Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of microscopic filamentous fungi. With regard to the widespread distribution of fungi in the environment, mycotoxins are considered to be one of the most important natural contaminants in foods and feeds. To protect consumers' health and reduce economic losses, surveillance and control of mycotoxins in food and feed has become a major objective for producers, regulatory authorities, and researchers worldwide. In this context, availability of reliable analytical methods applicable for this purpose is essential. Since the variety of chemical structures of mycotoxins makes impossible to use one single technique for their analysis, a vast number of analytical methods has been developed and validated. Both a large variability of food matrices and growing demands for a fast, cost-saving and accurate determination of multiple mycotoxins by a single method outline new challenges for analytical research. This strong effort is facilitated by technical developments in mass spectrometry allowing decreasing the influence of matrix effects in spite of omitting sample clean-up step. The current state-of-the-art together with future trends is presented in this chapter. Attention is focused mainly on instrumental method; advances in biosensors and other screening bioanalytical approaches enabling analysis of multiple mycotoxins are not discussed in detail.
- MeSH
- Food Analysis methods MeSH
- Food Contamination analysis MeSH
- Mycotoxins analysis MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Co-occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON) with other DON derivatives/metabolites and other Fusarium toxins, including zearalenone, nivalenol and as well as other mycotoxins (e.g. fumonisins) is frequently observed in food and feed. DON-3ß-glucopyranoside (DON-3-glucoside) was described as detoxification product of DON in wheat. This mycotoxin conjugate was observed in maize, barley, malt, beer and wort. Digestion of this conjugate in intestine is still unclear but due to possibility to release DON after hydrolysis is considered as potential masked mycotoxin. DON is analytically quantified by various methods and also with immunochemical methods. There is no available information about specificity of anti-DON antibodies used in commercial ELISA kits with DON-3-glucoside. Preliminary testing of anti-DON monoclonal antibodies used in ELISA kits RIDASCREEN®DON (R-Biopharm AG, Germany) approved a hypothesis that these antibodies have high relative cross reactivity with DON-3-glucoside. In two repeated tests cross reaction 82 and 98% were observed. Analytical results produced by these ELISA kits can be interpreted as an approximate sum of both mycotoxins. Described cross reactivity can lead to overestimating of DON concentration. Over these cross reactions immunochemical methods are mentioned still valuable for quantitative screening and even for an initial exposure assessment in situations when there are practical or economical reasons not to use another analytical method with a reasonable low limit of quantification (< 50 ppb).
- MeSH
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay methods utilization MeSH
- Fusarium isolation & purification MeSH
- Risk Assessment methods standards utilization MeSH
- Immunoassay methods utilization MeSH
- Immunochemistry methods standards MeSH
- Data Interpretation, Statistical MeSH
- Antibodies, Monoclonal diagnostic use MeSH
- Mycotoxins isolation & purification adverse effects toxicity MeSH
- Trichothecenes diagnostic use MeSH
- Cross Reactions immunology MeSH
Beauvericin (BEA) is a cyclic hexadepsipeptide, which derives from Cordyceps cicadae. It is also produced by Fusarium species, which are parasitic to maize, wheat, rice and other important commodities. BEA increases ion permeability in biological membranes by forming a complex with essential cations, which may affect ionic homeostasis. Its ion-complexing capability allows BEA to transport alkaline earth metal and alkali metal ions across cell membranes. Importantly, increasing lines of evidence show that BEA has an anticancer effect and can be potentially used in cancer therapeutics. Normally, BEA performs the anticancer effect due to the induced cancer cell apoptosis via a reactive oxygen species-dependent pathway. Moreover, BEA increases the intracellular Ca2+ levels and subsequently regulates the activity of a series of signalling pathways including MAPK, JAK/STAT, and NF-κB, and finally causes cancer cell apoptosis. In vivo studies further show that BEA reduces tumour volumes and weights. BEA especially targets differentiated and invasive cancer types. Currently, the anticancer activity of BEA is a hot topic; however, there is no review article to discuss the anticancer activity of BEA. Therefore, in this review, we have mainly summarized the anticancer activity of BEA and thoroughly discussed its underlying mechanisms. In addition, the human exposure risk assessment of BEA is also discussed. We hope that this review will provide further information for understanding the anticancer mechanisms of BEA.
- MeSH
- Depsipeptides pharmacology toxicity MeSH
- Fusarium chemistry MeSH
- Risk Assessment MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Mycotoxins pharmacology toxicity MeSH
- Antineoplastic Agents pharmacology toxicity MeSH
- Environmental Exposure adverse effects MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Review MeSH
Východisko. Ochratoxin A a aflatoxiny patří mezi významné mykotoxiny, toxické sekundární metabolity toxino-genních mikromycetů (plísní). Uvedené mykotoxiny jsou jako etiologičtí činitelé spojováni s celou řadou akutních a chronických onemocnění, mykotoxikóz u lidí, například balkánskou endemickou nefropatií, karcinomem jater aj. Riziko akutní toxicity ochratoxinu A a aflatoxinu B 1 je v ČR považováno obvykle za minimální, na rozdíl od pozdních toxických účinků, například karcinogenních, vyplývajících z příjmu velmi nízkých jednorázových nebo opakovaných koncentrací mykotoxinů v potravinách. Metody a výsledky. V rámci Monitoringu zdravotního stavu obyvatelstva ve vztahu k životnímu prostředí bylo vyšetřeno na obsah ochratoxinu A celkem 2206 vzorků krevních sér, z tohoto počtu bylo 2077 vzorků (94 %) pozitivních (>0,l |Xg.ť). Aritmetický průměr činil 0,28 |xg.ť, medián 0,2 |xg.ť a 90 % percentil 0,5 |xg.ť. Koncentrace ochratoxinu A se pohybovaly v rozsahu 0,1-13,7 |xg.r' séra. Dále bylo analyzováno 30 vzorků lidských ledvin na obsah ochratoxinu A, z tohoto počtu bylo 12 vzorků pozitivních (s koncentracemi ochratoxinu A >0,l ixg.kg"1), aritmetický průměr byl 0,07 ng.kg"1 a medián 0,05 ng.kg"1. V letech 1997-1998 bylo vyšetřeno 205 vzorků močí na obsah aflatoxinu Mj, z tohoto počtu bylo 118 vzorků (58 %) pozitivních (s koncentracemi ≥ 125 pg.l' moče). Závěry. Po přepočtení na koncentraci kreatininu v moči činil aritmetický průměr 391 pgg ' kreatininu, medián 127 pg.g"1,90% percentil byl 585 pg.g"1. Koncentrace aflatoxinu Mj se pohybovaly v rozsahu 19-19 219 pg.g"1 kreatininu.
Background. In among mycotoxins, secondary metabolites of toxinogenic moulds, ochratoxin A and aflatoxins occupy a prominent pláce. These mycotoxins háve been - as etiologic agents - associated with a wide numbers of acute and chronic human diseases including mycotoxicoses like Balkán endemic nephropathy oř liver cancer. While the risk of acute toxic effects of ochratoxin A and aflatoxin Bt is usually considered to be minimal in the Czech Republic, the situation is different as far as the risk of the latě toxic effects (particularly carcinogenic), which result from a single oř repeated intake of low doses of these mycotoxins from foodstuffs is concerned. Methods and Results. The presence of ochratoxin A and aflatoxins in human environment has been monitored within the program "Monitoring the health statě of the population". As for ochratoxin A, 2206 samples of blood sérum were investigated, 2077 (94 %) of them turned out to be positive (with levels >0,l |xg.l4), the average was 0,28 |xg.r\ the medián was 0,2 ixg.l"1, and the percentile (90 %) was 0,5 |xg.r\ The ochratoxin A levels ranged from 0,1 to 13,7 |xg.r' of sera. The presence of ochratoxin A was also analyzed in 30 samples of human kidneys; 12 samples were positive (with levels >0,l |xg.r'), the average was 0,07 ixg.kg"1, the medián was 0,05 |xg.kg"\ As for aflatoxins, in 1997-1998 the presence of aflatoxin Mj was investigated in 205 samples of human urine; 118 samples (58 %) were positive (with levels >125 pg.l"1 of urine). Conclusions. When calculated to a concentration of creatinine in urine, the average was 391 pg.g"1, the medián was 127 pg.g', and the percentile (90 %) was 585 pg.g'. The aflatoxin Mj levels ranged from 19 to 19 219 pg.g' of creatinine.
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungal species that have harmful effects on mammals. The aim of this study was to assess the content of mycotoxins in fresh-cut material of selected forage grass species both during and at the end of the growing season. We further assessed mycotoxin content in subsequently produced first-cutting silages with respect to the species used in this study: Lolium perenne (cv. Kentaur), Festulolium pabulare (cv. Felina), Festulolium braunii (cv. Perseus), and mixtures of these species with Festuca rubra (cv. Gondolin) or Poa pratensis (Slezanka). The mycotoxins deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and T-2 toxin were mainly detected in the fresh-cut grass material, while fumonisin and aflatoxin contents were below the detection limits. July and October were the most risky periods for mycotoxins to occur. During the cold temperatures in November and December, the occurrence of mycotoxins in fresh-cut material declined. Although June was a period with low incidence of mycotoxins in green silage, contents of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in silages from the first cutting exceeded by several times those determined in their biomass collected directly from the field. Moreover, we observed that use of preservatives or inoculants did not prevent mycotoxin production.
- MeSH
- Livestock MeSH
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay MeSH
- Risk Assessment MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Poaceae microbiology MeSH
- Mycotoxins analysis MeSH
- Food Microbiology * MeSH
- Seasons MeSH
- Silage microbiology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
Levels of lutein and a number of mycotoxins were determined in seven varieties of durum wheat (Triticum durum) and two varieties of common wheat (Triticum aestivum) in order to explore possible relationships amongst these components. Durum wheat cultivars always showed both higher lutein and mycotoxin contents than common wheat cultivars. The mycotoxins detected in both common and durum wheat cultivars were produced by the genera Fusarium, Claviceps, Alternaria and Aspergillus. Fusarium was the major producer of mycotoxins (26 mycotoxins) followed by Claviceps (14 mycotoxins), which was present only in some cultivars such as Chevalier (common wheat), Lupidur and Selyemdur (both durum wheat), Alternaria (six mycotoxins) and Aspergillus (three mycotoxins). Positive correlations between the levels of lutein and mycotoxins in durum wheat cultivars were found for the following mycotoxins: deoxynivalenol (DON), its derivative DON-3-glucoside, moniliformin, culmorin and its derivatives (5-hydroxyculmorin and 15-hydroxyculmorin).
- MeSH
- Alternaria isolation & purification MeSH
- Aspergillus isolation & purification MeSH
- Claviceps isolation & purification MeSH
- Fusarium isolation & purification MeSH
- Carotenoids analysis MeSH
- Food Contamination analysis MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Lutein analysis MeSH
- Mycotoxins analysis toxicity MeSH
- Food Microbiology MeSH
- Triticum chemistry microbiology toxicity MeSH
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
BACKGROUND: Fusarium toxins, secondary metabolites of toxinogenic Fusarium species, are found in a range of cereal grains. In this study the occurrence of the most commonest Fusarium toxins, namely nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, fusarenon-X, 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, HT-2 and T-2 toxins and zearalenone, in various barley cultivars harvested in 2005-2008 was monitored. The impact of weather, locality, fungicide treatment and barley cultivar (hulless or covered) on contamination was evaluated. The transfer of these mycotoxins into malt was assessed. RESULTS: The most prevalent toxin was DON, which was found in 83% of samples (maximum level 180 µg kg(-1)), while HT-2 was detected in 62% of samples (maximum level 716 µg kg(-1)). Using analysis of covariance, weather was found to be the key factor in all years (P < 0.001). A relationship between cultivar and contamination was confirmed only for HT-2 (P < 0.001) and T-2 (P = 0.037), with higher levels of these toxins being observed in hulless cultivars. With the exception of NIV (P = 0.008), no significant relationship was found between fungicide treatment and contamination. No distinct trend regarding DON levels in malt was found, with both decreases and increases occurring. CONCLUSION: The results show an inter-annual variation in mycotoxin occurrence in barley cultivars as well as differences in contamination of malt produced from fungicide-treated and untreated barley.
- MeSH
- Analysis of Variance MeSH
- Species Specificity MeSH
- Fusarium chemistry MeSH
- Hordeum classification microbiology MeSH
- Edible Grain microbiology MeSH
- Mycotoxins analysis MeSH
- Weather MeSH
- Food Microbiology MeSH
- Fungicides, Industrial pharmacology MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
The fate of five Fusarium toxins--deoxynivalenol (DON), sum of 15- and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (ADONs), HT-2 toxin (HT-2) representing the main trichothecenes and zearalenone (ZON) during the malting and brewing processes--was investigated. In addition to these 'free' mycotoxins, the occurrence of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3-Glc) was monitored for the first time in a beer production chain (currently, only DON and ZON are regulated). Two batches of barley, naturally infected and artificially inoculated with Fusarium spp. during the time of flowering, were used as a raw material for processing experiments. A highly sensitive procedure employing high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was validated for the analysis of 'free' Fusarium mycotoxins and DON-conjugate in all types of matrices. The method was also able to detect nivalenol (NIV), fusarenon-X (FUS-X) and T-2 toxin (T-2); nevertheless, none of these toxins was found in any of the samples. While steeping of barley grains (the first step in the malting process) apparently reduced Fusarium mycotoxin levels to below their quantification limits (5-10 microg kg(-1)), their successive accumulation occurred during germination. In malt, the content of monitored mycotoxins was higher compared with the original barley. The most significant increase was found for DON-3-Glc. During the brewing process, significant further increases in levels occurred. Concentrations of this 'masked' DON in final beers exceeded 'free' DON, while in malt grists this trichothecene was the most abundant, with the DON/DON-3-Glc ratio being approximately 5:1 in both sample series. When calculating mass balance, no significant changes were observed during brewing for ADONs. The content of DON and ZON slightly decreased by a maximum of 30%. Only traces of HT-2 were detected in some processing intermediates (wort after trub removal and green beer).
Environmental health criteria ; Vol. 11
127 s. : il.
The use of contaminated raw materials can lead to the transfer of mycotoxins into the final product, including beer. This study describes the use of the commercially available immunoaffinity column 11+Myco MS-PREP® and UPLC-MS/MS for the determination of mycotoxins in pale lager-type beers brewed in Czech Republic and other European countries. The additional aim of the work was to develop, optimize and validate this analytical method. Validation parameters such as linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision and accuracy were tested. The calibration curves were linear with correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.99) for all mycotoxins under investigation. The LOD ranged from 0.1 to 50 ng/L and LOQ from 0.4 to 167 ng/L. Recoveries of the selected analytes ranged from 72.2 to 101.1%, and the relative standard deviation under conditions repeatability (RSDr) did not exceed 16.3% for any mycotoxin. The validated procedure was successfully applied for the analysis of mycotoxins in a total of 89 beers from the retail network. The results were also processed using advanced chemometric techniques and compared with similar published studies. The toxicological impact was taken into account.
