• MeSH
• Ethics, Medical MeSH
• Patient Rights MeSH
• Public Policy MeSH
• Publication type
• Guideline MeSH

• Conspectus
• Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
• NML Fields
• veřejné zdravotnictví

From the first century AD, Europe has been interested by population movements, commonly known as Barbarian migrations. Among these processes, the one involving the Longobard culture interested a vast region, but its dynamics and demographic impact remains largely unknown. Here we report 87 new complete mitochondrial sequences coming from nine early-medieval cemeteries located along the area interested by the Longobard migration (Czech Republic, Hungary and Italy). From the same areas, we sampled necropoleis characterized by cultural markers associated with the Longobard culture (LC) and coeval burials where no such markers were found, or with a chronology slightly preceding the presumed arrival of the Longobards in that region (NLC). Population genetics analysis and demographic modeling highlighted a similarity between LC individuals, as reflected by the sharing of quite rare haplogroups and by the degree of genetic resemblance between Hungarian and Italian LC necropoleis estimated via a Bayesian approach, ABC. The demographic model receiving the strongest statistical support also postulates a contact between LC and NLC communities, thus indicating a complex dynamics of admixture in medieval Europe.

• MeSH
• Bayes Theorem MeSH
• History, Medieval MeSH
• Genome, Mitochondrial genetics   MeSH
• Haplotypes genetics   MeSH
• Cemeteries MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Human Migration history   MeSH
• DNA, Mitochondrial genetics   MeSH
• DNA, Ancient analysis   MeSH
• Check Tag
• History, Medieval MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Historical Article MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH
• Italy MeSH
• Hungary MeSH

• MeSH
• Emigration and Immigration MeSH
• Human Rights MeSH
• International Cooperation MeSH
• Transients and Migrants MeSH
• Refugees MeSH
• Public Policy MeSH
• Health Status MeSH

• Conspectus
• Ústavní právo. Správní právo
• NML Fields
• lidská práva
• sociologie
• NML Publication type
• publikace WHO

• MeSH
• Staff Development MeSH
• National Health Programs MeSH
• Health Care Reform MeSH
• Health Services MeSH
• Health Personnel MeSH
• Publication type
• Collected Work MeSH

• Conspectus
• Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
• NML Fields
• veřejné zdravotnictví
• management, organizace a řízení zdravotnictví

• MeSH
• Immunity, Cellular MeSH
• Leukocyte Migration-Inhibitory Factors analysis   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Infertility, Male immunology   blood   MeSH
• Hypersensitivity, Delayed MeSH
• Antibodies MeSH
• Spermatozoa cytology   immunology   MeSH
• In Vitro Techniques MeSH
• Infertility, Female immunology   blood   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

• MeSH
• Social Welfare MeSH
• Public Policy MeSH

• Conspectus
• Sociologie
• NML Fields
• sociologie
• NML Publication type
• elektronické časopisy

Strontium and oxygen isotope analysis of human remains from the early La Tène (fourth/third century BC) Czech cemeteries of Radovesice I (RAD I), Radovesice II (RAD II), and Kutná Hora were conducted to investigate the importance of residential changes during the period of the historic "Celtic migrations". In the initial phases (LT A/B), the grave goods of these cemeteries are typical for the core area of the La Tène culture, while around 300 BC (LT B2) an alteration occurs and typical Bohemian styles arise, and connections to Moravia and the Danubian region become visible. The strontium isotope ratios are highly varied with (87) Sr/(86) Sr values between 0.7062 and 0.7153 in Radovesice, and between 0.7082 and 0.7147 in Kutná Hora. The oxygen isotope data are more homogeneous and yield δ(18) Op ratios from 14.8‰ to 17.2‰ [mean: 16.2‰ ± 0.5 (1σ)] in Radovesice, and from 14.9‰ to 17.3‰ [mean: 16.5‰ ± 0.6 (1σ)] in Kutná Hora. Because the geological properties of the landscapes around the sites are variable and complex, most of the observed variations among the strontium isotope ratios may have been caused by agricultural practices, such as regularly changing farming land. Nevertheless, there are some individuals who differ completely from the regional isotopic baseline values. This suggests that at least a small part of the community migrated, which does not seem to be correlated with any particular phase of the La Tène period. Remarkably, it is mainly males who seem to be of nonlocal origin, and particularly those who were buried as warriors. Females, on the other hand, appear to have been more closely bonded to the Bohemian region. Whether the "foreign" individuals with differing isotopic compositions came from Moravia or the Danubian region remains debatable.

