Zdá se, že doba, ve které jsme věřili, že naši osobnost, chování a nemoci předurčují naše geny, pomalu ale jistě končí. Výzkum na poli epigenetiky prokazuje, že informace obsažená v genech je pod významným regulačním vlivem aktuálního prostředí a gen tedy neobsahuje zdaleka tak konkrétní informaci, jak jsme se dlouho domnívali. I když prostředí nedovede ovlivnit strukturu genu, má přes chemické (epigenetické) modifikace zásadní vliv na to, jestli a jak se informace obsažená v genu vyjádří. Epigenetické modifikace nám umožňují učit se ze zkušeností a adaptovat naše těla, chování i metabolismus na aktuální prostředí a přežití. Současně jsou však tyto modifikace spojovány i s rozvojem nemocí a zkráceným přežitím. Jak tomuto zásadnímu konfliktu rozumět? Výzkum na poli sociální a behaviorální epigenomiky nabízí širší pohled na význam epigenetických modifikací nejen pro adaptaci a přežití jedince a sociální skupiny, ale i pro adaptaci jedince na jeho roli v sociální hierarchii a tím i na rovnováhu a přežití komplexních biologických systémů. Tento pohled může vnést do porozumění zdraví a nemoci dost odlišný význam.

The era of strong belief in gene influence on our personality, behavior and diseases seems to be getting to the end. Scientific evidence in the field of epigenetics suggests significant environmental regulatory influence on gene expression. Epigenetic research shows that genes do not carry such rigid information as it had been originally proposed. Though environmental stimuli do not change gene structure, they can influence gene expression by maens of chemical epigenetic modifications. Epigenetic modifications help us learn from our experience and adapt our bodies, behavior and metabolism for current environment and survival. Surprisingly are these modifications concurrently associated with disease development and shorter life expectancy. How should be this apperent conflict understood? Research in the fields of social and behavioral epigenomics brings more complex understanding of the role of epigenetic modifications for individual and social group adaptation and survival, for formation of individual personality and social status in complex hierarchies and perhaps even for balance and survival of complex biological systems. This view could bring quite different perspective to understanding of health and diseases.

INTRODUCTION: Familial risk of lung cancer (LC) is at the level of many common cancers (ca 2.0) but as cigarette smoking is the main cause of LC, it has remained undefined to what extent smoking contributes to the familial risk. We take advantage of the natural experiment of divorce. In Sweden, it has been customary that children stay with their mother after divorce. We thus hypothesize that only maternal half-siblings share the childhood environment to the same extent than full siblings. METHODS: We used Swedish nation-wide data on family structures and cancers up to year 2021 to determined LC risk (standardized incidence ratio, SIR with 95% confidence intervals) in maternal and paternal half-siblings and in full siblings. RESULTS: Familial risk for LC in maternal half-siblings was 2.21 (1.76-2.77) which was not different from that of full siblings 2.23 (2.22-2.44). For paternal half-siblings the risk was 1.56 (1.21-2.01). For adenocarcinoma the risks were for full siblings 2.36 (2.23-2.51), for maternal half-siblings 2.55 (1.93-3.35) and for paternal half-siblings 1.33 (0.94-1.87). CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that familial risk for LC was equal in full siblings and in maternal half-siblings; the risks for paternal half-siblings were lower and for adenocarcinoma significantly lower than those for full siblings. The results suggest that smoking is a major contributor to familial risk of LC in this setting. Smoking starts at an early age and anti-smoking campaigns should target childhood environment for prevention of smoking initiation.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Incidence MeSH
• Smoking adverse effects   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Mothers MeSH
• Lung Neoplasms * epidemiology   etiology   prevention & control   MeSH
• Fathers MeSH
• Risk Factors MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Siblings * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Sweden MeSH

Porucha pozornosti s hyperaktivitou (ADHD) je neurobehaviorální porucha, která, i když je obvykle poprvé diagnostikována v dětství, často přetrvává do adolescence a dospělosti. V celosvětovém měřítku dle údajů Světové zdravotnické organizace (WHO) postihuje přibližně 5 až 8 % dětí, zejména chlapce. Symptomaticky je tato porucha značně heterogenní, a to ve vztahu k charakteru symptomů i jejich intenzity, tj. stav se může pohybovat od dominující nízké/špatné pozornosti až po převažující hyperaktivitu a impulzivitu nebo kombinaci obojího. I navzdory pokrokům v oblasti neuropsychiatrie přesná etiologie zůstává neobjasněna (faktory genetické, intrauterinní, environmentální aj.). Léčba je vždy komplexní, přičemž zcela fundamentální roli sehrává psychoterapie a kognitivně-behaviorální léčba v případě potřeby vhodně doplňovaná i o možnosti farmakoterapie. Nepostradatelná je potřeba vhodné edukace směrem ke všem, kteří se podílejí na péči o dítě (tj. nikoliv pouze směrem k rodičům, nýbrž také k širšímu okolí, včetně učitelů). Zdaleka ne každý nemocný vyžaduje medikamentózní léčbu. Jakkoliv její možnosti nejsou nikterak široké, v obecné rovině se lze rozhodovat mezi léčivými látkami ze skupiny psychostimulancií (methylfenidát či deriváty amfetaminu) a látkami postrádajícími stimulační účinek (atomoxetin). Inovativní medikamentózní přístup představuje v České republice nově dostupná léčivá látka lisdexamfetamin, o které je v článku pojednáno, a to jak z hlediska ryze farmakologického, tak i klinického. Jde o primárně neúčinnou látku (proléčivo), která je dominantně v erytrocytech transformována na farmakologicky účinný dextroamfetamin. Vedle průkazu své terapeutické účinnosti i bezpečnosti v dané indikaci je pro nemocné příznivý i způsob dávkování spočívající v užití jediné denní dávky, a to bez ohledu na současný příjem stravy.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder that, while usually first diagnosed in childhood, often persists into adolescence and adulthood. Globally, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), it affects approximately 5 to 8% of children, especially boys. Symptomatically, this disorder is highly heterogeneous in relation to the nature of symptoms and their intensity, i.e. the condition can range from dominating low/poor attention to predominant hyperactivity and impulsivity or a combination of both. Despite advances in the field of neuropsychiatry, the exact aetiology remains unclear (genetic, intrauterine, environmental, etc.). Treatment is always comprehensive, with psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral treatment playing a fundamental role, suitably supplemented by pharmacotherapy options if necessary. The need for appropriate education towards all those involved in the childcare (i.e. not only towards parents, but also towards the wider environment, including teachers) is indispensable. Not every patient requires drug treatment. Although its possibilities are not very wide, in general it is possible to choose between active substances from the group of psychostimulants (methylphenidate or amphetamine derivatives) or substances lacking a stimulating effect (atomoxetine). An innovative drug approach is represented by the newly available active substance lisdexamfetamine, which is discussed in the article, both from a purely pharmacological and clinical point of view. It is primarily an inactive substance (prodrug) that is dominantly transformed in erythrocytes into pharmacologically active dextroamphetamine. In addition to demonstrating its therapeutic efficacy and safety in the given indication, the dosage method consisting of the use of a single daily dose, regardless of the current food intake, is also favourable for patients.

Exposures to social and environmental stressors arise individual behavioural response and thus indirectly affect cardiometabolic health. The aim of this study was to investigate several social and environmental stressors and the paths of their influence on cardiometabolic health. The data of 2154 participants (aged 25-64 years) from the cross-sectional population-based study were analysed. The composite score of metabolic disorders (MS score) was calculated based on 5 biomarkers: waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides. The effects of social stressors (education level, income), environmental stressors (NO2, noise) and behavioural factors (unhealthy diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, sedentary behaviours) on MS score were assessed using a structural model. We observed a direct effect of education on MS score, as well as an indirect effect mediated via an unhealthy diet, smoking, and sedentary behaviours. We also observed a significant indirect effect of income via sedentary behaviours. The only environmental stressor predicting MS was noise, which also mediated the effect of education. In summary, the effect of social stressors on the development of cardiometabolic risk had a higher magnitude than the effect of the assessed environmental factors. Social stressors lead to an individual's unhealthy behaviour and might predispose individuals to higher levels of environmental stressors exposures.

• MeSH
• Biomarkers blood   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Cholesterol, HDL blood   MeSH
• Cardiovascular Diseases etiology   epidemiology   MeSH
• Smoking adverse effects   MeSH
• Blood Glucose metabolism   MeSH
• Blood Pressure MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Metabolic Diseases etiology   epidemiology   MeSH
• Waist Circumference MeSH
• Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
• Stress, Psychological MeSH
• Risk Factors MeSH
• Sedentary Behavior * MeSH
• Triglycerides blood   MeSH
• Environmental Exposure adverse effects   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Proenvironmentálne správanie je v psychologickom výskume rozvíjajúcou sa témou so stúpajúcim záujmom o skúmanie. Súčasný stav poznania ponúka modely na teoretickej báze so zameraním najmä na environmentálne faktory proenvironmentálneho správania a emocionálnej zrelosti, spojenie emocionálneho kontextu a proenvironmentálneho správania a je pojednávané o environmentálnej uvedomelosti v súvislosti s proenvironmentálnym správaním. Táto prehľadová štúdia sa zameriava na faktory proenvironmentálneho správania a zároveň navrhuje model proenvironmentálneho správania zahrňujúci efekty sociodemografických a rodinných faktorov, emocionálnej zrelosti a environmentálnej uvedomelosti. Očakávaným prínosom tejto štúdie je popísanie proenvironmentálneho správania a faktorov, ktoré ho ovplyvňujú, čím má potenciál prispieť k poznaniu psychologických aspektov proenvironmentálneho správania, ktoré môžu byť kľúčové v období klimatických výziev v súčasnej spoločnosti.

Pro-environmental behavior is an emerging topic in psychological research, with growing interest in exploring it. The current state of knowledge includes theory-based models that focus on the environmental determinants of pro-environmental behavior and emotional maturity, the link between emotional context and pro-environmental behavior, and environmental awareness concerning pro- environmental behavior. This review study focuses on the factors that influence pro-environmental behavior and proposes a model that incorporates the effects of sociodemographic and family factors, emotional maturity, and environmental awareness. The expected contribution of this study is to describe pro-environmental behavior and the key factors that influence it, thereby enhancing our understanding of the psychological drivers behind pro-environmental behavior factors that are increasingly important in the climate-challenged era.

Neurotrophins are proteins included in development and functioning of various processed in mammalian organisms. They are important in early development but as well as during adulthood. Brain - derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) have been previously linked with many psychiatric disorders such as depression and addiction. Since during postnatal development, brain undergoes various functional and anatomical changes, we included preweaning environment enrichment (EE), since enrichment has been linked with improved function and development of the several brain structure such as hippocampus (HP), in which we monitored these changes. On the other hand, social isolation has been linked with depression and anxiety-like behavior, therefore postweaning social isolation has been added to this model as well and animal were exposed to this condition till adolescence. We examined if all these three factors had impact on BDNF and NGF levels during three phases of adolescence - postnatal days (PDs) 28, 35 and 45. Our results show that EE did not increase BDNF levels neither in control or MA exposed animals and these results are similar for both direct and indirect exposure. On the other side, social separation after weaning did reduce BDNF levels in comparison to standard housing animals but this effect was reversed by direct MA exposure. In terms of NGF, EE environment increased its levels only in indirectly exposed controls and MA animals during late adolescence. On the other hand, social separation increased NGF levels in majority of animals.

• MeSH
• Hippocampus MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Methamphetamine * pharmacology   MeSH
• Brain metabolism   MeSH
• Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor * metabolism   MeSH
• Nerve Growth Factor metabolism   MeSH
• Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects * MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a psychiatric disorder with severe behavioral consequences and no specific therapy. Its etiology is multifactorial, as it is caused by a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. In rats, prenatal exposure to the antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA) has been associated with an increased risk of autistic-like behaviors in offspring, including social behavior deficits, increased repetitive behaviors, and cognitive impairments. In addition, VPA-treated rats have shown altered sociosexual behaviors. However, the mechanisms underlying these alterations in reproductive processes in VPA-treated rats are not fully understood. Interestingly some abnormal behaviors in VPA autism models are improved by an enriched environment (EE). In the present study, we examined the effects of EE on memory performance and sexual behavior in male rats. We found that on postnatal day 90, EE reduced the time it took for both control and VPA-treated groups to find a hidden platform in the Morris water maze. On PND 100, prenatal exposure to VPA reduced total exploring time in object recognition tests. On PND 110, EE reduced mount and intromission latency and increased ejaculatory frequency in VPA-treated male rats. These results suggest that environmental stimuli significantly influence the onset of sexual behavior in VPA-treated male rats and that EE may be a potential tool for improving a variety of behavioral deficiencies in rodent models of autism.

• MeSH
• Autistic Disorder * chemically induced   MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Valproic Acid adverse effects   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Autism Spectrum Disorder * chemically induced   MeSH
• Sexual Behavior MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects * chemically induced   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Osteoartritida (OA) je progresivně bolestivé onemocnění charakterizované degradací kloubní chrupavky se ztrátou proteoglykanu a kolagenu, sklerózou subchondrální kosti, periartikulární proliferací nové kosti a chronickým zánětem synoviálních membrán. Patogeneze osteoartritidy u psů zahrnuje genetické a environmentální faktory, které vyvolávají nebo urychlují poškození chrupavky a podporují degenerativní změny. Nadměrná tělesná hmotnost je rizikovým faktorem pro vznik osteoartritidy u psů. Obezita může vést k osteoartritidě v důsledku nadměrné zátěže působící na klouby a kloubní chrupavky. Osteoartritidu nelze vyléčit; cílem je zmírnění bolesti prostřednictvím omezení zánětlivých reakcí a dalšího odbourávání chrupavky. Regulace hmotnosti je při léčbě osteoartritidy prospěšná. Po dlouhou dobu byla souvislost osteoartritidy s výživou v medicíně malých zvířat středem pozornosti. Odhaduje se, že osteoartritida postihuje přibližně 20 % psů ve věku ≥ 1 rok a 90 % psů ve věku > 5 let. Kočky jsou osteoartritidou postiženy podobně, prevalence se pohybuje od 16,5 % do 91 % a s věkem se zvyšuje. Vzhledem k uváděné vysoké prevalenci je možné, že u společenských zvířat může být osteoartritida a s ní spojená bolest nediagnostikována a zůstává nepovšimnuta. Zejména kočky nemusí vykazovat klinické příznaky typické pro osteoartritidu; i nenápadné změny v chování kočky v domácnosti mohou být způsobeny bolestí spojenou s osteoartritidou.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressively painful disease characterized by articular cartilage degradation with loss of proteoglycan and collagen, subchondral bone sclerosis, periarticular proliferation of new bone, and chronic inflammation of synovial membranes. The pathogenesis of osteoarthritis in dogs involves genetic factors and environmental factors that elicit or accelerate cartilage damage, promoting degenerative changes. Excessive body weight is a risk factor for development of osteoarthritis in canines. Obesity may result in osteoarthritis as a result of excess forces placed on joints and articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis cannot be cured and aims at the relief of pain through reduction of inflammatory reactions and further breakdown of cartilage. Weight management is beneficial in the management of osteoarthritis. Over a long period of time, the association of osteoarthritis with nutrition in small animal medicine has been a center of study. Osteoarthritis is estimated to affect approximately 20 % of dogs ≥ 1 year of age and 90 % of dogs > 5 years of age. Cats are similarly affected by osteoarthritis, with prevalences ranging from 16.5 % to 91 % and increasing with age. given the high prevalences reported, it is possible that companion animals may have undiagnosed osteoarthritis and the associated pain that goes unnoticed. Cats in particular may not show clinical signs typically associated with osteoarthritis, and even subtle changes in a cat’s behavior at home may be caused by osteoarthritis-associated pain.

• MeSH
• Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal administration & dosage   adverse effects   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Chondroitin Sulfates therapeutic use   MeSH
• Glucosamine therapeutic use   MeSH
• Cats MeSH
• Hyaluronic Acid therapeutic use   MeSH
• Antibodies, Monoclonal therapeutic use   MeSH
• Fatty Acids, Omega-3 therapeutic use   MeSH
• Osteoarthritis * diagnosis   therapy   veterinary   MeSH
• Dogs MeSH
• Diet, Reducing MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Cats MeSH
• Dogs MeSH
• Animals MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Despite the health benefits, a large proportion of girls and boys in Europe do not travel to school actively. A better understanding of the correlates associated with this behavior could guide interventions. This study examines perceived social and environmental correlates of active travel to school (ACTS) from the 2017/18 Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) survey in four European countries, with a special emphasis on gender differences (n = 22,023). METHODS: Logistic regression was conducted to analyze associations between the perceived importance of each correlate and ACTS behavior for 11-, 13-, and 15-year-old girls and boys from Germany, Czechia, Poland, and Slovakia. All models were adjusted for age, family affluence, and meeting World Health Organization recommendations for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. RESULTS: Rates of ACTS significantly differed between girls and boys. In Czechia, 65% of girls and boys traveled to school actively, followed by Slovakia (61.4% girls and 58.4% boys), Poland (57.7% girls and 60.2% boys), and Germany (42.6% girls and 48.6% boys). Girls were less likely to actively travel to school compared to boys (odds ratio [OR]: 0.92, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.87-0.97). Increasing age (OR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.93-0.97) and a greater distance to school index (OR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.88-0.90) were both negatively associated with ACTS. The perceived importance of living closer to school and of road and neighborhood safety was positively associated with ACTS, with a stronger association in boys than in girls for neighborhood safety. On the contrary, the perceived importance of having people to walk with was negatively associated with ACTS, with a stronger association in girls (OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.65-0.84) than in boys (OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.66-0.88). DISCUSSION: This study provides insights into perceived social and environmental correlates associated with ACTS behavior. Future research should include gender-specific perceptions and more in-depth investigations of correlates encouraging ACTS, especially considering social aspects, safety issues, and the structuring of the environment in different cultural settings.

• MeSH
• Walking * MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Logistic Models MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe MeSH
• Germany MeSH

Východiska: Z hlediska sociálního učení a sociálně environmentální perspektivy se zneužívání alkoholu rodiči jeví jako zásadní rizikový faktor pro pozdější abúzus alkoholu jejich potomků, neboť takové chování přímo souvisí s iniciací a pokračováním zneužívání návykových látek nejen prostřednictvím genetických vlivů, ale i předáváním vzorců chování. Frekvence konzumace alkoholu závisí právě na těchto vzorcích chování. Svou roli hrají i proměnné jako věk a pohlaví dítěte. Zejména časná iniciace abúzu alkoholu je považována za rizikovou. Cíl: Analyzovat souvislost mezi frekvencí a množstvím konzumace alkoholu u dětí a vzorci konzumace alkoholu u osob, které jsou zodpovědné za jejich výchovu. Výzkumný vzorek: Z hlediska věku a pohlaví reprezentativní dětská populace (n = 2 948); chlapci (1 492; 50,61 %) a dívky (1 456; 49,39 %) ve věku 6–17 let. Metody: Online výzkumný nástroj vyvinutý v rámci platformy Social Survey Project. Statistická významnost byla testována pomocí statistiky χ2 pro dvourozměrné (C×R) kontingenční tabulky. Výsledky: Konzumace alkoholu v přítomnosti dětí souvisí s množstvím konzumovaného alkoholu. Děti abstinentů, kteří před svými dětmi nepijí nebo alkohol konzumují v omezené míře, častěji alkohol nekonzumují vůbec. Velké množství alkoholu konzumují děti, jejichž rodiče často pijí v jejich přítomnosti. U dětí ve věku 15–17 let nesouvisí konzumace alkoholu s jeho dostupností doma, pokud ho konzumují v malém množství. Závěr: Prevence negativních sociálních jevů začíná v rodině, a to dlouho předtím, než dítě dosáhne věku, kdy začne být těmito jevy ohroženo. Za nespecifickou prevenci můžeme považovat zejména způsob výchovy v rodině, kde se rozvíjí vzájemná důvěra a bezpečí a dítě má pevné zázemí a rozvíjí vhodné vzorce chování.

Background: From the point of view of social learning and the socio-environmental perspective, alcohol abuse in parents appears to be an essential risk factor for later drinking problems in children. Such behavior is directly related to the initiation and continuation of substance abuse through genetic influences and passing on the patterns of behavior. The frequency of alcohol consumption depends on the behavior patterns, while the variables of the child's age and gender also play their role. In particular, early initiation into drinking is considered riskier. Aim: To analyze the connection between the frequency and amount of alcohol consumption by children and the patterns of alcohol consumption among persons who are responsible for their upbringing. Research sample: In terms of age and sex, a representative child population (n = 2948); males (1492; 50.61%) and females (1456; 49.39%) aged 6-17 years. Methods: An online research tool developed within the Social Survey Project platform. The statistical significance was tested using the χ2 statistic for two-dimensional (C×R) contingency tables. Results: Alcohol consumption in the presence of children is related to the amount of alcohol consumed. Children of abstainers, who do not drink in front of their children, or who consume alcohol to a limited extent, are more likely to not consume alcohol at all. Large quantities of alcohol are consumed by children whose parents often drink in their presence. For children aged 15-17, alcohol consumption is not related to its availability at home if they consume it in small quantities. Conclusion: The prevention of negative social phenomena starts in the family, long before the child reaches the age when he or she begins to be threatened by these phenomena. As a non-specific prevention, we can, in particular, perceive the method of upbringing in the family, where mutual trust and safety are developed, and the child has a solid background and develops appropriate patterns of behavior.

• MeSH
• Alcoholism * prevention & control   psychology   MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Alcohol Drinking psychology   MeSH
• Underage Drinking prevention & control   psychology   MeSH
• Risk Factors MeSH
• Socialization MeSH
• Intergenerational Relations * MeSH
• Self Report MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH