Tooth development has attracted the attention of researchers since the 19th century. It became obvious even then that morphogenesis could not fully be appreciated from two-dimensional histological sections. Therefore, methods of three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions were employed to visualize the surface morphology of developing structures and to help appreciate the complexity of early tooth morphogenesis. The present review surveys the data provided by computer-aided 3D analyses to update classical knowledge of early odontogenesis in the laboratory mouse and in humans. 3D reconstructions have demonstrated that odontogenesis in the early stages is a complex process which also includes the development of rudimentary odontogenic structures with different fates. Their developmental, evolutionary, and pathological aspects are discussed. The combination of in situ hybridization and 3D reconstruction have demonstrated the temporo-spatial dynamics of the signalling centres that reflect transient existence of rudimentary tooth primordia at loci where teeth were present in ancestors. The rudiments can rescue their suppressed development and revitalize, and then their subsequent autonomous development can give rise to oral pathologies. This shows that tooth-forming potential in mammals can be greater than that observed from their functional dentitions. From this perspective, the mouse rudimentary tooth primordia represent a natural model to test possibilities of tooth regeneration.

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• dentice MeSH
• diastema embryologie   MeSH
• hybridizace in situ metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• odontogeneze * genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
• regenerace MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné metody   MeSH
• zuby přespočetné embryologie   MeSH
• zuby embryologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Mezi hlavni přednosti konfokální mikroskopie ve srovnaní s klasickou optickou mikroskopii patři možnost zaznamenávat série digitalizovaných obrazů relativně tenkých optických řezů vedených i tlustším vzorkem. V článkuje ukázáno využití těchto sérií obrazů, jak při vizualizaci, tak i při kvantifikaci trojrozměrných objektů: Jsou popsány různé typy rekonstrukcí objektů, které lze proostřit konfokálním mikroskopem, i měření jejich geometrických charakteristik s využitím stereologických metod. Podrobněji je přiblížena stereologická metoda užívající virtuální fakirské sondy pro odhad objemu i povrchu studovaného objektu.

The possibility to record series of digitized images of relatively thin optical sections within a thick speciment is one of the main advantages ofconfocal mircoscopy if compared with the conventional optical microscopy. It is shown how such series can be exploited in visualization and quantification of three-dimensional objects: different types of reconstructions of objects that can be focussed through by a confocal microscope as well as the estimation of their geometrical characteristics by stereological methods are described. The stereological method using virtual fakir probes for volume and surface area estimation is presented in detail.

• MeSH
• konfokální mikroskopie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• software MeSH
• výpočetní biologie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

BACKGROUND: Current guidelines for evaluating cleft palate treatments are mostly based on two-dimensional (2D) evaluation, but three-dimensional (3D) imaging methods to assess treatment outcome are steadily rising. OBJECTIVE: To identify 3D imaging methods for quantitative assessment of soft tissue and skeletal morphology in patients with cleft lip and palate. DATA SOURCES: Literature was searched using PubMed (1948-2012), EMBASE (1980-2012), Scopus (2004-2012), Web of Science (1945-2012), and the Cochrane Library. The last search was performed September 30, 2012. Reference lists were hand searched for potentially eligible studies. There was no language restriction. STUDY SELECTION: We included publications using 3D imaging techniques to assess facial soft tissue or skeletal morphology in patients older than 5 years with a cleft lip with/or without cleft palate. We reviewed studies involving the facial region when at least 10 subjects in the sample size had at least one cleft type. Only primary publications were included. DATA EXTRACTION: Independent extraction of data and quality assessments were performed by two observers. RESULTS: Five hundred full text publications were retrieved, 144 met the inclusion criteria, with 63 high quality studies. There were differences in study designs, topics studied, patient characteristics, and success measurements; therefore, only a systematic review could be conducted. Main 3D-techniques that are used in cleft lip and palate patients are CT, CBCT, MRI, stereophotogrammetry, and laser surface scanning. These techniques are mainly used for soft tissue analysis, evaluation of bone grafting, and changes in the craniofacial skeleton. Digital dental casts are used to evaluate treatment and changes over time. CONCLUSION: Available evidence implies that 3D imaging methods can be used for documentation of CLP patients. No data are available yet showing that 3D methods are more informative than conventional 2D methods. Further research is warranted to elucidate it.

• MeSH
• chorobopisy - počítačové systémy * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obličej patologie   MeSH
• obličejové kosti patologie   MeSH
• PubMed MeSH
• rozštěp patra patologie   MeSH
• rozštěp rtu patologie   MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné metody   MeSH
• zubní odlitky - technika MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• brachyterapie metody   přístrojové vybavení   využití   MeSH
• infračervené záření MeSH
• jehlová biopsie metody   přístrojové vybavení   trendy   MeSH
• kryoterapie metody   přístrojové vybavení   využití   MeSH
• laserová terapie metody   přístrojové vybavení   využití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory farmakoterapie   chirurgie   radiografie   MeSH
• počítačová rentgenová tomografie metody   využití   MeSH
• robotika trendy   MeSH
• statistika jako téma metody   MeSH
• teoretické modely MeSH
• video-asistovaná chirurgie metody   přístrojové vybavení   využití   MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné metody   využití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

In organized tissues, the precise geometry and the overall shape are critical for the specialized functions that the cells carry out. Odontoblasts are major matrix-producing cells of the tooth and have also been suggested to participate in sensory transmission. However, refined morphologic data on these important cells are limited, which hampers the analysis and understanding of their cellular functions. We took advantage of fluorescent color-coding genetic tracing to visualize and reconstruct in 3 dimensions single odontoblasts, pulp cells, and their assemblages. Our results show distinct structural features and compartments of odontoblasts at different stages of maturation, with regard to overall cellular shape, formation of the main process, orientation, and matrix deposition. We demonstrate previously unanticipated contacts between the processes of pulp cells and odontoblasts. All reported data are related to mouse incisor tooth. We also show that odontoblasts express TRPM5 and Piezo2 ion channels. Piezo2 is expressed ubiquitously, while TRPM5 is asymmetrically distributed with distinct localization to regions proximal to and within odontoblast processes.

• MeSH
• ameloblasty cytologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• buněčné jádro ultrastruktura   MeSH
• buněčné výběžky ultrastruktura   MeSH
• dentin ultrastruktura   MeSH
• extracelulární matrix ultrastruktura   MeSH
• fluorescenční protilátková technika MeSH
• iontové kanály ultrastruktura   MeSH
• kationtové kanály TRPM ultrastruktura   MeSH
• kompartmentace buňky MeSH
• mezenchymální kmenové buňky cytologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací metody   MeSH
• myši transgenní MeSH
• myši MeSH
• odontoblasty cytologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• řezáky cytologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• tvar buňky MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné metody   MeSH
• zubní dřeň cytologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The analysis of shape is a key part of anatomical research and in the large majority of cases landmarks provide a standard starting point. However, while the technology of image capture has developed rapidly and in particular three-dimensional imaging is widely available, the definitions of anatomical landmarks remain rooted in their two-dimensional origins. In the important case of the human face, standard definitions often require careful orientation of the subject. This paper considers the definitions of facial landmarks from an interdisciplinary perspective, including biological and clinical motivations, issues associated with imaging and subsequent analysis, and the mathematical definition of surface shape using differential geometry. This last perspective provides a route to definitions of landmarks based on surface curvature, often making use of ridge and valley curves, which is genuinely three-dimensional and is independent of orientation. Specific definitions based on curvature are proposed. These are evaluated, along with traditional definitions, in a study that uses a hierarchical (random effects) model to estimate the error variation that is present at several different levels within the image capture process. The estimates of variation at these different levels are of interest in their own right but, in addition, evidence is provided that variation is reduced at the observer level when the new landmark definitions are used.

• MeSH
• anatomická značka MeSH
• kefalometrie metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obličej anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Úvod studie popisuje základní determinanty tenisového výkonu a charakterizujeme blíže techniku tenisové podání. Náplní výzkumu bylo provést kinematickou a kineziologickou analýzu tenisového podání. Měření jsme prováděli pomocí 3D kinematické analýzy s využitím systému Simi Motion a kineziologickou analýzu pomocí přístroje DATA LOGGER MIE, který měří povrchové napětí svalu. Cílem práce bylo propojit oba systémy a připravit ucelenou analýzu tenisového podání. Doporučení pro trenérskou praxi, která z analýzy vyplývají, by mohla vést k odstranění chyb v technice a ke zdokonalení servisu jako podstatné části tenisového výkonu.

In the introduction, we described determinants of performance and we completely characterize the tennis serve. In our research, we carry out a kinematic and kinesiology analysis of tennis serve. Measurements were performed using 3D kinematic analysis system SIMI Motion and kinesiological analysis using DATA LOGGER MIE device, which measures the surface tension of the muscle. The result of the work can provide appropriate advice on treatment quality and the techniques of tennis serve which is clearly the most important tennis stroke.

• Klíčová slova
• tenisové podání, kinematická analýza, kineziologická analýza,
• MeSH
• biomechanika * MeSH
• elektrody MeSH
• elektromyografie * MeSH
• horní končetina MeSH
• kineziologie aplikovaná * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• svalový tonus * MeSH
• tenis * MeSH
• zdravotnické prostředky MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

Cílem příspěvku je porovnat vybrané posilovací cviky se softballovým nadhozem pomocí dvou metod – povrchové elektromyografie (MEGAWIN 6000) a kinematické analýzy 3D (Qualisys). Jedná se o případovou studii deskriptivního charakteru, kdy probandem byla vrcholová hráčka extraligy a reprezentace ČR. Při měření byla zkoumána podobnost/rozdíly ve čtyřech posilovacích cvičeních (specifický skok, výpad, dlouhý výpad a výstupy) ve vztahu k softballovému nadhozu. Základní metodou byla triangulace uvedených metod. Kinematickým parametrem jsme zvolili rychlost pohybu v prostoru a to ve třech proměnných – špičce nohy, kotníku a koleni. Pro porovnání velikosti elektromyografické aktivity sledovaných svalů jsme použili srovnání s cílovým pohybem (nadhoz), kde výsledky byly označeny 100 %. Pouze pro porovnání intenzity zapojení svalů při nadhozu jsme použili procentuální vyjádření intenzity pomocí MVC. Vybrané posilovací cviky (výpad, dlouhý výpad a výstupy) splňují předpoklady pro preventivní posilování z pohledu snížení rizika zranění. Současně mohou i pozitivně ovlivňovat výkon při nadhozu a řadíme je do obecných posilovacích cvičení. Cvik „specifický skok” lze doporučit jako specifické posilovací cvičení vysoké intenzity, jehož použití se řídí pravidly pro trénink výbušné síly.

The aim of this paper is to compare selected strengthening exercises with softball pitches using two methods - surface electromyography (MEGAWIN 6000) and 3D kinematic analysis (Qualisys). This is a case study of a descriptive type, the proband was the player at the top level from the Czech major league and the Czech national team. The measurements were aimed at examining the similarities and differences in strengthening exercises (specific leap, lunge, long lunge and outputs) in relation to softball pitches. The basic method was triangulation of these methods. As kinematic parameter we chose the speed of movement in space: free variables - the tip of the foot, ankle and knee. For comparison of the size of the EMG activity of observed muscles we were used a comparison with the target motion (pitch), where the results were indicated by 100 %. We used the percentage intensity using MVC only for comparing of the intensity of muscle involvement during pitch. Selected strengthening exercises (lunge, long lunge and outputs) meet the requirements for preventive strengthening in terms of reducing the risk of injury. At the same time it can also positively influence the performance of pitch and so we classify them into general strength exercises. ”Exercise specific jump” can be recommended as a specific strengthening exercises of high intensity, the use of which is governed by rules for training explosive strength.

• Klíčová slova
• kinematická 3D analýza, analýza pohybu,
• MeSH
• baseball * MeSH
• biomechanika fyziologie   MeSH
• elektromyografie metody   MeSH
• kineziologie aplikovaná * metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• odporový trénink MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

The aim of this study was to introduce suitable imaging technique and analytical methods for a detailed description of the facial movements in relation to sexual dimorphism and age in adult individuals. Removing of size factor from the analysis, we hypothesised that there will be no significant intersexual difference in facial mobility. We assume facial movements to be more pronounced in the older age category due to increasing the facial surface. We have compared five facial movements - raising eyebrows, closing eyes, pursing of the lips, inflating of the cheeks and smile - in relation to neutral expression of the human face. The material sample comprised three-dimensional facial surface models of healthy adult individuals of the Czech nationality (63 females, 58 males). Methods of geometric morphometry and multivariate statistics were used. Local tissue motion due to facial movements was expressed using colour-coded maps. The movement showing significant intersexual difference was inflating of the cheeks. Ageing in both sexes has significantly influenced the facial mobility on average after 50 years of age. Changes related to senescence have occurred in eye closing, smile and inflating of the cheeks. An enlarged facial surface has been noted in the group of individuals belonging to the older age category, what is probably the result of increased manifestation of skin folds and wrinkles. This is related to the loss of skin elasticity and overall weakening of the underlying muscles, especially in the infraorbital and cheeks area.

• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• anatomické modely MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• obličej anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
• pohyb MeSH
• stárnutí patologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• výraz obličeje * MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: The aim of this article is to present a new methodology for assessment of skin topology using a three-dimensional image (3D). METHODS: The measurement of the skin surface roughness is based on 3D scanning of silicone replicas by chromatic aberration length technique in a contactless manner, i.e. by a polychromatic light beam. Analysis of the skin surface reprints was performed using Talymap, Gold version. Results were analysed by fractal geometry, which allows to evaluate changes of the skin surface before and after application of cosmetics and instrumental cosmetological techniques. The methodology was applied for objective assessment of the effects of diamond microdermabrasion on the skin surface roughness. Measurements were performed on 23 volunteers in the age group of 31-67 years. RESULTS: Based on the results of skin surface scanning after the treatment with diamond microdermabrasion it may be concluded that inequalities of the skin surface are reduced immediately after exfoliation. However, this effect mostly diminishes within 14 days after treatment. The entire study ultimately suggests that the instrumental method used only leads to improvement of the skin surface immediately after its application. Thermo vision images of the skin surface temperature were obtained during the application of the abrasive method. The experimental results showed that the skin is rather cooled than heated by the treatment. CONCLUSION: This study is focused on the development of a methodology for objective measurement of changes in treated skin relief using 3D scanning. The results are evaluated using fractal dimension. The output may also include also an enlarged model of the skin surface made by 3D printer, which can serve for illustrative communication with the client.

• MeSH
• dermabraze metody   MeSH
• dermatochirurgické výkony MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kosmetické přípravky farmakologie   MeSH
• kůže diagnostické zobrazování   účinky léků   patologie   účinky záření   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• povrchové vlastnosti účinky léků   účinky záření   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stárnutí kůže patologie   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH