To investigate the relationship between early nutritional experience, ontogeny of the small intestinal functions and predisposition to obesity development, the following experimental models of male Sprague-Dawley rats were used: 1) rats in which the quantity of nutrition was manipulated from birth to weaning (day 30) by adjusting the number of pups in the nest to 4 (SL), 10 (NL) and 16 pups (LL) and 2) littermates of SL, NL and LL rats fed either a standard or a hypercaloric diet from days 80 to 135 of age. The overfed SL pups were overweight after day 15 and became permanently obese, whereas the underfed smaller LL pups, due to accelerated growth and enhanced food intake from day 30 to day 35, attained a body fat level that did not differ from normally fed NL rats. Moreover, a significantly increased duodenal and jejunal alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity was found in SL and LL rats and these acquired somatic and intestinal characteristics persisted from weaning throughout life. Eight weeks of high-energy diet feeding elicited a similar pattern of intestinal response in SL and LL rats that was clearly different from NL rats. Despite energy overconsumption in these three groups, both SL and LL rats still displayed enhanced AP activity and showed a significant increase in protein/DNA ratio accompanied with a significant body fat accretion. These results indicate that the postnatally acquired small intestinal changes induced by over- and undernutrition could be involved in the similar predisposition to obesity risk in later life when caloric density of the diet is raised.

• MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• fyziologie výživy zvířat MeSH
• hladovění komplikace   metabolismus   patofyziologie   MeSH
• nadměrná výživa komplikace   metabolismus   patofyziologie   MeSH
• obezita komplikace   metabolismus   patofyziologie   MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley fyziologie   metabolismus   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• tenké střevo fyziologie   metabolismus   růst a vývoj   MeSH

The objective of the present experiment was to assess the involvement of small intestine in expression of susceptibility or resistance to the high-fat/high-energy diet. The investigation was carried out in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats fed either standard laboratory diet (3.2 kcal/g, 9.5 % fat) or high-fat (HF) diet (4.04 kcal/g, 30 % fat) for 4 weeks as well as in HF rats that were retrospectively designated on the bases of their higher or lower weight gain as sensitive (DIO) or resistant (DR) to obesity. Our results revealed in HF group significant increase in energy intake, food efficiency, weight gain and Lee s index of obesity. Moreover, in comparison with controls, a significantly increased duodenal and jejunal alkaline phosphatase (AP) and alpha-glucosidase activity as well as hypertrophy of jejunal mucosa (increased protein/DNA ratio) were observed in HF fed rats. In contrast, intestinal function was inversely related to energy intake or to the development of adiposity in DIO vs. DR rats. The DR rats had significantly greater AP and alpha-glucosidase activity and more pronounced suppression of energy intake than obese DIO rats. It indicates that the increase of enzyme activities and the lowered effectiveness of nutrient absorption might be a significant factor preventing the expression of obesity proneness. This information contributes to a better understanding of a complex interaction between HF diet feeding and small intestinal adaptability, which determines the energy homeostasis and predict the ability to resist or develop obesity in these phenotypes.

• MeSH
• adipozita MeSH
• alkalická fosfatasa metabolismus   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• dietní tuky MeSH
• energetický metabolismus MeSH
• energetický příjem MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace MeSH
• glukosidasy metabolismus   MeSH
• hmotnostní přírůstek MeSH
• homeostáza MeSH
• hypertrofie MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• náchylnost k nemoci MeSH
• obezita MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
• přijímání potravy MeSH
• střevní sliznice metabolismus   MeSH
• tenké střevo MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH

Entodiniomorphid ciliates are often present in the colons of wild apes. In captive apes the infection tends to gradually disappear, with the exception of Troglodytella abrassarti. We used fecal examinations to screen the gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in European (Czech Republic, UK) and Australian Zoos to explore the ape-to-ape transmission pattern of T. abrassarti. Gorillas from two out of three European Zoos were positive for T. abrassarti, while gorillas from the Australian Zoo were negative. We documented a horizontal transmission of T. abrassarti to a non-infected adult gorilla introduced into a Troglodytella-positive group in the Prague Zoo and traced the origin of the ciliate infection to the Paignton Zoo (UK) using serial fecal examinations. During this study, two infant gorillas born in the Prague Zoo (CZ) first became positive for T. abrassarti at the age of 9 mo. Ciliate morphology and the sequencing of the small subunit rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer rDNA spacer region revealed that T. abrassarti affects both captive gorillas and chimpanzees. We conclude that zoo transport plays a major role in the distribution of T. abrassarti among captive gorillas.