• MeSH
• Anthropology, Physical MeSH
• History, Ancient MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Cemeteries MeSH
• Oxygen Isotopes analysis   MeSH
• Strontium Isotopes analysis   MeSH
• Bone and Bones chemistry   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Human Migration history   MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Radiometric Dating MeSH
• Dental Enamel chemistry   MeSH
• Check Tag
• History, Ancient MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Historical Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH

Babesióza patří mezi méně běžné, ale významné infekční onemocnění přenášené klíšťaty. Během posledních 50 let byl zaznamenán zvyšující se počet případů po celém světě, zvláště v USA. Severní část USA je endemickou oblastí, kde počet případů za poslední dekádu stoupl na 2 000 ročně. Původcem většiny těchto nákaz je v tomto regionu Babesia microti, parazit drobných hlodavců. V Evropě bylo od roku 1957 zaznamenáno 56 autochtonních případů lidské babesiózy. Většina těchto onemocnění byla způsobena druhem Babesia divergens, parazitem hovězího dobytka. Od roku 1992 bylo 13 případů nákazy B. microti importováno ze Severní Ameriky do Evropy. Onemocnění je závažné zejména pro splenektomované a imunokomprimované pacienty. Ačkoli nejvýznamnějším přenašečem infekce babesií v Evropě je klíště Ixodes ricinus, byl přenos infekce u řady pacientů způsoben krevní transfuzí, která pro oslabené jedince může končit fatálně. Diagnóza babesiózy se opírá o identifikaci intraerytrocytárních parazitů v krevním roztěru, detekcí DNA babesie testy PCR a stanovením protilátek sérologickými metodami a imunofluorescencí. Onemocnění se léčí antibiotiky (azithromycin, při těžkém průběhu clindamycin) a chininem. Zvýšený nárůst humánní babesiózy je dán nejen změnami klimatu a aktivity klíšťat, pobytem lidí v přírodě a zvýšenou migrací lidí, ale významnou úlohu zde hraje i rozvoj molekulárních metod a rostoucí povědomí o tomto onemocnění.

Babesiosis is a less common but important tick-borne infectious disease. Over the last 50 years, an increasing number of cases have been reported worldwide, especially in the USA. The northern part of the US is an endemic area where the incidence has risen to 2,000 cases per year in the last decade. Babesia microti, a parasite of small rodents, is the cause of most of these infections in that region. In Europe, 56 autochthonous cases of human babesiosis have been reported since 1957. Most of them were caused by the species Babesia divergens, a parasite of cattle. Since 1992, 13 cases of B. microti infection have been imported from North America into Europe. The disease is serious especially for splenectomised and immunocompromised patients. Although the most important vector of babesiosis in Europe is the tick Ixodes ricinus, infection was transmitted through blood transfusion in number of patients, which can be fatal for immunosuppressed patients. The diagnosis of babesiosis is based on the identification of intraerythrocytic parasites in a blood smear, PCR detection of Babesia DNA, and determination of antibodies by serology and immunofluorescence assays. The disease is treated with antibiotics (azithromycin or clindamycin in a severe course of the disease) and quinine. The increase in human babesiosis is not only due to climate change and tick activity, outdoor leisure activities, and increased human migration, but an important role is also played by improved molecular methods and growing awareness of the disease.

• MeSH
• Babesia microti microbiology   pathogenicity   MeSH
• Babesia classification   microbiology   pathogenicity   MeSH
• Babesiosis * diagnosis   epidemiology   drug therapy   microbiology   transmission   MeSH
• Incidence MeSH
• Disease Vectors MeSH
• Ixodes microbiology   parasitology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH
• United States MeSH

• MeSH
• Immunity, Cellular MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Cell Migration Inhibition MeSH
• Leukocytes MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Lymphokines MeSH
• Melanoma immunology   MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• In Vitro Techniques MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Aged MeSH

Mateřské mléko bylo považováno za sterilní. Avšak nedávné studie ukázaly, že obsahuje velké množství bakterií, z nichž některé by mohly sloužit jako první probiotikum pro novorozence. K dispozici jsou dvě hypotézy, jak se bakterie dostávají do prsní žlázy: kontaminace a/nebo aktivní migrace. Lepší pochopení, jak vzniká mikrobiota mateřského mléka a zda má nějakou potenciální úlohu, by mělo být předmětem budoucího zkoumání.

Human milk has been considered sterile. However, recent studies have shown that it contains a lot of bacteria, which some of them could be first probiotics for newborns. There are two hypotheses how bacteria can reach the mammary gland: contamination and/or active migration. Better understanding microbiota of human milk, its creation and its potential role should be aim of future investigation.

• Keywords
• bakteriální diverzita, aktivní migrace bakterií, kontaminace mateřského mléka bakteriemi,
• MeSH
• Bacteria classification   MeSH
• Biodiversity MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Breast Feeding MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Milk, Human * microbiology   MeSH
• Microbiota * MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Cell Movement MeSH
• Probiotics * MeSH
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome MeSH
• Mouth Mucosa microbiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Infant MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH