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An increasing demand for environmentally acceptable alternative for traditional pesticides provides an impetus to conceive new bio-based strategies in crop protection. Employing induced resistance is one such strategy, consisting of boosting the natural plant immunity. Upon infections, plants defend themselves by activating their immune mechanisms. These are initiated after the recognition of an invading pathogen via the microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) or other microbe-derived molecules. Triggered responses inhibit pathogen spread from the infected site. Systemic signal transport even enables to prepare, i.e. prime, distal uninfected tissues for more rapid and enhanced response upon the consequent pathogen attack. Similar defense mechanisms can be triggered by purified MAMPs, pathogen-derived molecules, signal molecules involved in plant resistance to pathogens, such as salicylic and jasmonic acid, or a wide range of other chemical compounds. Induced resistance can be also conferred by plant-associated microorganisms, including beneficial bacteria or fungi. Treatment with resistance inducers or beneficial microorganisms provides long-lasting resistance for plants to a wide range of pathogens. This study surveys current knowledge on resistance and its mechanisms provided by microbe-, algae- and plant-derived elicitors in different crops. The main scope deals with bacterial substances and fungus-derived molecules chitin and chitosan and algae elicitors, including naturally sulphated polysaccharides such as ulvans, fucans or carageenans. Recent advances in the utilization of this strategy in practical crop protection are also discussed.
Lignins are the most abundant biopolymers that consist of aromatic units. Lignins are obtained by fractionation of lignocellulose in the form of "technical lignins". The depolymerization (conversion) of lignin and the treatment of depolymerized lignin are challenging processes due to the complexity and resistance of lignins. Progress toward mild work-up of lignins has been discussed in numerous reviews. The next step in the valorization of lignin is the conversion of lignin-based monomers, which are limited in number, into a wider range of bulk and fine chemicals. These reactions may need chemicals, catalysts, solvents, or energy from fossil resources. This is counterintuitive to green, sustainable chemistry. Therefore, in this review, we focus on biocatalyzed reactions of lignin monomers, e.g., vanillin, vanillic acid, syringaldehyde, guaiacols, (iso)eugenol, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and alkylphenols. For each monomer, its production from lignin or lignocellulose is summarized, and, mainly, its biotransformations that provide useful chemicals are discussed. The technological maturity of these processes is characterized based on, e.g., scale, volumetric productivities, or isolated yields. The biocatalyzed reactions are compared with their chemically catalyzed counterparts if the latter are available.
This paper examines the links between agriculture and nutrition as it seeks to address food and nutrition security in Southern Ethiopia. It draws on data from field research supported by the Canadian International Food Security Research Fund, through the International Development Research Center/Global Affairs Canada. The review aims to introduce a comprehensive framework linking pulse food productivity, bioavailability of micronutrients from pulses through household level processing, nutrition education, and marketing, and their leverage on nutrition security. The development of the framework and subsequent discussion are based on key findings of selected analysis of research conducted in two large pulse producing regions of Ethiopia (SNNPR and Oromia). In order to simplify the understanding of the pathways, 20 case studies conducted by independent research teams are cited and reviewed in the results section, and these are presented under four headings: 1) Agronomic practices and soil management; 2) Pulse based food processing; 3) Nutrition education; and 4) Gender and livelihood. It is noted that effective application of the framework creates an enabling environment for agriculture to become more nutrition-sensitive to respond to the growing concerns of hidden hunger and malnutrition among Ethiopian households.
- MeSH
- hodnocení stavu výživy MeSH
- kvalita života MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pěstování plodin metody MeSH
- výživová politika trendy MeSH
- výživové doporučené dávky MeSH
- zemědělství * normy MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Etiopie MeSH
1 online zdroj
- MeSH
- toxikologie * MeSH
- výpočetní biologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- periodika MeSH
- Konspekt
- Farmacie. Farmakologie
- NLK Obory
- toxikologie
Tento článek informuje o vybraných alternativních medicínských metodách (dále AMM) v podmínkách českého zdravotnictví. Můžeme je definovat jako diagnostické a léčebné postupy odlišující se svými teoretickými východisky i praxí od medicíny založené na důkazech. Definice je problematická, protože tyto metody jsou vnitřně nekompatibilním souhrnem modalit, které působí převážně jako placebo. Existuje mnoho „léčebných“ a „vyšetřovacích“ metod, které jsou provozovány především léčiteli bez lékařského vzdělání a jsou úzce spojeny s esoterikou. Obecnou charakteristikou alternativních metod je zmatečné používání přírodovědných pojmů a teorií − například pojmu „energie“. Jsou stručně uvedeny motivace pacientů i lékařů. Jde ovšem i o etický problém, protože lékař by měl pacientovi pomáhat co nejúčinněji, což vylučuje metody se spornou, malou či nulovou účinností. Názory na východisko z této situace se rozcházejí. Může to být odmítavý či velmi zdrženlivý vztah lékaře k AMM a maximalizace placeba zesilujícího účinnost racionální terapie. Elementární kritice jsou podrobeny u nás nejrozšířenější metody – homeopatie, akupunktura, tzv. „biorezonanční“ přístrojové metody, psychotronické a biotronické léčitelství a konečně i některé odmítnuté léčebné postupy v onkologii. Medicína dle našeho názoru disponuje dostatečnými znalostmi a zkušenostmi, aby mohla posoudit účinnost AMM a případně je odmítnout pro kauzální terapii. Jejich využití jakožto placeba je nutno pečlivě zvažovat.
This article gives information on selected alternative medicine methods (AMM) under conditions of the Czech health care system. They can be defined as contemporaneous diagnostic and therapeutic methods which differ in their theoretical fundaments as well as practices from the evidence based medicine. This definition is controversial because these methods are an intrinsically incompatible aggregate of modalities acting as a placebo above all. We can encounter many "therapeutic" and "examination" methods which are practiced namely by healers without formal medical education, and connected closely with esotericism. A general feature of the alternative methods is a void usage of scientific concepts and theories, e.g. the concept of energy. Motivations of patients and doctors are briefly introduced here. However, AMM is also an ethical problem because the doctor should help the patient with maximum efficiency hence excluding the methods with a questionable, small or negligible efficiency. The opinions how to find the way out from this situation are divergent. It could be a refusal or a very reserved attitude to AMM plus maximisation of the placebo effect enhancing the efficiency of a rational therapy. Furthermore, the methods most spread in the Czech Republic are subjected to elementary critics – the homoeopathy, acupuncture, the so-called "bioresonance" instrumental methods, psychic healing, and also some refused methods in cancer treatment. In our opinion medicine disposes of sufficient knowledge and experience to assess the efficiency of AMM and refuse them in causal therapy, eventually. Their use as a placebo should be carefully considered.
- Klíčová slova
- psychotronika, biotronika,
- MeSH
- akupunkturní terapie * MeSH
- biorezonanční terapie MeSH
- dietoterapie škodlivé účinky MeSH
- fytoterapie škodlivé účinky MeSH
- homeopatie * MeSH
- komplementární terapie * etika škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- medicína založená na důkazech MeSH
- nádory terapie MeSH
- parapsychologie MeSH
- placebo MeSH
- rostlinné přípravky škodlivé účinky MeSH
- terminologie jako téma MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
MOTIVATION: Genome analysis has become one of the most important tools for understanding the complex process of cancerogenesis. With increasing resolution of CGH arrays, the demand for computationally efficient algorithms arises, which are effective in the detection of aberrations even in very noisy data.
BACKGROUND: Genetic testing rapidly penetrates into all medical specialties and medical students must acquire skills in this area. However, many of them consider it difficult. Furthermore, many find these topics less appealing and not connected to their future specialization in different fields of clinical medicine. Student-centred strategies such as problem-based learning, gamification and the use of real data can increase the appeal of a difficult topic such as genetic testing, a field at the crossroads of genetics, molecular biology and bioinformatics. METHODS: We designed an electronic teaching application which students registered in the undergraduate Medical Biology course can access online. A study was carried out to assess the influence of implementation of the new method. We performed pretest/posttest evaluation and analyzed the results using the sign test with median values. We also collected students' personal comments. RESULTS: The newly developed interactive application simulates the process of molecular genetic diagnostics of a hereditary disorder in a family. Thirteen tasks guide students through clinical and laboratory steps needed to reach the final diagnosis. Genetics and genomics are fields strongly dependent on electronic databases and computer-based data analysis tools. The tasks employ publicly available internet bioinformatic resources used routinely in medical genetics departments worldwide. Authenticity is assured by the use of modified and de-identified clinical and laboratory data from real families analyzed in our previous research projects. Each task contains links to databases and data processing tools needed to solve the task, and an answer box. If the entered answer is correct, the system allows the user to proceed to the next task. The solving of consecutive tasks arranged into a single narrative resembles a computer game, making the concept appealing. There was a statistically significant improvement of knowledge and skills after the practical class, and most comments on the application were positive. A demo version is available at https://medbio.lf2.cuni.cz/demo_m/ . Full version is available on request from the authors. CONCLUSIONS: Our concept proved to be appealing to the students and effective in teaching medical molecular genetics. It can be modified for training in the use of electronic information resources in other medical specialties.
- MeSH
- genetické nemoci vrozené diagnóza MeSH
- genetické testování * MeSH
- lékařská genetika výchova MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární medicína výchova MeSH
- počítačem řízená výuka * MeSH
- problémově orientovaná výuka MeSH
- studium lékařství pregraduální metody MeSH
- uživatelské rozhraní počítače MeSH
- videohry MeSH
- výpočetní biologie výchova MeSH
- vyučování MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
