BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Microscopic images are an important part for haematologists in diagnosing various diseases in the blood cell. Changes in blood cells are caused by malaria disease, and early diagnosis can prevent the disease from entering its severe stage. METHODS: In this paper, an automated non-invasive and efficient deep learning-based framework is developed for multi-class plasmodium vivax life cycle classification and malaria diagnosis. A multi-class microscopic blood cell of different plasmodium vivax life cycle stage dataset is analysed, and a diagnostic framework is designed. Several stages of the disease are examined and augmented through various techniques to make the framework robust in real-time. Generative adversarial network is specially designed to generate extended training samples of various life cycle stages to increase robustness of the resulting model. A special transformer-based neural network vision transformer is designed to improve generalisation capabilities. Microscopic images are classified into multi classes of plasmodium vivax life cycle stage, where the keystone transformer layers extract relevant disease features from microscopic colour images, and the extracted relevant features are used to make predictive diagnostic decisions. RESULTS: The capabilities of the vision transformer are computed and analysed by statistical parameters, and the performance of the vision transformer model is compared with baseline architectures, where it was evident that the performance of the vision transformer was significantly better, reaching 90.03% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive comparison of the proposed framework to the state-of-the-art methods proves its efficiency in the classification of plasmodium vivax life cycle for malaria disease identification through thin blood smear microscopic images.

• MeSH
• Histological Techniques MeSH
• Malaria * MeSH
• Plasmodium vivax * MeSH
• Life Cycle Stages MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Článek se zabývá organizací lékařské posudkové služby a její činností v kontextu času, vývojem oboru posudkové lékařství a nezastupitelností role posudkového lékaře v systému sociálního zabezpečení. Jako příklad je uvedena úloha posudkového lékaře při rozhodování o příspěvku na péči dle zákona o sociálních službách. Příspěvek na péči, zavedený od 1. ledna 2007, je nejdramatičtěji rostoucím mandatorním výdajem sociálního zabezpečení. Ani tři roky od jeho zavedení počet žadatelů o tuto dávku ze sociálního systému neklesá. Na příkladu příspěvku na péči jsou prezentovány důsledky dopadů činnosti posudkových lékařů do státního rozpočtu. Posudková služba se potýká s nevyhovující věkovou skladbou lékařů, neboť více než polovina je ve věku 60 plus a je poznamenána rychlým vývojem, který koncepčně, organizačně a technicky představuje zvýšení nároků na poskytování služeb. V článku jsou uvedeny výsledky dotazníkových šetření, které Ministerstvo práce a sociálních věcí ČR (MPSV) uskutečnilo s cílem podpořit personální stabilizaci lékařské posudkové služby. Ze závěrů provedených šetření vyplynulo, že zkvalitnění činnosti lékařské posudkové služby by podle posudkových lékařů mohlo být dosaženo především zlepšením finančního ohodnocení, zvýšením počtu posudkových lékařů a snížením administrativní zátěže. V závěru autorka předkládá hypotézu konečného organizačního uspořádání lékařské posudkové služby. Žádaným řešením probíhajícího procesu transformace lékařské posudkové služby je vytvoření nezávislého posudkového orgánu pro posuzování zdravotního stavu osob a pracovní schopnosti pro účely jednotlivých systémů sociální ochrany a zaměstnanosti. Autorka navrhuje dvě možnosti budoucí formy lékařské posudkové služby: samostatný správní orgán nebo externí dodavatel služeb.

The article deals with the organization of the service of medical assessors and its activity in context of time, development of the branch of second-opinion medicine and irreplaceable role of the medical assessor in the system of social insurance. By way of example, the role of a medical assess A levels or in decisions concerning the contribution to the care according to the law on social services is presented. The payment of the contribution to the care, which is effective since January 1, 2007, is the most dramatically growing mandatory expense within the social security system. Even after 3 years from its effectiveness, the number of applicants for this payment from the social system does not decrease. By way of example of the contribution to the care, consequences are presented of impacts of activities of medical assessors on the state budget. The service of medical assessors faces unsatisfactory age structure of physicians, since more than half of them is aged 60 years and above, and is affected by the rapid development, which means conceptual, organizational and technical enhancement of requirements for granting services. In the article, results are presented of questionnaire examinations, which were implemented by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs with the aim to support the stabilization of services of medical assessors. Conclusions of examinations carried out indicated that an increase in the quality of the activity of medical assessors could be in opinion of these physicians particularly achieved by improving the financial appreciation, increasing the number of medical assessors and reducing the administrative work. The author conclusively presents a hypothesis of the final organizational arrangement of the service of medical assessors. The desirable solution of the ongoing process of the transformation of the service of medical assessors is establishing an authority of medical assessors for the consideration of the health condition of persons and ability to work for purposes of particular systems of the social protection and employment. The author proposes two possibilities of the future form of the service of medical assessors: an independent administrative authority or external supplier of services.

• MeSH
• Data Interpretation, Statistical MeSH
• Quality of Health Care standards   trends   utilization   MeSH
• Physicians organization & administration   statistics & numerical data   utilization   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Salaries and Fringe Benefits classification   trends   legislation & jurisprudence   MeSH
• Nursing Care classification   standards   utilization   MeSH
• Persons with Disabilities classification   MeSH
• Peer Review, Health Care methods   standards   trends   MeSH
• Severity of Illness Index MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

• MeSH
• Adenocarcinoma diagnosis   drug therapy   genetics   MeSH
• Afatinib MeSH
• Quinazolines adverse effects   therapeutic use   MeSH
• ErbB Receptors antagonists & inhibitors   genetics   MeSH
• Protein Kinase Inhibitors adverse effects   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Clinical Trials as Topic MeSH
• Congresses as Topic MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Mutation MeSH
• Lung Neoplasms * diagnosis   drug therapy   genetics   MeSH
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung diagnosis   drug therapy   genetics   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

Cíl: Představit historii a současnost zrakových korových neuroprotéz a předložit novou metodu stimulace nepoškozených buněk zrakové kůry. Metody: Práce podává nejen přehled o historii a současném stavu stimulace zrakové kůry u těžkých poruch zraku, ale hlavně upozorňuje na jejich nedostatky. K nim se řadí hlavně stimulace právě poškozených korových buněk na malé ploše a z morfologického hlediska pak možné poškození stimulovaných neuronů elektrodami a jejich zapouzdření gliotickou tkání. Výsledky: Práce dále předkládá návrh nové technologie zpracování obrazu a jeho transformace do podoby neinvazivní transkraniální stimulace nepoškozených částí mozku, která je chráněna národním i mezinárodním patentem. Závěr: V práci je předložen ucelený přehled současných možností náhrady ztraceného zraku na úrovni mozkové kůry a návrh nové neinvazivní metody stimulace funkčních neuronů zrakové kůry.

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to present the history and current status of visual cortical neuroprostheses, and to present a new method of stimulating intact visual cortex cells. Methods: This paper contains an overview of the history and current status of visual cortex stimulation in severe visual impairment, but also highlights its shortcomings. These include mainly the stimulation of currently damaged cortical cells over a small area and, from a morphological point of view, possible damage to the stimulated neurons by the electrodes and their encapsulation by gliotic tissue. Results: The paper also presents a proposal for a new technology of image processing and its transformation into a form of non-invasive transcranial stimulation of undamaged parts of the brain, which is protected by a national and international patent. Conclusion: The paper presents a comprehensive review of the current options for compensating for lost vision at the level of the cerebral cortex and a proposal for a new non-invasive method of stimulating the functional neurons of the visual cortex.

• Keywords
• zraková neuroprotéza,
• MeSH
• Quality of Life MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Retinal Diseases classification   therapy   MeSH
• Eye, Artificial * classification   MeSH
• Primary Visual Cortex MeSH
• Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation * methods   instrumentation   MeSH
• Vision, Ocular MeSH
• Persons with Visual Disabilities MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

The paper introduces a structured approach to transforming healthcare towards personalized, preventive, predictive, participative precision (P5) medicine and the related organizational, methodological and technological requirements. Thereby, the deployment of autonomous systems and artificial intelligence is inevitably. The paper discusses opportunities and challenges of those technologies from a humanistic and ethical perspective. It shortly introduces the essential concepts and principles, and critically discusses some relevant projects. Finally, it offers ways for correctly representing, specifying, implementing and deploying autonomous and intelligent systems under an ethical perspective.

• MeSH
• Medicine * MeSH
• Morals MeSH
• Delivery of Health Care MeSH
• Artificial Intelligence * MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence (AI) has advanced substantially in recent years, transforming many industries and improving the way people live and work. In scientific research, AI can enhance the quality and efficiency of data analysis and publication. However, AI has also opened up the possibility of generating high-quality fraudulent papers that are difficult to detect, raising important questions about the integrity of scientific research and the trustworthiness of published papers. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the capabilities of current AI language models in generating high-quality fraudulent medical articles. We hypothesized that modern AI models can create highly convincing fraudulent papers that can easily deceive readers and even experienced researchers. METHODS: This proof-of-concept study used ChatGPT (Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer) powered by the GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3) language model to generate a fraudulent scientific article related to neurosurgery. GPT-3 is a large language model developed by OpenAI that uses deep learning algorithms to generate human-like text in response to prompts given by users. The model was trained on a massive corpus of text from the internet and is capable of generating high-quality text in a variety of languages and on various topics. The authors posed questions and prompts to the model and refined them iteratively as the model generated the responses. The goal was to create a completely fabricated article including the abstract, introduction, material and methods, discussion, references, charts, etc. Once the article was generated, it was reviewed for accuracy and coherence by experts in the fields of neurosurgery, psychiatry, and statistics and compared to existing similar articles. RESULTS: The study found that the AI language model can create a highly convincing fraudulent article that resembled a genuine scientific paper in terms of word usage, sentence structure, and overall composition. The AI-generated article included standard sections such as introduction, material and methods, results, and discussion, as well a data sheet. It consisted of 1992 words and 17 citations, and the whole process of article creation took approximately 1 hour without any special training of the human user. However, there were some concerns and specific mistakes identified in the generated article, specifically in the references. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates the potential of current AI language models to generate completely fabricated scientific articles. Although the papers look sophisticated and seemingly flawless, expert readers may identify semantic inaccuracies and errors upon closer inspection. We highlight the need for increased vigilance and better detection methods to combat the potential misuse of AI in scientific research. At the same time, it is important to recognize the potential benefits of using AI language models in genuine scientific writing and research, such as manuscript preparation and language editing.

• MeSH
• Algorithms * MeSH
• Data Analysis MeSH
• Language MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Semantics MeSH
• Artificial Intelligence * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

BACKGROUND: Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease that kills an estimated 81,000 to 138,000 people and disables another 400,000 globally every year. The World Health Organization aims to halve this burden by 2030. To achieve this ambitious goal, we need to close the data gap in snake ecology and snakebite epidemiology and give healthcare providers up-to-date knowledge and access to better diagnostic tools. An essential first step is to improve the capacity to identify biting snakes taxonomically. The existence of AI-based identification tools for other animals offers an innovative opportunity to apply machine learning to snake identification and snakebite envenoming, a life-threatening situation. METHODOLOGY: We developed an AI model based on Vision Transformer, a recent neural network architecture, and a comprehensive snake photo dataset of 386,006 training photos covering 198 venomous and 574 non-venomous snake species from 188 countries. We gathered photos from online biodiversity platforms (iNaturalist and HerpMapper) and a photo-sharing site (Flickr). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The model macro-averaged F1 score, which reflects the species-wise performance as averaging performance for each species, is 92.2%. The accuracy on a species and genus level is 96.0% and 99.0%, respectively. The average accuracy per country is 94.2%. The model accurately classifies selected venomous and non-venomous lookalike species from Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this model's taxonomic and geographic coverage and performance are unprecedented. This model could provide high-speed and low-cost snake identification to support snakebite victims and healthcare providers in low-resource settings, as well as zoologists, conservationists, and nature lovers from across the world.

• MeSH
• Antivenins therapeutic use   MeSH
• Global Health MeSH
• Snakes MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neglected Diseases diagnosis   epidemiology   MeSH
• Artificial Intelligence MeSH
• Snake Bites * diagnosis   epidemiology   therapy   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Africa South of the Sahara MeSH

ChatGPT is a chatbot that is based on the generative pretrained transformer architecture as an artificial inteligence-based large language model. Its widespread use in healthcare practice, research, and education seems to be (increasingly) inevitable. Also considering the relevant limitations regarding privacy, ethics, bias, legal, and validity, in this article, its use as a supplement (for sure not as a substitute for physicians) is discussed in light of the recent literature. Particularly, the "opinion" of ChatGPT about how it can help/harm physiatry is exemplified.

• MeSH
• Language MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Dietary Supplements MeSH
• Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine * MeSH
• Educational Status MeSH
• Artificial Intelligence * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Štúdia analyzuje súvislostí medzi charakteristikami organizačnej kultúry školy a charakteristikami transformačných lídrov v edukácii. Respondentmi štúdie boli učitelia základných a stredných škôl Slovenska (štúdia 1: N = 107; AMvek = 43.72; SDvek = 10.51; 18.69 % mužov; štúdia 2: N = 100; AMvek = 40.99; SD vek = 7.79; 30.00 % mužov). Prinášame výsledky dvoch nezávislých štúdií, v ktorých boli lídri posudzovaní dvoma odlišnými výskumnými nástrojmi. Štúdia 1 mapovala transformačné líderstvo prostredníctvom dotazníka Leadership Practice Inventory (LPI; Kouzes & Posner, 2013) a štúdia 2 prostredníctvom dotazníka Czech Leadership Questionnaire (CLQ; Procházka et al., 2016). Organizačná kultúra školy bola posudzovaná v oboch štúdiách dotazníkom Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI; Cameron & Quinn, 2006). Analýza súvislostí medzi sledovanými premennými v oboch štúdiách preukázala štatisticky signifikantnú pozitívnu stredne silnú súvislosť medzi charakteristikami lídrov v edukácii zisťovanými LPI aj CLQ a Klanovou organizačnou kultúrou školy a negatívnu stredne silnú súvislosť s Trhovou organizačnou kultúrou pri LPI a pri dotazníku CLQ s Hierarchickou organizačnou kultúrou.

Introduction: The transformation of education should originate in the school environment. Teachers, as actors of change, thus find themselves in the position of transformational leaders. Keller (2006) identifies as transformational leaders those individuals who can succeed and fulfil a vision, inspire and activate followers who respond with enthusiasm and determination to achieve goals. Part of a leader’s job is the co‐creation of the organizational culture being upheld in the educational setting. Organizational culture represents the nature of the workplace, approach, unwritten rules of interaction and the values of the organization (Morcos, 2018). Organizational culture as defined by Cameron and Quinn (2011) points to the fact that a leader significantly participates in its formation. These claims are confirmed by various studies conducted in different types of organizations, including schools, worldwide (f.e. Daud et al., 2015; Berkemeyer et al., 2015; Yücel et al., 2013). Goal: The aim of the present paper was to find out whether there is a relation between the school organizational culture and the characteristics of transformational leaders in education in the Slovak context. Methods: The paper consists of two studies due to the use of two different research methods assessing transformational leadership factors. Study 1: the research group consisted of 107 Slovak teachers (N = 107; AMage= 43.72; SDage = 10.51; 18.69 % men). The data were obtained through the Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI; Kouzes & Posner, 2013), assessing five types of practices – leadership practices: 1) Model the Way, 2) Inspire a Shared Vision, 3) Challenge the Process, 4) Enable Others to Act, 5) Encourage the Heart and 6) the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI; Cameron & Quinn, 2006), mapping four types of organizational culture – Clan, Adhoc, Market, and Hierarchy. Study 2: the research group consisted of 100 Slovak teachers (N = 100; AMage = 40.99; SDage = 7.79; 30.00 % men). The data for this study were obtained through the Czech Leadership Questionnaire (CLQ; Procházka et al., 2016) assessing eight subscales corresponding to four components of transformational leadership, three components of transactional leadership, and laissez‐faire leadership. Only the four components of transformational leadership were used. The second questionnaire was also OCAI. All tools were modified and adapted to local conditions. Results: Relation analysis between the observed variables in both studies showed statistically significant positive moderately strong relations assessed by LPI, CLQ to the Clan’s organizational culture of the school (LPI r = from.262** to.394**; CLQ r= from.222* to.420***). For Study 1: negative moderately strong relations between Market organizational culture and LPI factors (r = from ‐.224** to ‐.421***) and Study 2: CLQ with Hierar‐ chical Organizational Culture (r = from ‐.249* to ‐.437***). The Clan organizational culture dominates in the monitored Slovak schools, closely related to the characteristics of transformational leaders in education as potential actors of changes in education. Conclusion: According to the findings, transformational leaders in education, being an attractive example for others, are charismatic bearers of innovative ideas, they are progressive in their approach to their followers, strengthening the school team spirit and appreciating and encouraging them. They are the leaders of the Clan organizational culture. The positive finding in both studies remains that the researched Slovak schools show a prevalence of the Clan organizational culture.

Health and social care systems around the globe currently undergo a transformation towards personalized, preventive, predictive, participative precision medicine (5PM), considering the individual health status, conditions, genetic and genomic dispositions, etc., in personal, social, occupational, environmental and behavioral context. This transformation is strongly supported by technologies such as micro- and nanotechnologies, advanced computing, artificial intelligence, edge computing, etc. For enabling communication and cooperation between actors from different domains using different methodologies, languages and ontologies based on different education, experiences, etc., we have to understand the transformed health ecosystems and all its components in structure, function and relationships in the necessary detail ranging from elementary particles up to the universe. That way, we advance design and management of the complex and highly dynamic ecosystem from data to knowledge level. The challenge is the consistent, correct and formalized representation of the transformed health ecosystem from the perspectives of all domains involved, representing and managing them based on related ontologies. The resulting business view of the real-world ecosystem must be interrelated using the ISO/IEC 21838 Top Level Ontologies standard. Thereafter, the outcome can be transformed into implementable solutions using the ISO/IEC 10746 Open Distributed Processing Reference Model. Model and framework for this system-oriented, architecture-centric, ontology-based, policy-driven approach have been developed by the first author and meanwhile standardized as ISO 23903 Interoperability and Integration Reference Architecture.

• MeSH
• Precision Medicine * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Artificial Intelligence MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH