circuit training
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Východiska: Oblast fitness je příznačná častými změnami, objevují se nové trendy, metody nebo cviky. Současným trendem je „high intensity“ neboli způsob cvičení, který je spojen s vysokým úsilím, intenzivními prožitky, vysokou tepovou frekvencí apod. „High-intensity“ je zahrnuto do více oblastí a používáno širokou sportovní veřejností. Vzhledem k rozsáhlému využívání je důležité, aby terminologie byla používána a interpretována správně. Cíle: Vymezit vybrané aktuální pojmy spojené s „high intensity“ a zřetelně popsat jejich odlišnosti. Jednalo se o HIFT (high-intensity functional training), HIIT (high-intensity interval training), kruhový trénink, CrossFit® a funkční trénink. Metodika: Byla provedena literární rešerše v databázích Pubmed, Semantic scholar, Google scholar a Scopus. Využity byly i tuzemské nedigitalizované zdroje. Do analýzy byly zahrnuty pouze zdroje, u kterých bylo možné jasně určit použití daného pojmu. Výsledky a závěry: Vybrané pojmy byly vymezeny a zároveň byly popsány rozdílné znaky. Každý z uvedených pojmů má svá jasná specifika, a proto by neměly být zaměňovány nebo nevhodně použity. Vzhledem k neustálému vývoji ve fitness je nutné tento sektor stabilně sledovat i z pohledu terminologie.
Background: Frequent changes, new trends characterize the fitness industry, methods or exercises appear. The current trend is “high intensity”, or a way of exercising, associated with high effort, intense experiences, increased heart rate, etc. “High-intensity” is included in several areas and used by the general sporting public. Due to its widespread use, it is important that terminology is used and interpreted correctly. Objective: To define selected current concepts associated with “high intensity” and clearly describe their differences. These were HIFT (high-intensity functional training), HIIT (high-intensity interval training), circuit training, CrossFit, functional training. Methods: Literature research was performed in the databases Pubmed, Semantic scholar, Google scholar, Scopus. Domestic non-digitized sources were also used. Only sources for which the use of the term could be clearly identified were included in the analysis. Results and conclusions: Selected terms were defined, and at the same time, different attributes were described. Each of these terms has its precise specifics and should therefore not be confused or inappropriately used. Due to the constant development in the fitness industry, it is necessary to monitor this sector stably.
Rivalita triatlonistov a snaha posúvať svoje hranice výkonnosti ich núti premyslieť celú svoju prípravu do detailov, aby využívali čas efektívne, pripravili svoje telo nielen na maximálny výkon, ale aj analyzovali výskyt možných zranení. Z daného dôvodu je preto nutné zaradiť diagnostiku v triatlone do tréningového procesu, ktorá slúži pre triatlonistu a trénera ako spätná väzba toho, ako trénujú a na akej výkonnostnej úrovni sú. Na základe týchto poznatkov sme sa rozhodli verifikovať vplyv silovo-vytrvalostného tréningu na zmeny v skóre funkčnej pohybovej diagnostiky u triatlonistov. Vo výskume bolo zahrnutých 8 výkonnostných triatlonistov z triatlonového klubu TRIAN ŠK UMB Banská Bystrica, ktorých vek bol 17,26 ± 0,59 rokov s telesnou výškou 175,8 ± 7,4 cm a telesnou hmotnosťou 63,2 ± 5,8 kg. Na získanie informácií o triatlonistoch sme použili funkčnú pohybovú diagnostiku (Functional movement screen – FMS), ktorú vykonávali bez rozohriatia a rozcvičenia, aby neboli ovplyvnené nadobudnuté hodnoty. Na zabezpečenie objektivity testovania boli oslovení 3 externí examinátori, ktorí sú certifikovaní odborníci funkčnej pohybovej diagnostiky. Zaznamenávanie údajov sme vykonali ručne a boli zapísané do „Functional Movement Screen Score Sheet“. Vstupné a výstupné testovanie prebiehalo v doobedných hodinách za tých istých podmienok. Tréningový program prebiehal 8 týždňov v prípravnom období od 16. 01. 2024 do 07. 03. 2024 a realizovali sme ho 2-krát v týždni. Pri porovnaní vstupných a výstupných údajov zaznamenal experimentálny súbor výraznejšie zlep- šenie priemeru bodového skóre triatlonistov z 12,25 ± 2,17 bodov na 15,75 ± 1,92 bodov, čo predstavuje zlepšenie FMS skóre o 28,6 %, pričom kontrolný súbor zaregistroval taktiež priemerné zlepšenie, a to z 12,25 ± 1,92 na 13 ± 1,22 bodov, čo predstavuje zlepšenie o 6,1 %. Z výsledkov vyplýva, že silovo-vytrvalostný tréningový program bude mať vyšší efekt na zmeny v skóre funkčnej pohybovej diagnostike u triatlonistov ako metóda rovnomerného tréningu. Z hľadiska nižšieho počtu probandov, odporúčame širšie skúmanie danej problematiky.
The rivalry of triathletes and the effort to push their performance limits forces them to think through their entire preparation in detail, to use time efficiently, to prepare their bodies not only for maximum performance, but also to analyse the occurrence of possible injuries. For this reason, itis necessary to include triathlon diagnostics in the training process which serves as feedback for the triathlete and the coach on how they train and at what performance level they are. Based on this knowledge, the study verifies the impact of strength-endurance training on scorechanges of Functional Movement Screen of triathletes.The research included 8 performance triathletes from TRIAN ŠK UMB triathlon club Banská Bystrica whose age was 17.26 ± 0.59 years with a body height of 175.8 ± 7.4 cm and a body weight of 63.2 ± 5.8 kg. To obtain information about the triathletes, the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) was used and was performed without warm up, so that the obtained values were not affected. 3 external examiners who are certified experts in Functional Movement Screen were included to ensure the testing objectivity. Data recording was done manually and registered into the Functional Movement Screen Score Sheet. Input and output testing took place in the morning hours under the same conditions. The training program ran for 8 weeks in the preparatory period from 16/01/2024 to 07/03/2024 and was implemented 2 times a week.When comparing the input and output data, the experimental group recorded a significant improvement in the average point score of the triathletes from 12.25 ± 2.17 points to 15.75 ± 1.92 points which represents an improvement in the FMS score by 28.6%. The control group also registered an average improvement from 12.25 ± 1.92 to 13 ± 1.22 points which represents an improvement of 6.1%. The results show that a strength-endurance training program will have a higher effect on changes in Functional Movement Screen scores in triathletes than a uniform training method. Due to lower number of the triathletes the further and wider investigation of the issue is recommended.
- Klíčová slova
- triatlon,
- MeSH
- kruhové cvičení metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- odporový trénink * metody MeSH
- sportovci statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- sporty klasifikace MeSH
- tělesná výkonnost fyziologie MeSH
- vytrvalostní trénink * metody MeSH
- zátěžový test metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- Publikační typ
- klinická studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
- MeSH
- cvičení * MeSH
- kruhové cvičení MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metabolický syndrom * rehabilitace MeSH
- odporový trénink MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Resistance exercise is a popular form of physical activity recommended to improve muscular strength and endurance, fat-free mass and bone mineral density. In our study, we investigated the effects of single bouts of whole body circuit-resistance exercise on a blood lipid profile (concentration of triacylglycerol-TG, total cholesterol -TC, high-density lipoprotein derived cholesterol -HDL-C), glucose level as well as fat oxidation rate (FOR) and a resting metabolic rate -RMR. Eight normolipidemic recreationally trained men (22,4 ±2,1 year old, body mass 80,6±8,7 kg, body fat 13,9 ± 3,4%, VO2max52,9 ±3,3 ml/kg/min) volunteered to participate in the study. Mean RMR amounted to 6,65 ± 0,48 kJ/min. at rest and did not markedly change at 24 h after exercise cessation. The baseline FOR reached a mean value 0,14 ± 0,02 g/min. During post-exercise recovery FOR remained unchanged, however serum TG level decreased 24 h after finishing a workout, compared with the resting value. Those changes were accompanied by no significant change in serum glucose concentration and cholesterol status. Conclusion: a single session of circuit resistance exercise is not sufficient to increase lipid oxidation during post-exercise recovery, however it results in a favourable decrease in serum TG level.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- klinické laboratorní techniky MeSH
- laboratoře MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metabolismus lipidů * MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- odporový trénink * MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- svaly fyziologie MeSH
- tělesná výkonnost MeSH
- výzkumný projekt MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
This article presents a stochastic model of binaural hearing in the medial superior olive (MSO) circuit. This model is a variant of the slope encoding models. First, a general framework is developed describing the elementary neural operations realized on spike trains in individual parts of the circuit and how the neurons converging onto the MSO are connected. Random delay, coincidence detection of spikes, divergence and convergence of spike trains are operations implemented by the following modules: spike generator, jitter generator, and coincidence detector. Subsequent processing of spike trains computes the sound azimuth in the circuit. The circuit parameters that influence efficiency of slope encoding are studied. In order to measure the overall circuit performance the concept of an ideal observer is used instead of a detailed model of higher relays in the auditory pathway. This makes it possible to bridge the gap between psychophysical observations in humans and recordings taken of small rodents. Most of the results are obtained through numerical simulations of the model.
- MeSH
- akční potenciály fyziologie MeSH
- akustická stimulace metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modely neurologické * MeSH
- nervová síť * fyziologie MeSH
- nucleus olivaris caudalis * fyziologie MeSH
- sluchová dráha * fyziologie MeSH
- stochastické procesy MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Cardiac output (CO) assessment as a basic hemodynamic parameter has been of interest in exercise physiology, cardiology, and anesthesiology. Noninvasive techniques available are technically challenging, and thus difficult to use outside of a clinical or laboratory setting. We propose a novel method of noninvasive CO assessment using a single, upper-arm cuff. The method uses the arterial pressure pulse wave signal acquired from the brachial artery during 20-s intervals of suprasystolic occlusion. This method was evaluated in a cohort of 12 healthy individuals (age, 27.7 ± 5.4 yr, 50% men) and compared with an established method for noninvasive CO assessment, the open-circuit acetylene method (OpCirc) at rest, and during low- to moderate-intensity exercise. CO increased from rest to exercise (rest, 7.4 ± 0.8 vs. 7.2 ± 0.8; low, 9.8 ± 1.8 vs. 9.9 ± 2.0; moderate, 14.1 ± 2.8 vs. 14.8 ± 3.2 l/min) as assessed by the cuff-occlusion and OpCirc techniques, respectively. The average error of experimental technique compared with OpCirc was -0.25 ± 1.02 l/min, Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.96 (rest + exercise), and 0.21 ± 0.42 l/min with Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.87 (rest only). Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated good agreement between methods (within 95% boundaries); the reproducibility coefficient (RPC) = 0.84 l/min with R2 = 0.75 at rest and RPC = 2 l/min with R2 = 0.92 at rest and during exercise, respectively. In comparison with an established method to quantify CO, the cuff-occlusion method provides similar measures at rest and with light to moderate exercise. Thus, we believe this method has the potential to be used as a new, noninvasive method for assessing CO during exercise.
- MeSH
- acetylen farmakologie MeSH
- arteria brachialis účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- cvičení fyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- krevní tlak účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- minutový srdeční výdej účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- odpočinek fyziologie MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Innovation in training equipment is important for increasing training effectiveness, performance and changes in body composition, especially in wheelchair users with paraplegia. The main objective of a workout session is to induce an adaptation stimulus, which requires overload of involved muscles by voluntary effort, yet this overload may be highly influenced by the size of the spinal cord lesion. Krancykl construction is designed to allow exercise on any wheelchair and with adjustable height or width of crank handles, where even the grip handle may be altered. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in body composition, performance and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) in paraplegics with a different level of paralyses after a 12 week training programme of a unilateral regime on Krankcycle equipment (a crank machine). The study sample included four men and one women at a different spine lesion level. The 12 weeks programme was successfully completed by four participants, while one subject got injured during the intervention process. Three participants were paraplegics and one was quadriplegic with innervation of the biceps humeri, triceps humeri and deltoideus. The Krankcycle 30 min programme was followed by four other exercises, which were performed after themselves rather than in a circuit training manner as the latter would result in much longer rest periods between exercises, because paraplegics have to be fixed by straps during exercise on hydraulic machines. The RPE after the workout decreased following the twelve week adaptation period.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Purpose: In our study, we examined changes in short-term episodic memory and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in women after an exercise program alone or in combination with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) supplementation. Patients and Methods: Fifty-five healthy elderly women (65-80 years) were randomly split into two groups: in the first group were women attending an exercise program while taking wax esters-rich oil (Calanus) supplementation (n = 28) and in the other group were women undergoing the same exercise program while taking placebo (n = 27). The 16-week exercise program consisted of functional circuit training (twice a week) and Nordic walking lessons (once a week). Short-term episodic memory was evaluated by the Czech screening Test "Pojmenování OBrázků A jejich Vybavení" (POBAV) baseline and after the program lasting 16 weeks. Results: Our results show that short-term memory significantly improved following the exercise program, but there was no added value in using n-3 PUFA supplements. BDNF values did not differ between baseline and follow-up in either group. However, there was a statistically significant positive relationship between relative change (%) in the POBAV test and VO2peak in the placebo group (r = 0.49). Conclusion: Despite the added value of n-3 PUFA supplementation not being proven, our results may strengthen the importance of physical activity in averting age-related memory decline and dementia.
- MeSH
- cvičení MeSH
- krátkodobá paměť MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozkový neurotrofický faktor * MeSH
- omega-3 mastné kyseliny * farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- potravní doplňky MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH
- klinické zkoušky MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
This paper discusses ergodic properties and circular statistical characteristics in neuronal spike trains. Ergodicity means that the average taken over a long time period and over smaller population should equal the average in less time and larger population. The objectives are to show simple examples of design and validation of a neuronal model, where the ergodicity assumption helps find correspondence between variables and parameters. The methods used are analytical and numerical computations, numerical models of phenomenological spiking neurons and neuronal circuits. Results obtained using these methods are the following. They are: a formula to calculate vector strength of neural spike timing dependent on the spike train parameters, description of parameters of spike train variability and model of output spiking density based on assumption of the computation realized by sound localization neural circuit. Theoretical results are illustrated by references to experimental data. Examples of neurons where spike trains have and do not have the ergodic property are then discussed.
- MeSH
- akční potenciály fyziologie MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modely neurologické * MeSH
- nervová síť fyziologie MeSH
- neurony fyziologie MeSH
- počítačová simulace MeSH
- pravděpodobnost * MeSH
- sluch fyziologie MeSH
- sluchová dráha fyziologie MeSH
- sluchová percepce fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
