PURPOSE: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) recommendations differ between the 2018 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) and 2019 European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society (ESC/EAS) guidelines for patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) (< 70 vs. < 55 mg/dl, respectively). In the DA VINCI study, residual cardiovascular risk was predicted in ASCVD patients. The extent to which relative and absolute risk might be lowered by achieving ACC/AHA versus ESC/EAS LDL-C recommended approaches was simulated. METHODS: DA VINCI was a cross-sectional observational study of patients prescribed lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) across 18 European countries. Ten-year cardiovascular risk (CVR) was predicted among ASCVD patients receiving stabilized LLT. For patients with LDL-C ≥ 70 mg/dl, the absolute LDL-C reduction required to achieve an LDL-C of < 70 or < 55 mg/dl (LDL-C of 69 or 54 mg/dl, respectively) was calculated. Relative and absolute risk reductions (RRRs and ARRs) were simulated. RESULTS: Of the 2039 patients, 61% did not achieve LDL-C < 70 mg/dl. For patients with LDL-C ≥ 70 mg/dl, median (interquartile range) baseline LDL-C and 10-year CVR were 93 (81-115) mg/dl and 32% (25-43%), respectively. Median LDL-C reductions of 24 (12-46) and 39 (27-91) mg/dl were needed to achieve an LDL-C of 69 and 54 mg/dl, respectively. Attaining ACC/AHA or ESC/EAS goals resulted in simulated RRRs of 14% (7-25%) and 22% (15-32%), respectively, and ARRs of 4% (2-7%) and 6% (4-9%), respectively. CONCLUSION: In ASCVD patients, achieving ESC/EAS LDL-C goals could result in a 2% additional ARR over 10 years versus the ACC/AHA approach.

• MeSH
• ateroskleróza * diagnóza   farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• chování snižující riziko MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci * diagnóza   epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• LDL-cholesterol MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• statiny * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

V rokoch 2017 a 2018 boli publikované výsledky dvoch veľkých kardiovaskulárnych štúdií s inhibítormi pro-proteín konvertázy subtilizín-kexín typu 9 (PCSK9i), ktoré potvrdili klinické výhody ich použitia u pacientov s vysokým rizikom rozvoja kardiovaskulárnych ochorení podmienených aterosklerózou (Atherosclerosis-related Cardio-Vascular Disease - ASCVD). Súhrnná analýza výsledkov štúdie FOURIER (Further cardiovascular OUtcomes Research with PCSK9 Inhibition in subjects with Elevated Risk) s evolokumabom bola publikovaná v NEJM [1]. V marci 2018 po čas kongresu ACC (American College of Cardiology) v Orlande boli prezentované výsledky štúdie ODYSSEY Outcomes (Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcomes after an Acute Coronary Syndrome during Treatment with Alirocumab) s alirokumabom [2,3]. Aj keď existuje množstvo otvorených otázok, výsledky obidvoch štúdií potvrdzujú, že ďalšie znižovanie LDL-cholesterolu (LDL-C) vedie k zníženiu reziduálneho rizika ASCVD u vysokorizikových pacientov a doslova menia hypotézu týkajúcu sa LDL-C "čím nižšie tým lepšie" na realitu a potrebu každodenného života. V klinickej praxi však pridanie PCSK9i musíme vždy dôkladne zvážiť. V sekundárnej prevencii v prvej línii ostáva intenzívna statínová liečba s ezetimibom súčasne so zmenou životného štýlu. PCSK9i pridávame pacientom, u ktorých pretrváva LDL-C ≥1,8 mmol/l.

In the years 2017 and 2018, the results of two large cardiovascular trials with inhibitors of pro-protein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9i) were published and confirmed the clinical benefits of their use in patients at high risk of developing atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). A summary analysis of FOURIER (Evolutionary Cardiovascular Outcomes Research with PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects with Elevated Risk) study was published in NEJM [1]. In March 2018, during the ACC Congress in Orlando, the results of the ODYSSEY Outcomes Study (Assessment of Cardiovascular Outcomes after an Acute Coronary Syndrome during Treatment with Alirocumab) were presented [2,3]. Although there are a number of open questions, the results of the trials confirm that further reduction of LDL-C leads to a reduction in the residual risk of ASCVD in high-risk patients and changes the hypothesis on LDL-C "the lower is better" to reality and the need for everyday life. In clinical practice, however, we must always carefully consider adding PCSK9i. In secondary prevention in the first line intensive statin treatment with ezetimibe and lifestyle changes remains. PCSK9i is added to patients with LDL-C ≥ 1.8 mmol/l.

• Klíčová slova
• studie FOURIER, studie ODYSSEY OUTCOMES,
• MeSH
• ezetimib aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci farmakoterapie   MeSH
• klinické zkoušky jako téma MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• PCSK9 inhibitory MeSH
• proproteinkonvertasa subtilisin/kexin typu 9 aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• statiny MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

The inverse relationship between low plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations and increased risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) is well-known. However, plasma HDL-C concentrations are highly variable in subjects with ASCVD. In clinical outcome trials, pharmacotherapies that increase HDL-C concentrations are not associated with a reduction in ASCVD events. A causal relationship between HDL-C and ASCVD has also been questioned by Mendelian randomization studies and genome-wide association studies of genetic variants associated with plasma HDL-C concentrations. The U-shaped association between plasma HDL-C concentrations and mortality observed in several epidemiological studies implicates both low and very high plasma HDL-C concentrations in the etiology of ASCVD and non- ASCVD mortality. These data do not collectively support a causal association between HDL-C and ASCVD risk. Therefore, the hypothesis concerning the association between HDL and ASCVD has shifted from focus on plasma concentrations to the concept of functionality, in particular cellular cholesterol efflux and HDL holoparticle transport. In this review, we focus on these new concepts and provide a new framework for understanding and testing the role of HDL in ASCVD.

• MeSH
• ateroskleróza * MeSH
• celogenomová asociační studie MeSH
• cholesterol MeSH
• HDL-cholesterol MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The treatment of lipid disorders begins with lifestyle therapy to improve nutrition, physical activity, weight, and other factors that affect lipids. Secondary causes of lipid disorders should be addressed, and pharmacologic therapy initiated based on a patient's risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Patients at extreme ASCVD risk should be treated with high-intensity statin therapy to achieve a goal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) of <55 mg/dL, and those at very high ASCVD risk should be treated to achieve LDL-C <70 mg/dL. Treatment for moderate and high ASCVD risk patients may begin with a moderate-intensity statin to achieve an LDL-C <100 mg/dL, while the LDL-C goal is <130 mg/dL for those at low risk. In all cases, treatment should be intensified, including the addition of other LDL-C-lowering agents (i.e., proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors, ezetimibe, colesevelam, or bempedoic acid) as needed to achieve treatment goals. When targeting triglyceride levels, the desirable goal is <150 mg/dL. Statin therapy should be combined with a fibrate, prescription-grade omega-3 fatty acid, and/or niacin to reduce triglycerides in all patients with triglycerides ≥500 mg/dL, and icosapent ethyl should be added to a statin in any patient with established ASCVD or diabetes with ≥2 ASCVD risk factors and triglycerides between 135 and 499 mg/dL to prevent ASCVD events. Management of additional risk factors such as elevated lipoprotein(a) and statin intolerance is also described.

• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• anticholesteremika * MeSH
• dyslipidemie * farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• endokrinologové MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci * epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• konsensus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• statiny * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

Introduction: Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) are at increased risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Aim of study: To perform a retrospective analysis of data to assess the effects of individual lipoproteins and other risk factors (RFs) on the development of ASCVD and to compare these parameters in individuals with versus without ASCVD. Patients and methods: Our study group included a total of 1,236 patients with FH (395 men and 841 women with a mean age of 44.8 ± 16.7 years) attending a single lipid clinic. The diagnosis of FH was established using the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network score (DLCN). Among the 1236 FH patients, 1,008 of them [854 suspected with LDL receptor-mediated FH and 154 with familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 (FDB)] were genetically analysed. Their RFs were assessed based on the patients' clinical characteristics. Results: While patients with ASCVD had higher baseline LDL-C, TC, TG and Lp(a) compared with patients without this diagnosis, this ratio was just the opposite by the follow-up. The highest statistically significant differences were seen in the baseline levels of Lp(a) and, quite surprisingly, TG. Except for Lp(a), the levels of all lipid parameters declined significantly over time. While the incidence of diabetes and arterial hypertension was not higher in our group compared with the general population, these patients were at a more significant risk of ASCVD. Conclusion: Familial hypercholesterolemia is a major RF for the development of ASCVD. While our analysis confirmed the important role of LDL-C, it also corroborated a strong correlation between ASCVD and other lipid parameters, and Lp(a) and TG in particular. Familial hypercholesterolemia is not the only RF and, to reduce cardiovascular risk of their patients, physicians have to search for other potential RFs. Patients diagnosed to have FH benefit from attending a specialized lipid clinic perse.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This article reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors and treatment implications of ASCVD in IBD patients. A number of processes are involved in the increased risk of ASCVD, including inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulability, platelet abnormalities, dyslipidaemia, gut microbiome abnormalities and the use of corticosteroids. While the precise pathophysiology remains complex, the management of inflammation and cardiovascular risk factors is essential to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis in IBD patients. Collaboration between gastroenterologists and preventive cardiologists is emphasised for risk factor management and promotion of disease remission.

• MeSH
• ateroskleróza * etiologie   MeSH
• biologické markery analýza   MeSH
• idiopatické střevní záněty * komplikace   patofyziologie   MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci etiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oxidační stres MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• zánět komplikace   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

BACKGROUND: The highest mortality and morbidity worldwide is associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), which has in background both environmental and genetic risk factors. Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) variability influences the risk of ASCVD in Africans, but little is known about the APOL1 and ASCVD in other ethnic groups. METHODS: To investigate the role of APOL1 and ASCVD, we have genotyped four (rs13056427, rs136147, rs10854688 and rs9610473) APOL1 polymorphisms in a group of 1541 male patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and 1338 male controls. RESULTS: Individual APOL1 polymorphisms were not associated with traditional CVD risk factors such as smoking, hypertension or diabetes prevalence, with BMI values or plasma lipid levels. Neither individual polymorphisms nor haplotypes were associated with an increased risk of ACS nor did they predict total or cardiovascular mortality over the 10.2 ± 3.9 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that APOL1 genetic variability has no major effect on risk of ACS in Caucasians.

• MeSH
• akutní koronární syndrom * genetika   MeSH
• apolipoprotein L1 * genetika   MeSH
• apolipoproteiny genetika   MeSH
• běloši genetika   MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• haplotypy MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipoproteiny HDL genetika   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

AIM: The objective was to examine the prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and its risk factors among patients with RA with diabetes mellitus (RA-DM) and patients with RA without diabetes mellitus (RAwoDM), and to evaluate lipid and blood pressure (BP) goal attainment in RA-DM and RAwoDM in primary and secondary prevention. METHODS: The cohort was derived from the Survey of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis from 53 centres/19 countries/3 continents during 2014-2019. We evaluated the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among RA-DM and RAwoDM. The study population was divided into those with and without ASCVD, and within these groups we compared risk factors and CVD preventive treatment between RA-DM and RAwoDM. RESULTS: The study population comprised of 10 543 patients with RA, of whom 1381 (13%) had DM. ASCVD was present in 26.7% in RA-DM compared with 11.6% RAwoDM (p<0.001). The proportion of patients with a diagnosis of hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and use of lipid-lowering or antihypertensive agents was higher among RA-DM than RAwoDM (p<0.001 for all). The majority of patients with ASCVD did not reach the lipid goal of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <1.8 mmol/L. The lipid goal attainment was statistically and clinically significantly higher in RA-DM compared with RAwoDM both for patients with and without ASCVD. The systolic BP target of <140 mm Hg was reached by the majority of patients, and there were no statistically nor clinically significant differences in attainment of BP targets between RA-DM and RAwoDM. CONCLUSION: CVD preventive medication use and prevalence of ASCVD were higher in RA-DM than in RAwoDM, and lipid goals were also more frequently obtained in RA-DM. Lessons may be learnt from CVD prevention programmes in DM to clinically benefit patients with RA .

• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus * farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci * epidemiologie   etiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• revmatoidní artritida * komplikace   farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• rizikové faktory kardiovaskulárních chorob MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the clinical long-term and near-term benefits of lowering cholesterol in, respectively, primary and secondary prevention of ASCVD, cholesterol levels remain under-treated, with many patients not achieving their recommended targets. The present article will review the latest updates on lipid management with emphases on the different classes of cholesterol-lowering agents and their clinical uses.

• MeSH
• anticholesteremika škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• ateroskleróza krev   diagnóza   farmakoterapie   mortalita   MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• cholesterol krev   MeSH
• chování snižující riziko MeSH
• cvičení MeSH
• dyslipidemie krev   diagnóza   farmakoterapie   mortalita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ochranné faktory MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• triglyceridy krev   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• zdravá strava MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Overweight and obesity are modifiable risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in the general population, but their prevalence in individuals with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and whether they confer additional risk of ASCVD independent of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) remains unclear. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis was conducted in 35 540 patients with HeFH across 50 countries, in the EAS FH Studies Collaboration registry. Prevalence of World Health Organization-defined body mass index categories was investigated in adults (n = 29 265) and children/adolescents (n = 6275); and their association with prevalent ASCVD. RESULTS: Globally, 52% of adults and 27% of children with HeFH were overweight or obese, with the highest prevalence noted in Northern Africa/Western Asia. A higher overweight/obesity prevalence was found in non-high-income vs. high-income countries. Median age at familial hypercholesterolaemia diagnosis in adults with obesity was 9 years older than in normal weight adults. Obesity was associated with a more atherogenic lipid profile independent of lipid-lowering medication. Prevalence of coronary artery disease increased progressively across body mass index categories in both children and adults. Compared with normal weight, obesity was associated with higher odds of coronary artery disease in children (odds ratio 9.28, 95% confidence interval 1.77-48.77, adjusted for age, sex, lipids, and lipid-lowering medication) and coronary artery disease and stroke in adults (odds ratio 2.35, 95% confidence interval 2.10-2.63 and odds ratio 1.65, 95% confidence interval 1.27-2.14, respectively), but less consistently with peripheral artery disease. Adjusting for diabetes, hypertension and smoking modestly attenuated the associations. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and obesity are common in patients with HeFH and contribute to ASCVD risk from childhood, independent of LDL-C and lipid-lowering medication. Sustained body weight management is needed to reduce the risk of ASCVD in HeFH.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• heterozygot MeSH
• hyperlipoproteinemie typ II * epidemiologie   komplikace   MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• LDL-cholesterol krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• nadváha * epidemiologie   komplikace   MeSH
• obezita * komplikace   epidemiologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• registrace * MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH