The present study addresses the main contention of the Noticing Hypothesis that conscious attention is necessary for successful learning. Arguments are given against the strong version of the hypothesis, under which one cannot acquire new language forms without conscious attention. Foreign learners were tested on their familiarity with formulaic expressions especially selected for their low salience. Additionally, the expressions used were tested for the likelihood of attracting attention. The results suggest that despite their inconspicuousness, such expressions are part of learners' lexical representations. Students' performance was found to correlate with usage patterns found in the input, a strong indication that their lexical representations are shaped by numerous encounters with specific uses of these expressions. It is argued that conscious attention is unlikely in even most, let alone all encounters. While the importance of awareness is not debated here, this study questions conscious attention as a default condition for learning.

• MeSH
• Language * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Attention * physiology   MeSH
• Recognition, Psychology physiology   MeSH
• Learning physiology   MeSH
• Awareness physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Epizodická paměť a její porucha jsou jedním z ukazatelů vyšší pravděpodobnosti vývoje Alzheimerovy choroby mezi staršími zdravými lidmi a pacienty s mírnou kognitivní poruchou (MCI). Poruchy jsou definující charakteristikou pro amnestický typ MCI s paměťovými poruchami, bez jiných kognitivních problémů a se zachovanými aktivitami běžného života. Podle současných teoretických přístupů zahrnuje epizodická paměť časovou a prostorovou komponentu. Tato studie ověřovala hypotézu, že tyto dvě komponenty jsou v rozdílné míře ovlivněné nepaměťovými kognitivními funkcemi a také v rozdílné míře reflektované v současných klinických testech epizodické paměti. Použili jsme nově vyvinutý počítačový test paměti epizodického typu, rozlišující časovou a prostorovou komponentu a porovnali výsledky v tomto testu u kontrolní skupiny zdravých lidí a tří skupin pacientů s MCI: neamnestické MCI, amnestické MCI jednoa vícedoménové. Postiženi v testu byli pacienti s amnestickou MCI a překvapivě pacienti s neamnestickou MCI byli postiženi v paměti pro pořadí obrázků. Naše výsledky ukazují, že použité standardní testy epizodické paměti postrádají časovou komponentu, což můžže vézt k neschopnosti zaznamenat paměťový deficit u některých pacientů.

Episodic memory and its impairment is one of the markers of higher probability of progression to Alzheimer disease (AD) among healthy elderly population and among patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The impairment is a defining characteristic for amnestic type of MCI with memory dysfunction but normal other cognitive functions and intact activities of daily life. According to the current theoretical concepts, episodic memory includes temporal and spatial component. The aim of this study was to verify the hypothesis, that these two components of episodic memory are to a different degree influenced by non-memory cognitive functions and also to a different degree reflected in current clinically used episodic memory tests. We used a novel episodic-like memory test for human, distinguishing the temporal and spatial component, and compared results in this test of a group of healthy subjects and three groups of MCI patients: nonamnestic MCI, amnestic MCI single-domain and amnestic MCI multi-domain. Both amnestic MCI groups were impaired in the test. Surprisingly, the group of naMCI patients was impaired in the recall of temporal order of pictures. Our results show that the routinely used standard episodic memory tests lack the temporal component, potentially leading to failure of noticing memory impairment in some subjects.

• MeSH
• Alzheimer Disease diagnosis   MeSH
• Financing, Organized MeSH
• Cognition Disorders diagnosis   classification   MeSH
• Congresses as Topic MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neuropsychological Tests standards   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Memory Disorders diagnosis   classification   MeSH
• Regression Analysis MeSH
• Mental Recall classification   drug effects   MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Severity of Illness Index MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Aged MeSH

V souvislosti s pandemicky probíhajícím onemocněním COVID-19 neunikla většině odborné veřejnosti informace o zjištění, že původce onemocnění SARS-CoV-2 využívá při průniku do buněk protein angiotenzin konvertující enzym 2, který hraje významnou roli v systému renin-angiotenzin-aldosteron. Tato skutečnost společně se zjištěním, že se onemocnění COVID-19 častěji vyskytuje u diabetiků, hypertoniků a pacientů s kardiovaskulárním onemocněním, vedla k formulování hypotézy o potenciálním nepříznivém vlivu inhibitorů angiotenzin konvertujícího enzymu (ACE) a blokátorů receptoru AT1 pro angiotenzin II na riziko vzniku onemocnění COVID-19 a na jeho průběh. Následovala rychlá reakce řady odborných společností, které zdůrazňují jasně potvrzené přínosy této léčby a absenci vědeckých i klinických důkazů, které by opravňovaly jejich vysazování či nenasazování v kontextu onemocnění COVID-19. V průběhu posledních dvou měsíců byla publikována řada observačních studií, které konzistentně potvrzují, že uvedená léčba riziko vzniku onemocnění COVID-19 ani riziko jeho závažnějšího průběhu nezvyšuje a některé z nich naznačují, že by tato rizika mohla i snižovat. © 2020, ČKS.

In the context of an ongoing pandemic of the COVID-19, most experts have noticed that the SARS-CoV-2 enters cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protein, which plays an important role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. This, together with the finding that the COVID-19 disease is more common in patients with diabetes, high blood pressure, or cardiovascular disease, has led to the hypothesis of a potential adverse effect of ACE inhibitors and AT1-blockers on the risk of COVID-19 and its course. This was followed by a rapid response from a number of professional societies, emphasizing the clearly confirmed benefits of this treatment and the lack of scientific and clinical evidence do not justify discontinuation or avoidance of these drugs in the context of COVID-19. Over the last two months, several observational studies have consistently confirmed that this treatment does not increase the risk of developing COVID-19 or its more severe course, and some suggest that it may reduce these risks.

• MeSH
• Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers adverse effects   MeSH
• COVID-19 * etiology   mortality   MeSH
• Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors adverse effects   MeSH
• Clinical Studies as Topic MeSH
• Coronavirus Infections etiology   mortality   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Meta-Analysis as Topic MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

Fas ligand (FasL) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily involved in the activation of apoptosis. Assuming that apoptosis is initiated after tooth extraction it is reasonable to suggest that FasL may play a pivotal role in the healing of extraction sockets. Herein, we tested the hypothesis of whether the lack of FasL impairs the healing of extraction sockets. To this end, we extracted upper right incisors of FasL knockout (KO) mice and their wildtype (WT) littermates. After a healing period of two weeks, bone volume over total volume (BV/TV) via µCT and descriptive histological analyses were performed. µCT revealed that BV/TV in the coronal region of the socket amounted to 39.4% in WT and 21.8% in KO, with a significant difference between the groups (p=0.002). Likewise, in the middle region of the socket, BV/TV amounted to 50.3% in WT and 40.8% in KO (p<0.001). In the apical part, however, no difference was noticed. Consistently, WT mice displayed a significantly higher median trabecular thickness and a lower trabecular separation when compared to the KO group at the coronal and central region of the socket. There was the overall tendency that in both, female and male mice, FasL affects bone regeneration. Taken together, these findings suggest that FasL deficiency may reduce bone regeneration during the healing process of extraction sockets.

• MeSH
• Biomarkers MeSH
• Tooth Extraction * MeSH
• Wound Healing physiology   MeSH
• Immunohistochemistry MeSH
• Bone Density MeSH
• Fas Ligand Protein genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Models, Animal MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Bone Regeneration * genetics   MeSH
• X-Ray Microtomography MeSH
• Organ Size MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Mice MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Background: Until the beginning of this decade the assumption was that the Helicobacter pylori prevalence increases with the age of the population under consideration. More and more epidemiological studies have been suggestive of constancy in Helicobacter pylori prevalence, but to date there has been no long-term follow-up study in a large group of children confirming this hypothesis. Methods: Following up our study of H. pylori among school starters and 2nd graders in 1998 and 2000, we conducted a third phase of this study in 2006 using the [13C]-Urea Breath Test and a detailed parent-completed epidemiological questionnaire to evaluate the development of prevalence among the overall population of 8th graders in the city of Leipzig (n=1,905), and especially of the subgroup of participants who took part in all three study phases (n=751). Results: The overall H. pylori prevalence was 6.5% and had not significantly changed since 1998 and 2000 (6.1%, 5.7% respectively). However, we noticed a significant lower prevalence in the subgroup that participated in all study phases (2.7%). Moreover, we observed a dependence of prevalence on distribution of sociodemographic risk factors such as foreign nationality of at least one parent, birth outside of Germany, low parental education and unemployment, and ?2 older siblings. Conclusion: The variability in prevalence is most likely a result of unequal sociodemographic family backgrounds.

• MeSH
• Financing, Organized MeSH
• Helicobacter pylori MeSH
• Helicobacter Infections epidemiology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Follow-Up Studies MeSH
• Prevalence MeSH
• Socioeconomic Factors MeSH
• Age Factors MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Geographicals
• Germany MeSH

Small refractive errors present a group of specifc far-sighted refractive dispositions that are compensated by enhanced accommodative exertion and aren't exhibited by loss of the visual acuity. This paper should answer a few questions about their correction, flowing from theoretical presumptions and expectations of this dilemma. The main goal of this research was to (dis)confirm the hypothesis about convenience, efficiency and frequency of the correction that do not raise the visual acuity (or if the improvement isn't noticeable). The next goal was to examine the connection between this correction and other factors (age, size of the refractive error, etc.). The last aim was to describe the subjective personal rating of the correction of these small refractive errors, and to determine the minimal improvement of the visual acuity, that is attractive enough for the client to purchase the correction (glasses, contact lenses). It was confirmed, that there's an indispensable group of subjects with good visual acuity, where the correction is applicable, although it doesn't improve the visual acuity much. The main importance is to eliminate the asthenopia. The prime reason for acceptance of the correction is typically changing during the life, so as the accommodation is declining. Young people prefer the correction on the ground of the asthenopia, caused by small refractive error or latent strabismus; elderly people acquire the correction because of improvement of the visual acuity. Generally the correction was found useful in more than 30%, if the gain of the visual acuity was at least 0,3 of the decimal row.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Refractive Errors physiopathology   therapy   MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Visual Acuity MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Philophthalmosis is a zoonotic disease associated largely with the spread of the invasive freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata, serving as an intermediate host. Here we examined Philophthalmus gralli focal fenced infection site reported recently as being associated with Tinamus major and M. tuberculata in Alajuela, Costa Rica. Removal of the definitive hosts allowed us to address also the long-term survival strategy of the parasite. Initially, the snail intermediate hosts displayed high prevalence of P. gralli infection across all its age cohorts. Two years following the removal of definitive hosts, the infection rate decreased by one order of magnitude, while the snails aging less than one year displayed zero infection prevalence. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial (ND1) and nuclear (ITS1, ITS2) DNA loci revealed negligible intrasite DNA variability of the specimens obtained at the study site in Costa Rica (but not of those obtained earlier in Peru or New Zealand), supporting strongly the hypothesis on focal origin of the infection. The observed dynamics of infection suggests the explanation for the high variability in P. gralli prevalence in intermediate hosts experienced worldwide. We noticed that the reports claiming >20% prevalence of M. tuberculata infection by P. gralli originated exclusively from foci with known eye infection of the definitive hosts, while the P. gralli infection penetrance <2% is typically associated with sites, where the infection of definitive hosts was not observed, suggesting that the infected definitive hosts were present onsite only in the past, or were present only at a site upstream or downstream of the respective sampling site. Thus, this is the first evidence on the possible persistence of eye-trematode infection site for over two years following the last confirmed outbreak in its adult hosts.

• MeSH
• DNA, Helminth chemistry   genetics   MeSH
• Disease Outbreaks * MeSH
• Phylogeny MeSH
• Snails parasitology   MeSH
• Trematode Infections epidemiology   parasitology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• DNA, Ribosomal Spacer chemistry   genetics   MeSH
• Molecular Sequence Data MeSH
• Base Sequence MeSH
• Sequence Analysis, DNA MeSH
• Fresh Water MeSH
• Trematoda genetics   isolation & purification   physiology   MeSH
• Disease Reservoirs MeSH
• Zoonoses MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

BACKGROUND: We provide an overview of Bayesian estimation, hypothesis testing, and model-averaging and illustrate how they benefit parametric survival analysis. We contrast the Bayesian framework to the currently dominant frequentist approach and highlight advantages, such as seamless incorporation of historical data, continuous monitoring of evidence, and incorporating uncertainty about the true data generating process. METHODS: We illustrate the application of the outlined Bayesian approaches on an example data set, retrospective re-analyzing a colon cancer trial. We assess the performance of Bayesian parametric survival analysis and maximum likelihood survival models with AIC/BIC model selection in fixed-n and sequential designs with a simulation study. RESULTS: In the retrospective re-analysis of the example data set, the Bayesian framework provided evidence for the absence of a positive treatment effect of adding Cetuximab to FOLFOX6 regimen on disease-free survival in patients with resected stage III colon cancer. Furthermore, the Bayesian sequential analysis would have terminated the trial 10.3 months earlier than the standard frequentist analysis. In a simulation study with sequential designs, the Bayesian framework on average reached a decision in almost half the time required by the frequentist counterparts, while maintaining the same power, and an appropriate false-positive rate. Under model misspecification, the Bayesian framework resulted in higher false-negative rate compared to the frequentist counterparts, which resulted in a higher proportion of undecided trials. In fixed-n designs, the Bayesian framework showed slightly higher power, slightly elevated error rates, and lower bias and RMSE when estimating treatment effects in small samples. We found no noticeable differences for survival predictions. We have made the analytic approach readily available to other researchers in the RoBSA R package. CONCLUSIONS: The outlined Bayesian framework provides several benefits when applied to parametric survival analyses. It uses data more efficiently, is capable of considerably shortening the length of clinical trials, and provides a richer set of inferences.

• MeSH
• Bayes Theorem MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Colonic Neoplasms * drug therapy   MeSH
• Disease-Free Survival MeSH
• Retrospective Studies MeSH
• Research Design * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine: "if Olympic champions are real models and idols for today's young people" and whether they would wish or not to become Olympic champions, and which reasons they associate with their positive or negative answers. Subjects and setting: In surveys carried out in the years 1998 (12 and 15 year old respondents only) and consequently in the period 2010-2011 in which 1,274 boys and 1,090 girls, 12-19 years, old were respondents in this project. The quota samples were used in the selection of respondents in Prague´ and the Central region in the Czech Republic. The parts of the „Olympic Questionnaire“, created and verified in the 1998 survey were focused on the analysis of the respondents’ answers. The open answers of the respondents were subsequently divided into several general and common categories. Hypotheses: the desire to become an Olympic Champion was felt more intensely in respondents of the surveys carried out in the year 1998 than in the project carried out in period 2010-2011. Young people more involved in sports express their wishes to become Olympic winners significantly clearer than those who practice sports seldom or not at all. Over 16 year old respondents are more aware of the difficulties associated with the process of becoming Olympic champions than 12-14 year old pubescent. Statistical analysis: the evaluation of the differences and identical opinions between the respondents´ answers in the observed groups were made by the MANOVA and t-tests for independent samples. Results and conclusions: the hypothesis about the importance of sports models and idols in current youth was confirmed. The role of Olympic champions is very important; namely in the internalization of the Olympic values in the process of the Olympic education of youth; both at schools and out of schools. Olympians should be aware of the fact that even their behavior which is not related to sport events is noticed by young people. The Olympians should be informed about their influence on young generations. Mass-media play a very important role in their mediation. For these reasons, the collaboration between the Club of Czech Olympians and the Olympic Academy should be innovated.

• Keywords
• olympijská výchova, identifikace vzorů a idolů,
• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Motivation * MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Sports * psychology   education   MeSH
• Physical Education and Training MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Comparative Study MeSH

The mucosa of uterine tube forms multiple and branched longitudinal mucosal folds and takes part in many reproduction events, such as oocyte pick-up, gamete transport, sperm capacitation, fertilization, and early embryonic development. In the habilitation thesis of German physician Paul Kroemer (1904) was the first to describe the lymphatic lacunae inside the tubal folds (by injection of Indian ink), which the author named the öLymphbahnen" (ölymphatic channels"). Despite the fact that this first description has existed for 110 years, there is no mention of these lacunae in most of the current literature. In this article we present a rediscovery of completely overlooked morphological structures of uterine tubes - the lymphatic lacunae in their mucosal folds. The specimens from the uterine tubes were taken from 72 women (mean age 46.25 years) who underwent transabdominal or laparoscopic salpingectomy. The tissue samples from anatomically different parts of the uterine tubes were used for hematoxylin and eosin staining and for immunohistochemistry. Primary antibodies were used to label and detect podoplanin D2-40, a selective marker of lymphatic endothelia, CD34 antigen, and von Willebrand factor (Factor VIII). In the histological slides of the uterine tubes, there were noticeable slits or gaps within the loose connective tissue of the lamina propria of the mucosal folds. They were lined with one layer of squamous endothelial cells. These öempty spaces" were most prominent in the fimbriae, but were still well recognizable in mucosal folds of the ampulla. They always run through the central part of the fold. As a results of immunohistochemistry, we confirmed that in the centre of every mucosal fold, as well as in the fimbriae of the uterine tubes, dilated lymphatic spaces were situated and were lined with a simple layer of lymphatic endothelial cells (positive for podoplanin and CD34, and negative for Factor VIII). As there is no mention on them in the current Terminologia Histologica, we proposed the term ölymphatic lacunae of tubal mucosal folds and fimbriae" in English and ölacunae lymphaticae plicae mucosae et fimbriae" in Latin. According to our hypothesis, these lymphatic lacunae may be responsible for the thickening of the fimbriae during the oocyte pick-up and the maintenance of the tubal fluid.

• MeSH
• Coloring Agents MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Eosine Yellowish-(YS) MeSH
• Hematoxylin MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Lymphoid Tissue cytology   MeSH
• Salpingectomy MeSH
• Fallopian Tubes anatomy & histology   physiology   surgery   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH