Arabidopsis revealed that ABA repression of LR formation requires the PYR/PYL/RCAR-dependent signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that ABA acts as the key signal regulating xerobranching. We conclude that this new ABA-dependent adaptive mechanism allows roots to rapidly respond to changes in water availability in their local micro-environment and to use internal resources efficiently.
- MeSH
- adaptace psychologická fyziologie MeSH
- Arabidopsis genetika MeSH
- geneticky modifikované rostliny MeSH
- jedlá semena růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- kořeny rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina abscisová metabolismus MeSH
- meristém metabolismus MeSH
- organogeneze rostlin MeSH
- proteiny huseníčku genetika metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin genetika MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce MeSH
- transkripční faktory metabolismus MeSH
- voda metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Výzkumné šetření má tři hlavní cíle, které se zaměřují na hledání souvislostí mezi vybranými copingovými strategiemi a partnerskou spokojeností. Na základě prostudovaných zdrojů bylo stanoveno 10 výzkumných hypotéz. Výzkumný soubor tvořilo 60 respondentů (30 párů). Jednalo se o onkologické pacienty a jejich intimní partnery. Data byla získávána prostřednictvím vytvořeného dotazníku. První část byla zaměřena na zjišťování vybraných sociodemografických údajů. Další část byla tvořena položkami z metody WOC-CA (Dunkel-Schetter et al., 1992) určenými k měření copingových strategií. Třetí část tvořily položky z metody DAS (Spanier, 1976) pro měření partnerské spokojenosti. Na základě statistické analýzy se nepodařilo potvrdit stanovené předpoklady
The research has three main objectives which focuse on finding links between chosen coping strategies and relationship satisfaction. Ten hypotheses were determined on the basis of literary sources. The research sample consisted of 60 respondents (30 pairs). It included the oncological patients and their intimate partners. The data were collected by using questionnaires. The first part focused on the detection of the socio-demographic data. The second part was made up of items from the method WOC-CA (Dunkel-Schetter et al., 1992) designed to measure coping strategies. The third section included items of method DAS (Spanier, 1976) for measuring relationship satisfaction. The statistical analysis was not able to confirm the research assumptions.
- MeSH
- adaptace psychologická fyziologie MeSH
- interpersonální vztahy MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory * epidemiologie psychologie MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- sociální opora MeSH
- sociální prostředí MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
Interpersonal trust among team members is an important phenomenon influencing working relationships and performance outcomes. However, there is a lack of empirical studies investigating the development of trust with respect to behavioural and environmental factors in a group of strangers. This exploratory, mixed method study investigated the development of two-dimensional interpersonal trust (affective and cognitive) and team cohesion in a newly formed temporary team of novice adults during a seven-day sail training programme. A descriptive longitudinal case study approach was adopted in the current study. Seven crew members completed the standardised psychometric questionnaires and were interviewed during the voyage. Results suggested that the development of trust occurs over three phases; 1) initial perception of shared identity, 2) early trust and 3) two dimensional trust comprising cognitive and affective dimensions. Distinct antecedents for the development of trust at each stage were identified and the importance of the competence-oriented subcomponent of cognitive trust within this challenging environmental context was highlighted. Exploratory interpretation suggests some overlap in the antecedents of interpersonal trust and team cohesion. However, further longitudinal research must examine this relationship and establish corroborative evidence for the model of trust. This research can impact on practitioners leading programmes to better understand how trust can develop over time, and offers a pragmatic approach to investigations in real world contexts.
- MeSH
- adaptace psychologická fyziologie MeSH
- důvěra psychologie MeSH
- fyzická vytrvalost fyziologie MeSH
- interpersonální vztahy * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lodě MeSH
- oceány a moře MeSH
- psychická odolnost MeSH
- sporty * fyziologie výchova MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- oceány a moře MeSH
We previously demonstrated that predictive motor timing (i.e., timing requiring visuomotor coordination in anticipation of a future event, such as catching or batting a ball) is impaired in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) types 6 and 8 relative to healthy controls. Specifically, SCA patients had difficulties postponing their motor response while estimating the target kinematics. This behavioral difference relied on the activation of both cerebellum and striatum in healthy controls, but not in cerebellar patients, despite both groups activating certain parts of cerebellum during the task. However, the role of these two key structures in the dynamic adaptation of the motor timing to target kinematic properties remained unexplored. In the current paper, we analyzed these data with the aim of characterizing the trial-by-trial changes in brain activation. We found that in healthy controls alone, and in comparison with SCA patients, the activation in bilateral striatum was exclusively associated with past successes and that in the left putamen, with maintaining a successful performance across successive trials. In healthy controls, relative to SCA patients, a larger network was involved in maintaining a successful trial-by-trial strategy; this included cerebellum and fronto-parieto-temporo-occipital regions that are typically part of attentional network and action monitoring. Cerebellum was also part of a network of regions activated when healthy participants postponed their motor response from one trial to the next; SCA patients showed reduced activation relative to healthy controls in both cerebellum and striatum in the same contrast. These findings support the idea that cerebellum and striatum play complementary roles in the trial-by-trial adaptation in predictive motor timing. In addition to expanding our knowledge of brain structures involved in time processing, our results have implications for the understanding of BG disorders, such as Parkinson disease where feedback processing or reward learning is affected.
- MeSH
- adaptace psychologická fyziologie MeSH
- bazální ganglia diagnostické zobrazování fyziologie patofyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lineární modely MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mapování mozku MeSH
- mozeček diagnostické zobrazování fyziologie patofyziologie MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy MeSH
- pohybová aktivita fyziologie MeSH
- spinocerebelární ataxie diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie psychologie MeSH
- vnímání času fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- coping - dosažení psychické rovnováhy a adaptace v náročných podmínkách, DECB - Dotazník efektivního copingu bolesti,
- MeSH
- adaptace psychologická * fyziologie klasifikace účinky léků MeSH
- afektivní symptomy diagnóza etiologie terapie MeSH
- behaviorální výzkum * metody normy MeSH
- chronická bolest * prevence a kontrola psychologie terapie MeSH
- deprese diagnóza etiologie terapie MeSH
- duševní poruchy terapie MeSH
- kognitivně behaviorální terapie metody MeSH
- kognitivní věda metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky klasifikace normy využití MeSH
- psychický stres prevence a kontrola psychologie terapie MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- úzkost diagnóza etiologie terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- sportovní příprava dětí, ranná specializace, všestrannost,
- MeSH
- adaptace psychologická fyziologie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- fyziologická adaptace fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nadání fyziologie klasifikace MeSH
- sportovní výkon * MeSH
- sporty fyziologie psychologie MeSH
- tělesná výchova metody trendy MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
Uniformná terapia stresu nie je možná, pretože stres je vysoko špecifická odpoveď organizmu na záťaž a je variabilná u každého jedinca. Chronické pôsobenie intenzívnych stresových situácií indukuje a urýchľuje rozvoj psychických ochorení. Pozitívne zvládanie stresových situácií dokáže minimalizovať alebo úplne odvrátiť škodlivé vplyvy, zatiaľ čo negatívne zvládanie stresových situácií môže prispieť k rozvoju depresie, úzkostných porúch či iných ochorení. Jedna z novších teórií, alostatická teória stresu, definuje alostázu ako udržiavanie stability (alebo homeostázy) prostredníctvom zmeny. Pokiaľ sa organizmus nedokáže so zmenami vnútornej stability efektívne vyrovnať, dochádza k stavu nazývanom nadmerná alostatická záťaž. Alostatickú záťaž možno merať pomocou indexu vypočítaného z niekoľkých neuroendokrinných, metabolických, kardiovaskulárnych a antropometrických parametrov. Meranie parametrov zahrnutých v alostatickom indexe je však v bežnej praxi často zložité a odporúčaný charakter meraných veličín ako aj ich počet je u rôznych autorov rôzny. Doterajšie poznatky jednoznačne dokazujú, že stres ako odpoveď organizmu na záťaž nie je potrebné liečiť, je treba predchádzať jeho negatívnym dôsledkom.
A general treatment of stress is not possible because stress is a highly specific response to different stimuli and it is variable in each individual. It is well known that chronic exposure to intensive stress situations may induce or speed up the development of psychiatric disorders. Positive stress coping can reduce or prevent negative consequences, while inadequate stress coping contributes to the development of disease states, such as affective and anxiety disorders. One of the latest concepts of stress is the allostatic theory. It defines allostasis as a process achieving stability (homeostasis) through change. When the individual is challenged repeatedly or when the allostatic systems remain turned on when no longer needed, it can produce a wear and tear on the body that has been termed „allostatic load“. Allostatic load can be evaluated by an index which is calculated from several neuroendocrine, metabolic, cardiovascular and anthropometric parameters. However, there is no unequivocal recommendation as to the nature and the number of parameters to be considered in the allostatic load index and measurement of these parameters is often complicated under clinical conditions. Current research provide evidence suggesting that the pharmacological treatment of the stress response, which is an unequivocal requirement for dealing with demanding situations, is not desirable. Instead, we should focus on the prevention of its negative consequences.
- MeSH
- adaptace psychologická * fyziologie MeSH
- alostáza * fyziologie MeSH
- biologické markery MeSH
- interpersonální vztahy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- osobnost MeSH
- psychický stres * klasifikace patofyziologie psychologie MeSH
- sociální přizpůsobení MeSH
- systém hypofýza - nadledviny fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
