First-degree relatives of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (SZ-FDRs) show similar patterns of brain abnormalities and cognitive alterations to patients, albeit with smaller effect sizes. First-degree relatives of patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD-FDRs) show divergent patterns; on average, intracranial volume is larger compared to controls, and findings on cognitive alterations in BD-FDRs are inconsistent. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of global and regional brain measures (cortical and subcortical), current IQ, and educational attainment in 5,795 individuals (1,103 SZ-FDRs, 867 BD-FDRs, 2,190 controls, 942 schizophrenia patients, 693 bipolar patients) from 36 schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder family cohorts, with standardized methods. Compared to controls, SZ-FDRs showed a pattern of widespread thinner cortex, while BD-FDRs had widespread larger cortical surface area. IQ was lower in SZ-FDRs (d = -0.42, p = 3 × 10-5 ), with weak evidence of IQ reductions among BD-FDRs (d = -0.23, p = .045). Both relative groups had similar educational attainment compared to controls. When adjusting for IQ or educational attainment, the group-effects on brain measures changed, albeit modestly. Changes were in the expected direction, with less pronounced brain abnormalities in SZ-FDRs and more pronounced effects in BD-FDRs. To conclude, SZ-FDRs and BD-FDRs show a differential pattern of structural brain abnormalities. In contrast, both had lower IQ scores and similar school achievements compared to controls. Given that brain differences between SZ-FDRs and BD-FDRs remain after adjusting for IQ or educational attainment, we suggest that differential brain developmental processes underlying predisposition for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder are likely independent of general cognitive impairment.
- MeSH
- bipolární porucha komplikace diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- genetická predispozice k nemoci * MeSH
- inteligence fyziologie MeSH
- kognitivní dysfunkce diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- neurozobrazování * MeSH
- rodina MeSH
- schizofrenie komplikace diagnostické zobrazování etiologie patologie MeSH
- stupeň vzdělání * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- metaanalýza MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
INTRODUCTION: Taking microdoses (a mere fraction of normal doses) of psychedelic substances, such as truffles, recently gained popularity, as it allegedly has multiple beneficial effects including creativity and problem-solving performance, potentially through targeting serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors and promoting cognitive flexibility, crucial to creative thinking. Nevertheless, enhancing effects of microdosing remain anecdotal, and in the absence of quantitative research on microdosing psychedelics, it is impossible to draw definitive conclusions on that matter. Here, our main aim was to quantitatively explore the cognitive-enhancing potential of microdosing psychedelics in healthy adults. METHODS: During a microdosing event organized by the Dutch Psychedelic Society, we examined the effects of psychedelic truffles (which were later analyzed to quantify active psychedelic alkaloids) on two creativity-related problem-solving tasks: the Picture Concept Task assessing convergent thinking and the Alternative Uses Task assessing divergent thinking. A short version of the Ravens Progressive Matrices task assessed potential changes in fluid intelligence. We tested once before taking a microdose and once while the effects were expected to be manifested. RESULTS: We found that both convergent and divergent thinking performance was improved after a non-blinded microdose, whereas fluid intelligence was unaffected. CONCLUSION: While this study provides quantitative support for the cognitive-enhancing properties of microdosing psychedelics, future research has to confirm these preliminary findings in more rigorous placebo-controlled study designs. Based on these preliminary results, we speculate that psychedelics might affect cognitive metacontrol policies by optimizing the balance between cognitive persistence and flexibility. We hope this study will motivate future microdosing studies with more controlled designs to test this hypothesis.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- halucinogeny aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- inteligence účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- inteligenční testy MeSH
- klinické zkoušky, fáze I jako téma MeSH
- kreativita * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- motivace účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- myšlení účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- nootropní látky aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- řešení problému účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- světelná stimulace metody MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky, fáze I MeSH
- pragmatická klinická studie MeSH
- MeSH
- bílá hmota anatomie a histologie MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- inteligence * fyziologie genetika klasifikace MeSH
- inteligenční testy statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozek anatomie a histologie MeSH
- nervová síť anatomie a histologie MeSH
- šedá hmota anatomie a histologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- novinové články MeSH
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- inteligence * fyziologie MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- matky * MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- následné studie MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- štítná žláza * fyziologie MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- testy funkce štítné žlázy statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- vývoj dítěte * fyziologie MeSH
- zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice * epidemiologie krev psychologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- souhrny MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Dánsko MeSH
Previous research has shown mixed results for the ability of working memory training to improve fluid intelligence. The aims of this study were first to replicate these improvements, and then to explore the moderating role of Personality Systems Interaction (PSI) personality factors. By using three different training methods and an active-contact control group, we examined the effects of 25 days of cognitive training on 142 participants. After examining our results in context of PSI theory, we found that different training methods yielded different IQ gains in participants, depending on their personality styles. In addition, these correlations suggested a meaningful pattern, indicating that PSI theory may be able to account for the different outcomes of cognitive training studies. Our findings may facilitate tailor-made cognitive training interventions in the future, and can contribute to explaining the mechanisms underlying the far transfer of working memory training to fluid intelligence.
Intenzívny výskum v posledných rokoch priniesol množstvo zaujímavých dôkazov o rozmanitosti účinkov testosterónu. Pohľad na testosterón sa tým podstatne rozšíril. Okrem všeobecne známych účinkov na morfológiu a sexuálne charakteristiky sa do popredia dostáva aj jeho vplyv na kognitívne charakteristiky, správanie a intelekt v prenatálnom aj postnatálnom období. Úloha steroidných hormónov bola jednoznačne preukázaná v množstve procesov esenciálnych pre architektúru mozgu a jeho fungovanie. Táto práca prináša prehľad vybraných poznatkov o tom, ako testosterón organizuje mozog prenatálne a aktivuje jeho fungovanie postnatálne. Vplyv testosterónu je sledovaný vo vzťahu k rozmanitým psychologickým, behaviorálnym či sociálnym charakteristikám. Prehľad je zameraný najmä na zhrnutie poznatkov o vplyve testosterónu a jeho metabolizmu na vybrané kognitívne charakteristiky (najmä priestorové a verbálne schopnosti, systemizácia, empatia). Predstavuje tiež testosterón ako možný etiologický faktor intelektového nadania.
The intensive research in the last years brought a lot of interesting evidence concerning the variety of effects of testosterone. The view on testosterone was thus substantially broadened. Except of generally known effects on morphology and sexual characteristics, its influence on cognitive characteristics, behavior, and intellect in both the prenatal and postnatal period gets to the foreground. The role of steroid hormones was unambiguously proved in many processes essential for the brain architecture and its functioning. The paper brings the overview of selected findings about testosterone organizing the brain in the prenatal period and activating its functioning in the postnatal period. The influence of testosterone is followed in the relation to diverse psychological, behavioral, and social characteristics. The overview focuses especially on summing up the knowledge about the influence of testosterone and its metabolism on selected cognitive characteristics (namely spatial and verbal abilities, systemization, empathy). It presents testosterone also as a possible etiological factor of intellect endowment.
- Klíčová slova
- genialita,
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- empatie fyziologie MeSH
- inteligence * fyziologie MeSH
- kognice * fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozek fyziologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- nadání fyziologie MeSH
- prostorové chování fyziologie MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- testosteron * fyziologie MeSH
- verbální chování fyziologie MeSH
- vývoj dítěte fyziologie MeSH
- vývoj plodu fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- dítě postižených rodičů * klasifikace psychologie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- epidemiologické studie MeSH
- hypotyreóza * diagnóza epidemiologie komplikace MeSH
- inteligence fyziologie MeSH
- komplikace těhotenství * etiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- reakční čas * fyziologie MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- thyroxin krev MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- souhrny MeSH
BACKGROUND: Surgical therapy of intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is an effective and well-established treatment. OBJECTIVES: We compared two different surgical approaches, standard microsurgical anterior temporal resection (ATL) and stereotactic radiofrequency amygdalohippocampectomy (SAHE) for MTLE, with respect to the extent of resection or destruction, clinical outcomes, and complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 75 MTLE patients were included: 41 treated by SAHE (11 right sided, 30 left sided) and 34 treated by ATL (21 right sided, 13 left sided). RESULTS: SAHE and ATL seizure control were comparable (Engel I in 75.6 and 76.5% 2 years after surgery and 79.3 and 76.5% 5 years after procedures, respectively). The neuropsychological results of SAHE patients were better than in ATL. In SAHE patients, no memory deficit was found. Hippocampal (60.6 ± 18.7%) and amygdalar (50.3 ± 21.9%) volume reduction by SAHE was significantly lower than by ATL (86.0 ± 12.7% and 80.2 ± 20.9%, respectively). The overall rate of surgical nonsilent complications without permanent neurological deficit after ATL was 11.8%, and another 8.8% silent infarctions were found on MRI. The rate of clinically manifest complications after SAHE was 4.9%. The rate of visual field defects after SAHE was expectably less frequent than after ATL. CONCLUSION: Seizure control by SAHE was comparable to ATL. However, SAHE was safer with better neuropsychological results.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- epilepsie temporálního laloku psychologie chirurgie MeSH
- inteligence fyziologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy MeSH
- paměť fyziologie MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- spánkový lalok chirurgie MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- záchvaty psychologie chirurgie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Objectives. The paper focuses on the concept of theory of mind and its relationship with the environment in which children grow up. Study 1 examines the relationship between institutional care and theory of mind. Study 2 investigates the relationship between how innovative a nursery is and the level of theory of mind of the children who attend it. Sample and setting. The sample consisted of six-years-olds in both studies. In Study 1, children living in children‘s homes (N = 22) were compared with children living with their own families (N = 33). In Study 2, children (N = 25) who attended traditional nursery schools were compared with children (N = 16) who attended innovative nursery schools. The children were tested using the Scale of Theory of Mind and four subtests of the WISC. Hypotheses. In Study 1, the type of care (institutional vs. familial) that children experienced was expected to predict their level of theory of mind. In Study 2, it was hypothesised that children attending innovative nurseries would be more successful in tasks associated with theory of mind for emotions than children attending traditional nurseries. Statistical analyses. The hypotheses were tested using chi-square tests, t-tests, and linear regression models. Results. In Study 1, the type of care that children experienced was found to predict their level of theory of mind. Children living with their families scored higher on some of the theory of mind tasks than children growing up in children’s homes. In Study 2, as predicted, children from the two types of nursery schools differed only in a task which tested theory of mind for emotions; they did not differ in any other task. Based on these results, it is proposed that innovative nurseries do not foster the development of theory of mind per se, but rather the ability to manage emotions. Study limitation. The limitation of the study is that each group of participants was tested by a different researcher. To prevent this from affecting the outcome of the study, tight standardization of administration was employed.
- MeSH
- dítě v ústavní péči klasifikace psychologie výchova MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- emoční inteligence fyziologie klasifikace MeSH
- inteligence fyziologie klasifikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- rodina MeSH
- školky MeSH
- teorie mysli * fyziologie MeSH
- výchova dítěte * psychologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
BACKGROUND: Cortisol, along with other hormones of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, belongs to one of the main factors influencing psychological and pathognomic factors, intelligence, and memory. METHODS: The aim of our study was to review a large battery of psychological, performance, IQ and memory tests as to their relation with cortisol, testosterone and estrogen levels in groups of 100 men and 93 women who attended the Central Military Hospital in Prague for regular entrance psychological examinations for military personnel. RESULTS: In men, we detected positive correlations between cortisol and emotional lability, and negative correlations with impulsivity, while in women hypochondria and psychopathology were negatively correlated, and aggression measured with the Meili selective memory test had a positive relation to cortisol level. Testosterone correlated positively with emotional liability and negatively with impulsivity in men, and negatively with hypochondria and psychasteny, indirect aggression, irritability and paranoia in women. Estradiol correlated positively with psychopathology in men, and negatively with phobia. It was positively correlated with negativism in women. No clear correlation was observed between the concentration of steroid hormones and psychomotor performance or intelligence. CONCLUSIONS: Concentrations of steroid hormones correlate with results of several psychological tests, the sign and magnitude of these correlations, however, very often differ in military men and women.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- duševní poruchy krev patofyziologie MeSH
- estrogeny krev fyziologie MeSH
- hydrokortison krev fyziologie MeSH
- inteligence fyziologie MeSH
- inteligenční testy statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ozbrojené síly psychologie statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- paměť fyziologie MeSH
- psychiatrické posuzovací škály statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- psychomotorický výkon fyziologie MeSH
- testosteron krev fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
