Toxiny, chemické látky produkované prakticky všemi formami života, tvoří chemicky pestrou skupinu látek. Mnohé z nich jsou velmi toxické i pro člověka a představují pro něj nebezpečí, protože mohou být zneužity k vedení chemické války nebo teroristických útoků. Toto nebezpečí se V poslední době zvyšuje, protože toxiny jsou díky moderním metodám syntézy a aplikace genového inženýrství stále dostupnější. Proto mezinárodní společenství přijalo multilaterální úmluvy a kontrolní režimy, které nakládání s toxiny regulují. Tyto zásady jsou rovněž implementovány do českého právního řádu.
Toxiiis, chemical substances produced by practically all forms of life, represent a chemically road group of compounds. Many of them are very toxic for human and represent a serious jeopardy because they may be misused through chemical warfare or terrorist attacks. This danger has been increasing recently because toxins are more and more available due to modern synthetic methods and application of genetic engineering. Therefore the international community adopted multilateral conventions and control regimes, which regulate handling with toxins. These fundamentals are implemented into the Czech system of law too.
... Trends in the use of pesticides for vector and public health pest control programmes in the WHO Regions ... ... Analytical methods and quality control of pesticides in developing countries 15 -- 5. ... ... Specifications for pesticides 17 -- 5.1 Synthetic pesticides 18 -- 5.2 Bacterial larvicides 20 -- 5.3 ... ... Acknowledgements 29 -- References 30 -- Annex 1 -- Recommended changes to existing specifications and methods ... ... 32 -- Annex 2 -- Recommended specifications for new pesticides and formulations, and new methods 50 ...
WHO technical report series, ISSN 0512-3054 899
68 s. : il. ; 24 cm
- MeSH
- Interinstitutional Relations MeSH
- Pest Control trends MeSH
- Pesticides standards chemistry MeSH
- Quality Control MeSH
- Conspectus
- Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
- NML Fields
- toxikologie
- veřejné zdravotnictví
- zemědělství a potravinářství
- environmentální vědy
- biologie
- NML Publication type
- publikace WHO
Cieľ: Posúdiť účinok topickej instilácie zmesi 10% L-arginínu.HCl s 10% L-lyzínom. 2HCl. 2H2O v 0,005% Latanoproste na fyziologické hladiny VOT králikov. Metóda: Po instilácii zmesi arginínu s lyzínom v 0,005% Latanoproste do ľavého spojovkového vaku dospelým samiciam králikov plemena Novozélandský biely sme merali VOT v 0., 5., 15., 30., 60., 120., 180., 240. minúte a 24. hodine. Pravé oko toho istého králika bolo kontrolné. Výsledky: Vo všetkých časových intervaloch zmes arginínu s lyzínom v 0,005% latanoproste signifikantne znížila VOT. Zníženie malo bifázický charakter. Najväčší pokles VOT sme zistili v 30. minúte (o 4,1 torr) a v 24. hodine (o 5,0 torr). Od 120. min do 240. min zmes mierne znížila VOT aj u kontrolných očí. Záver: Zmes arginínu s lyzínom v 10% koncentrácii v 0,005% latanoproste vo všetkých časových intervaloch znižuje fyziologické hodnoty vnútroočného tlaku králikov. Rozdiel bol signifikantný tak v porovnaní s hodnotami VOT na kontrolnom oku, ako aj účinku samotných aminokyselín arginínu a lyzínu.
Purpose: To evaluate the effect of locally instilled 10 % L-arginine.HCl and 10 % L-lysine.2HCl.2H2O in 0.005% Latanoprost (Xalatane) mixture on the physiological IOP in rabbits. Methods: After instillation of the arginine and lysine in 0.005% latanoprost mixture into the left conjunctival sac of 5 female rabbits of the New Zealand White species the, IOP was measured at the time of instillation, and 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240 min. and 24 hours after the instillation. The right eye was used as the control. Results: The mixture of arginine with lysine in 0.005% latanoprost decreased significantly the IOP value. The decrease had two peaks. The major decrease of the IOP was observed after 30 min. (3.1 mmHg) and after 24 h (5.0 mmHg) after instillation of this mixture. Between 120 min. and to 240 min., the mild decrease of the mean value of the IOP was found at the control eye as well. Conclusions: The mixture of arginine with lysine in 10 % concentration in 0.005 % latanoprost (Xalatane) decreased significantly the physiological IOP values in rabbits during the whole experiment. The decrease was significant in comparison both to the IOP of the control eye and to the effect of the amino acids arginine and lysine alone.
[18F]fluorocholine is a substance of utmost importance for prostate carcinoma diagnostics by positron emission tomography (PET). The process of synthesis, development of quality control methods and optimization of performance to fulfill strict requirements of drug control authorities for commercial production of the substance are demonstrated.
- MeSH
- Choline analogs & derivatives MeSH
- Deanol analysis MeSH
- Drug and Narcotic Control methods MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Prostatic Neoplasms diagnosis MeSH
- Positron-Emission Tomography MeSH
- Radiopharmaceuticals * analysis chemical synthesis MeSH
- Fluorine Radioisotopes * MeSH
- Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic methods MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the outcomes with the use of Dilapan-S for cervical preparation prior to medical or surgical abortion. STUDY DESIGN: International, multicentre, prospective observational study in women between 6 + 0-24 + 0 weeks' gestation. The study was conducted across 7 study sites in 4 countries, between 1/5/2015 to 31/12/2016. The primary outcomes studied were the number of dilators used and the duration required for cervical preparation prior to abortion. Secondary outcomes were complications of dilator use and infection. Participants were followed-up for 4 weeks post procedure to capture any delayed complications. RESULTS: A total of 483 women were enrolled with 439 women eligible for analysis. Medical abortion was performed in 38% (n = 165) women and surgical abortion in 62% (n = 274). For medical abortions and surgical abortions, an average of 3 osmotic dilators for time interval of 4-7 hours provided effective cervical preparation. Medical abortions were performed as day-case procedures (<12 h) in 81% of women. There was no difference in using either adjunctive misoprostol or Dilapan-S followed by misoprostol for cervical ripening effect to achieve complete medical abortion. Dilapan-S permitted surgical abortions to be performed as same-day procedures (<12 h), in 85% of women regardless of gestational age and without the need to use adjunctive or additional misoprostol. There were no serious adverse events reported with the use of Dilapan-S, including in women with a previous caesarean section. The overall infectious morbidity was 0.9% of cases with no causal relationship with the use of synthetic osmotic dilator use (for a length <24 h). In addition, Dilapan-S was reported as easy to insert and remove in over 90% of women. CONCLUSION: Dilapan-S is a safe and effective method for cervical preparation for medical and surgical abortions up to 24 weeks' gestation. It allows medical and surgical abortions to be performed as day case procedures and is associated with a low complication rate. Future research should aim at directly comparing Dilapan-S and preferred pharmacological agents in a randomised controlled trial.
- MeSH
- Operative Time MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Abortion, Induced statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Polymers administration & dosage MeSH
- Pregnancy MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Pregnancy MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Multicenter Study MeSH
- Observational Study MeSH
Z farmaceutického a medicínského hlediska je konopí seté zajímavý a perspektivní materiál. Obsahuje biologicky aktivní kanabinoidy, jejichž izolace a identifikace v 60. letech 20. století umožnily bouřlivý výzkum, který přináší i v dnešní době zajímavé poznatky. Jedná se především o odhalování lidské fyziologie endokanabinoidního systému a farmakologických účinků kanabinoidů či odvozených syntetických látek. Dále se vývoj ubírá k lékovým formám s vhodnou cestou podání a farmakokinetickými parametry pro využití v klinické praxi. Kanabinoidy otevírají zcela nové cesty ovlivnění řady závažných lidských chorob a mohou se tak stát perspektivní skupinou potenciálních léčiv. Tento přehledový článek uvádí účinky kanabinoidů v souvislosti s ovlivněním endokanabinoidního systému, jejich využití ve farmakoterapii, nežádoucí účinky, interakce s ostatními léky a používané lékové formy. Doplňkově jsou také zmíněny související zákony platné v České republice, doplněné forenzními metodami detekce kanabinoidů.
From the pharmaceutical and medicinal point of view Cannabis sativa L. is an interesting and perspective material. It contains biologically active cannabinoids whose isolation and identification in the 1960's enabled a rapid research that has been bringing interesting results to this day. Especially revealing the human endocannabinoid system and the pharmacological effects of cannabinoids or derived synthetic compounds are the most interesting areas. The research in this field continues also toward pharmaceutical dosage forms with convenient route of administration and pharmacokinetics parameters to be used in clinical practice. Cannabinoids open completely new approaches in the treatment of many relevant human diseases and can become perspective and potential remedies. This review article deals with the effects of cannabinoids on human endocannabinoid system, their use in pharmacotherapy, their adverse effects, their interactions with other drugs and the convenient pharmaceutical dosage forms. Additional information concerning laws valid in the Czech Republic and used analytical forensic methods of cannabinoids are reviewed here as well.
- MeSH
- Cannabis drug effects MeSH
- Drug Therapy methods utilization MeSH
- Financing, Organized MeSH
- Cannabinoids administration & dosage adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Drug and Narcotic Control methods legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Drug Interactions physiology genetics immunology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators administration & dosage adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions complications MeSH
- Receptors, Cannabinoid administration & dosage therapeutic use drug effects MeSH
- Drug Administration Schedule MeSH
- Legislation, Drug standards trends MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether a synthetic osmotic cervical dilator is noninferior to oral misoprostol for cervical ripening. METHODS: In an open-label, noninferiority randomized trial, pregnant women undergoing induction of labor at 37 weeks of gestation or more with Bishop scores less than 6 were randomized to either mechanical cervical dilation or oral misoprostol. Participants in the mechanical dilation group underwent insertion of synthetic osmotic cervical dilator rods, and those in the misoprostol group received up to six doses of 25 micrograms orally every 2 hours. After 12 hours of ripening, oxytocin was initiated, with artificial rupture of membranes. Management of labor was at the physician's discretion. The primary outcome was the proportion of women achieving vaginal delivery within 36 hours of initiation of study intervention. Secondary outcomes included increase in Bishop score, mode of delivery, induction-to-delivery interval, total length of hospital stay, and patient satisfaction. On the basis of a noninferiority margin of 10%, an expected primary outcome frequency of 65% for misoprostol and 71% for mechanical methods, and 85% power, a sample size of 306 participants was needed. RESULTS: From November 2018 through January 2021, 307 women were randomized, with 151 evaluable participants in the synthetic osmotic cervical dilator group and 152 in the misoprostol group (there were four early withdrawals). The proportion of women achieving vaginal delivery within 36 hours was higher with mechanical cervical dilation compared with misoprostol (61.6% vs 59.2%), with an absolute difference of 2.4% (95% CI -9% to 13%), indicating noninferiority for the prespecified margin. No differences were noted in the mode of delivery. Tachysystole was more frequent in the misoprostol group (70 [46.4%] vs 35 [23.3%]; P=.01). Participants in the synthetic osmotic cervical dilator group reported better sleep, less unpleasant abdominal sensations, and lower pain scores (P<.05). CONCLUSION: Synthetic osmotic cervical dilator is noninferior to oral misoprostol for cervical ripening. Advantages of synthetic osmotic cervical dilator include a better safety profile and patient satisfaction, less tachysystole, lower pain scores, and U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03670836. FUNDING SOURCE: Medicem Technology s.r.o., Czech Republic.
- MeSH
- Administration, Intravaginal MeSH
- Pain MeSH
- Dilatation MeSH
- Dystocia * MeSH
- Labor, Induced methods MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Misoprostol * MeSH
- Pregnancy MeSH
- Oxytocics * MeSH
- Cervical Ripening MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Pregnancy MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Randomized Controlled Trial MeSH
INTRODUCTION: The mouse is an important laboratory animal in pharmacological and toxicological research. However, there is a limited ability to analyse the penetration of tested substances in mouse breastmilk, which is technically difficult to obtain in sufficient quantities. The aim of the study is to verify the use of carbetocin for this purpose. METHODS: The effect of carbetocin (20 and 40 μg per animal) was tested in nursing ICR females that had milk collected for 15 min, started 1.5 min after administration. At a higher dose, carbetocin was also tested with a 20-min collection, started 7 min after application. Oxytocin (2 IU per animal) and saline were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. RESULTS: Milk yield using a lower dose of carbetocin was comparable to oxytocin. However, the duration of action of carbetocin was longer than that of oxytocin. A higher doses of carbetocin resulted in significantly higher milk volumes. DISCUSSION: The use of carbetocin has proven to be an effective non-invasive method to obtain up to 0.89 g of milk from one mouse in 20 min.
- MeSH
- Milk * MeSH
- Mice, Inbred ICR MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Oxytocin * analogs & derivatives pharmacology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Mice MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Zeolites are an important class of materials that have wide ranging applications such as heterogeneous catalysts and adsorbents which are dependent on their framework topology. For new applications or improvements to existing ones, new zeolites with novel pore systems are desirable. We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of novel zeolites using the ADOR route. ADOR is an acronym for Assembly, Disassembly, Organization and Reassembly. This synthetic route takes advantage of the assembly of a relatively poorly stable that which can be selectively disassembled into a layered material. The resulting layered intermediate can then be organized in different manners by careful chemical manipulation and then reassembled into zeolites with new topologies. By carefully controlling the organization step of the synthetic pathway, new zeolites with never before seen topologies are capable of being synthesized. The structures of these new zeolites are confirmed using powder X-ray diffraction and further characterized by nitrogen adsorption and scanning electron microscopy. This new synthetic pathway for zeolites demonstrates its capability to produce novel frameworks that have never been prepared by traditional zeolite synthesis techniques.