• MeSH
• Ciliophora genetika   izolace a purifikace   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• feces parazitologie   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• Gorilla gorilla mikrobiologie   MeSH
• infekce prvoky kmene Ciliophora přenos   veterinární   MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA genetika   chemie   MeSH
• mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• přenos infekční nemoci MeSH
• protozoální DNA genetika   chemie   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA genetika   chemie   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 18S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• sekvenční homologie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Austrálie MeSH
• Česká republika MeSH
• Spojené království MeSH

We report the complete nucleotide sequence and characterization of a small cryptic plasmid of Moraxella macacae 0408225, a newly described bacterial species within the family Moraxellaceae and a causative agent of epistaxis in macaques. The complete nucleotide sequence of the plasmid pMoma1 was determined and found to be 5,375 bp in size with a GC content of 37.4 %. Computer analysis of the sequence data revealed five open reading frames encoding putative proteins of 54.4 kDa (ORF1), 17.6 kDa (ORF2), 13.3 kDa (ORF3), 51.6 kDa (ORF4), and 25.0 kDa (ORF5). ORF1, ORF2, and ORF3 encode putative proteins with high identity (72, 42, and 55 %, respectively) to mobilization proteins of plasmids found in other Moraxella species. ORF3 encodes a putative protein with similarity (about 40 %) to several plasmid replicase (RepA) proteins. The fifth open reading frames (ORF) was most similar to hypothetical proteins with unknown functions, although domain analysis of this sequence suggests it belongs to the Abi-like protein family. Upstream of the repA gene, a 470-bp intergenic region, was identified that contained an AT-rich section and two sets of tandem direct and indirect repeats, consistent with a putative origin of replication site. In contrast to other plasmids of Moraxella, the occurrence of pMoma1 in M. macacae isolates appears to be common as PCR testing of 14 clinical isolates from two different research institutions all contained the plasmid.

• MeSH
• infekce bakteriemi čeledi Moraxellaceae mikrobiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• Macaca * MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• Moraxella klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• nemoci opic mikrobiologie   MeSH
• otevřené čtecí rámce MeSH
• plazmidy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• akční potenciály účinky léků   MeSH
• alkany farmakologie   MeSH
• cerebelární ataxie chemicky indukované   patofyziologie   MeSH
• chinolinové sloučeniny farmakologie   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• metoda terčíkového zámku MeSH
• neurotoxiny farmakologie   MeSH
• nízkovodivostní draslíkové kanály aktivované vápníkem fyziologie   MeSH
• Purkyňovy buňky fyziologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• pyridiny farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH

Self-recognition is a trait presumed to be associated with high levels of cognition and something previously considered to be exclusive to humans and possibly apes. The most common test of self-recognition is the mark/mirror test of whether an animal can understand that it sees its own reflection in a mirror. The usual design is that an animal is marked with a colour spot somewhere on the body where the spot can only be seen by the animal by using a mirror. Very few species have passed this test, and among birds, only magpies have been affirmatively demonstrated to pass it. In this study, we tested great tits (Parus major), small passerines, that are known for their innovative foraging skills and good problem-solving abilities, in the mirror self-recognition test. We found no indication that they have any ability of this kind and believe that they are unlikely to be capable of this type of self-recognition.

• MeSH
• chování zvířat * MeSH
• kognice * MeSH
• Passeriformes fyziologie   MeSH
• rozpoznávání (psychologie) * MeSH
• zraková percepce MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Retinoic acid (all-trans and 9-cis) isomers represent important therapeutic agents for many types of cancers, including human breast cancer. Changes in protein composition of the MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were induced by all-trans retinoic acid, 9-cis retinoic acid, and their combination and subsequently proteomic strategies based on bottom-up method were applied. Proposed approach was used for the analysis of proteins extracted from MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line utilizing a commercially manufactured kit RIPA and separated on two dimensional (2D) sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) after treatment with both retinoic acid isomers. We found significant differences in occurrence of proteins probably affecting the cell migration process in tumour cells. Heat shock protein 27, ribonucleoprotein SmD3, and cofilin-1 were significantly upregulated after treatment with combination of individual retinoic acid isomers. On the other hand, AP-5 complex subunit beta-1 shows the different response. Thus, the results might help to find the answer to important medical questions on (i) the identification of signaling pathways affected by retinoic acid isomers or (ii) how the observed proteomic pattern might reflect the effectiveness of retinoic acids treatment.

• MeSH
• 2D gelová elektroforéza MeSH
• adaptorové proteiny vezikulární transportní metabolismus   MeSH
• cytoskelet účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• elektroforéza v polyakrylamidovém gelu MeSH
• invazivní růst nádoru MeSH
• jádro snRNP - proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• kofilin 1 metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• nádory prsu farmakoterapie   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• pohyb buněk účinky léků   MeSH
• proteiny tepelného šoku HSP27 metabolismus   MeSH
• proteomika * metody   MeSH
• protokoly protinádorové kombinované chemoterapie farmakologie   MeSH
• tretinoin farmakologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Anelloviridae family is comprised of small, non-enveloped viruses of various genome lengths, high sequence diversity, sharing the same genome organization. Infections and co-infections by different genotypes in humans are ubiquitous. Related viruses were described in number of mammalian hosts, but very limited data are available from the closest human relatives - great apes and non-human primates. Here we report the 100% prevalence determined by semi-nested PCR from fecal samples of 16 captive primate species. Only the Mandrillus sphinx, showed the prevalence only 8%. We describe three new species of gorillas׳ and four new species of chimpanzees׳ Betatorqueviruses and their co-infections in one individual. This study is also first report and analysis of nearly full length TTMV genomes infecting gorillas. Our attempts to sequence the complete genomes of anelloviruses from host feces invariably failed. Broader usage of blood /tissue material is necessary to understand the diversity and interspecies transmission of anelloviruses.

• MeSH
• DNA virů genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• genom virový genetika   MeSH
• Gorilla gorilla virologie   MeSH
• infekce DNA virem epidemiologie   virologie   MeSH
• koinfekce genetika   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• nemoci lidoopů epidemiologie   virologie   MeSH
• Pan troglodytes virologie   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• sekvenční seřazení MeSH
• Torque teno virus klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Antifosfolipidový syndrom (APS) je autoimunitně podmíněný získaný trombofilní stav. Vyznačuje se přítomností antifosfolipidových protilátek (APA) a různorodými klinickými projevy, z nichž dominují trombóza (žilní, arteriální či malých cév) a/nebo komplikace gravidity. Vzhledem k vysokému riziku recidivy trombózy je velmi důležité dbát na sekundární antitrombotickou prevenci. Pilířem léčby jsou antikoagulancia, a to i ve většině případů arteriálních trombóz. Lékem první volby zůstává warfarin, obvykle ve zvyklé intenzitě (international normalized ratio, INR 2-3). Přímá orální antikoagulancia se podle dosavadních dat u pacientů s APS nedoporučují. Studie totiž prokázaly zvýšení rizika arteriální trombózy, zejména u pacientů s vysoce rizikovým APS na léčbě rivaroxabanem ve srovnání s léčbou warfarinem. V úvahu přichází použití DOAC u pacientů s žilním tromboembolismem a s méně rizikovým APS, dále v případech, kdy se nedaří dosáhnout či udržovat účinné INR i přes dobrou adherenci pacienta a také při intoleranci warfarinu či alergii na warfarin. Další klinické studie snad přinesou nová data o účinnosti a bezpečnosti DOAC u pacientů s APS.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune, acquired hypercoagulable disorder. It is characterized by a presence of anti­phospholipid antibodies (APA) and heterogeneous clinical manifestations, dominated by thrombosis (venous, arterial or small vessel thrombosis) and/or pregnancy complications. Because of high risk of thrombosis recurrence, secondary antithrombotic prophylaxis is of critical importance. Anticoagulation represents the cornerstone of therapy, including the cases of arterial thrombosis. Warfarin remains the first-choice therapy, usually with target INR (international normalized ratio) 2-3. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are not recommended in APS, based on the recent data. Studies have revealed an increased risk of arterial thrombosis, especially in high-risk APS patients treated with rivaroxaban, compared to warfarin. DOACs may be considered in patients with venous thromboembolism and lower risk APS, in those not able to achieve a target INR despite good adherence, or in APS patients with warfarin allergy or intolerance. Ongoing studies will hopefully bring new data about efficacy and safety of DOACs in APS.

• MeSH
• antifosfolipidový syndrom * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• antikoagulancia farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• warfarin farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Antifosfolipidový syndrom (APS) je autoimunitně podmíněný získaný trombofilní stav. Vyznačuje se přítomností antifosfolipidových protilátek (APA) a různorodými klinickými projevy, z nichž dominují trombóza (žilní, arteriální či malých cév) a/nebo komplikace gravidity. Vzhledem k vysokému riziku recidivy trombózy je velmi důležité dbát na sekundární antitrombotickou prevenci. Pilířem léčby jsou antikoagulancia, a to i ve většině případů arteriálních trombóz. Lékem první volby zůstává warfarin, obvykle ve zvyklé intenzitě (international normalized ratio, INR 2-3). Přímá orální antikoagulancia se podle dosavadních dat u pacientů s APS nedoporučují. Studie totiž prokázaly zvýšení rizika arteriální trombózy, zejména u pacientů s vysoce rizikovým APS na léčbě rivaroxabanem ve srovnání s léčbou warfarinem. V úvahu přichází použití DOAC u pacientů s žilním tromboembolismem a s méně rizikovým APS, dále v případech, kdy se nedaří dosáhnout či udržovat účinné INR i přes dobrou adherenci pacienta a také při intoleranci warfarinu či alergii na warfarin. Další klinické studie snad přinesou nová data o účinnosti a bezpečnosti DOAC u pacientů s APS.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune, acquired hypercoagulable disorder. It is characterized by a presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) and heterogeneous clinical manifestations, dominated by thrombosis (venous, arterial or small vessel thrombosis) and/or pregnancy complications. Because of high risk of thrombosis recurrence, secondary antithrombotic prophylaxis is of critical importance. Anticoagulation represents the cornerstone of therapy, including the cases of arterial thrombosis. Warfarin remains the first-choice therapy, usually with target INR (international normalized ratio) 2-3. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are not recommended in APS, based on the recent data. Studies have revealed an increased risk of arterial thrombosis, especially in high-risk APS patients treated with rivaroxaban, compared to warfarin. DOACs may be considered in patients with venous thromboembolism and lower risk APS, in those not able to achieve a target INR despite good adherence, or in APS patients with warfarin allergy or intolerance. Ongoing studies will hopefully bring new data about efficacy and safety of DOACs in APS.

• MeSH
• antifosfolipidový syndrom * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• antikoagulancia farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• warfarin farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH