equation of state
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Standardním testem pro zjištění kardiorespirační zdatnosti je zátěžový test do maxima spojený s měřením různých kardiorespiračních parametrů, vč. maximální spotřeby kyslíku (VO2 max (peak)). VO2 max je parametr, který lze použít nejen pro stanovení funkční zdatnosti jedince, ale také pro prognózu pacienta a k předpisu pohybové aktivity. Přímé stanovení VO2 max bylo v minulosti složité a finančně náročné a proto byly v minulosti vytvořeny regresní rovnice, které VO2 max odhadovaly. Nejvíce používaná je rovnice American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). V roce 2014 byla založena iniciativa The Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database (FRIEND). FRIEND je multiinstitucionální projekt, který si kladl za cíl stanovit nové normativy pro kardiorespirační zdatnosti pro USA. Na základě zpracování výsledků byly vytvořeny nové rovnice pro výpočet maximální spotřeby kyslíku pro zátěžový test na bicyklovém ergometru a na tzv. běhátku.
The standard test for the assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is the exercise test measuring the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) and other cardiorespiratory parameters. VO2max is a parameter related to the functional capacity of an individual and it helps set adequate physical exercise for them. The direct measurement of VO2max was complicated and expensive in the past, therefore regression formulas were created estimating VO2max. The most frequently used formula is the one by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). The Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database (FRIEND) was established in 2014. FRIEND is a multi-institutional initiative established with the primary objective of establishing normative CRF values for the United States. Based on the processed results, new formulas were created for the prediction of maximum oxygen consumption during exercise testing on the basis of the FRIEND registry for bicycle ergometry and the treadmill.
- Klíčová slova
- maximální spotřeba kyslíku, FRIEND registr, vzorec pro výpočet,
- MeSH
- kardiorespirační zdatnost * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- směrnice pro lékařskou praxi jako téma MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
V současné době si hrozící rizika spojená s pozorovaným ztenčováním stratosférické ozónové vrstvy vyžádala zvýšenou pozornost odborníků i laické veřejnosti. Obavy vzbuzuje zejména zvýšená propustnost takto narušené atmosféry pro UV záření a jeho nepříznivý biologický efekt na živé organismy a životní prostředí, zejména jako jeden z nejdiskutovanějších etiologických faktorů při vzniku kožního maligního melanomu i nemelanomové kožní rakoviny - bazaliomu a spinaliomu. Primární kožní nádory jsou nejčastějšími nádory vůbec a jejich incidence a prevalence roste po celém světě, navzdory tomu, že jim lze v mnoha případech vhodnými preventivními opatřeními předcházet. Bylo prokázáno, že nejvýznamnějšími rizikovými faktory v etiologii všech typů kožních nádorů u bílé populace jsou UV zářeni a kožm fototyp ohroženého jedince. Tento fakt podporují i pozorováni, která ukazují rozdílnou incidenci kožních národů v závislosti na intenzitě a délce slunečního zářeni v dané zeměpisné poloze a typu kůže zdejšího obyvatelstva. Např. v Austrálii tvoří kožní nádory až 50 % veškerých zhoubných nádorů, na Novém Zélandě 23 %, ve Skandinávii 13 %, v Indii pouze 1,4 % a čím blíže k rovníku, tím vyšší incidence kožních nádorů mezi bělochy. Nejnovější prognostické studie však naznačují, že všechny důsledky současného ztenčení ozónové vrstvy, včetně zvýšené incidence kožních malignit, se plně projeví teprve v příštích padesáti letech.
At present the imminent risk associated with the observed diminution of the stratospheric ozone layer called for increased attention of specialists and the lay public. In particular the increased permeability of the thus impaired atmosphere for UV radiation and its adverse biological effect on living organisms and the living environment are feared as one of the most widely discussed etiological factors in the development of malignant skin melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer -basalioma and spinalioma. Primáry skin tumours are the most frequent tumours and their incidence and prevalence is rising worldwide despite the fact that in many instances they can be prevented by suitable preventivě provisions. Evidence was provided that the most serious risk factors in the etiology of all types of skin tumours in the white population are UV radiation and the skin phototype of the individual. This fact is supported also by observations which indicate a different incidence of skin tumours in relation to the intensity and period of solar radiation in a given geographical area and the type of skin of the population. E.g. in Australia skin tumours account for up to 50% of all malignant tumours, in New Zealand 23%, in Scandinavia 13%, in Indial only 1.4%. The closer to the equator the higher the incidence of skin tumours among the white population. Most recent prognostic studies however indicate that all consequences of the contemporary reduction of the ozon layer, incl. the higher incidence of skin malignities will be manifested only during the coming 50 years.
- MeSH
- bazocelulární karcinom etiologie MeSH
- incidence MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- melanom MeSH
- nádory kůže etiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- ozon chemie MeSH
- ultrafialové záření MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
The method for assessing the level of nitric oxide (II) (NO) by voltammetric monitoring of nitrite ions was carried out on models M1 and M2 of polarized macrophages induced from monocytes of human peripheral blood with the addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin-4 (IL-4), respectively. The model of induction of M1 and M2 macrophages was used in the work to achieve the corresponding shifts in the functional status of studied cells. Ethyl nitrite (EtONO) was used as a standard compound of nitrite ions for electrochemical measurements. Electrochemical determination of nitrite ions was performed by anodic linear sweep voltammetry in the first-order derivative mode (ALSV FOD) in Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer with pH 4.02 on carbon ink modified graphite electrode. EtONO calibrations were linear over a concentration range from 2 to 9 μmol L-1 with corresponding regression equation y = 0.768c - 0.048. Limit of detection (LOD) (S/N = 3) was 0.38 μmol L-1. The results of the study showed the fundamental possibility of using voltammetry to assess indirectly the production of nitric oxide by cells in supernatants of the monocytic macrophage lineage. The level of nitric oxide metabolites (nitrite ions) in supernatants was associated with the functional state of macrophages.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- dusitany krev MeSH
- elektrochemické techniky metody MeSH
- imunofenotypizace MeSH
- kultivační média MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- limita detekce MeSH
- makrofágy cytologie imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- polarita buněk MeSH
- průtoková cytometrie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Ve sdělení jsou uvedeny: – výpočet eGFR pomocí čtyřparametrového (four variables) vztahu MDRD, – výsledky stanovení referenčního intervalu sérového kreatininu po rekalibraci na referenční měření ID-MS, – vliv analytické chyby na výsledek odhadu glomerulární filtrace (eGFR), – vztah mezi eGFR a věkovými dekádami referenčních jedinců.
We introduce: – four variable calculation of eGFR by MDRD equation, – results of verification of reference intervals after recalibration by ID-MS reference procedure, – influence of analytical error on the eGFR, – relation between eGFR and age.
... Conceptual clarity is attained, assumptions are stated clearly, hidden working hypotheses are attained ... ... -- 1.2.3 Initial growth in real time 9 -- 1.3 The final size 12 -- 1.3.1 The standard final-size equation ... ... evolutionary considerations about virulence 60 -- II Structured populations 63 -- 4 The concept of state ... ... 65 -- 4.1 i-states 65 -- 4.1.1 d-states 66 -- 4.1.2 h-states 68 -- 4.2 p-states 69 -- 4.3 Recapitulation ... ... o 73 -- 5.2 General h-state 77 -- 5.3 On conditions that simplify the computation of ?? ...
Wiley series in mathematical and computational biology
1st ed. xvi, 303 s.
This article considers customer typology in fitness centres. The main aim of our survey is to state the basic segments of fitness customers and create their typology. A survey was conducted on a sample of 1004 respondents from 48 fitness centres. We used questionnaires and latent class analysis for the assessment and interpretation of data. The results of our research are as follows: we identified 6 segments of typical customers, of which three are male (we called them student, shark, mature) and three are female (manager, hunter, and student). Each segment is influenced primarily by the age of customers, from which we can develop further characteristics, such as education, income, marital status, etc. Male segments use the main workout area above all, whilst female segments use a much wider range of services offered, for example group exercises, personal training, and cardio theatres.
- Klíčová slova
- typologie, zákazník, segmentace,
- MeSH
- analýza latentních tříd MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fitness centrum * MeSH
- interpretace statistických dat MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- výzkum * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
... method 35 -- 2.2.3 Establishing the macroscopic state of stress of biomaterials from values of loading ... ... -- 4.8 Some aspects of the current state of knowledge and new trends in research into the hydrodynamics ... ... Definition of a generalized system of a set of tracks of locomotion 513 -- 6.2.2.2 Structure of the ... ... system of features of a set of tracks of locomotion 514 -- 6.2.3 The mechanism of the origin of a track ... ... 562 -- [Premysl Liška) -- 6.6.1 Introduction 562 -- 6.6.2 The mechanism of injury 562 -- 6.6.3 Equation ...
347 s. : obr., tab., přeruš.bibliogr.
Biomechanics is one of the branches of science contributing significantly not only to increasing our knowledge of the development of living systems but also to our understanding of the relevant laws of mechanics and their mechanical functions. Important anatomical and biomechanical data as related to the individual functions of the organism and their biomechanical significance are focussed on in this publication. The locomotor and circulatory apparatus and the identification of the mechanical properties of living tissue and materials used in osteosynthesis and alloarthroplasty are among the fields covered. The phenomena observed in the cardiovascular system are described using the basic equation of motion of viscous fluids. Suitable hydraulic models are proposed for investigation and testing of vascular grafts, artificial cardiac valves and artificial heart. Important research data are presented about biomechanical structures of the locomotoric apparatus, and joint rheology. A section is included presenting the fundamentals of the biomechanical analysis in criminology and in bioballistics.
We used data from the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey to examine patterns of cigarette smoking behavior and tobacco use. In light of the recent upsurge in e-cigarette use, we modeled current use and future intentions to use vape products along with combustible cigarette smoking and other tobacco products (i.e., cigars, cigarillos, chew, snuff, and dip). Latent class analyses indicated four discrete classes of smokers including a nominally involved class with very modest levels of tobacco product use, a class blending e-cigarette and cigars, a class of youth who predominantly use combustible cigarettes, and a group reporting indiscriminate use of almost all tobacco products excluding chew. Tests of invariance in item response probabilities and latent class proportions showed little variation across race and gender, albeit a new class of combustible cigarette and e-cigarette users emerged when examined by grade. Members of the heavy smoking and tobacco use class were more likely to be male, White, and older. Predictors of class membership included expectancies (perceived benefits of use), perceived harm (risk), media exposure, tobacco dependence, and the desire to quit. Findings are discussed in terms of characterizing risk among already smoking youth and how actionable prevention measures can be incorporated into existing universal and indicated programs that target reducing tobacco use and smoking behaviors.
- MeSH
- analýza latentních tříd MeSH
- kouření cigaret epidemiologie MeSH
- kouření tabáku trendy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- poruchy vyvolané užíváním tabáku epidemiologie MeSH
- rasové skupiny MeSH
- sexuální faktory MeSH
- socioekonomické faktory MeSH
- systémy dodávající nikotin elektronicky MeSH
- tabákové výrobky MeSH
- vaping epidemiologie MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Spojené státy americké MeSH
The current study was designed to bridge a sporting event typological and geographical gap by investigating evidence of the economic impact of five small-scale sports events in the Western region of the United States. Utilizing the input-output economic impact equation established by the Sports Event and Tourism Association, data was collected from participants and spectators through on-site intercept surveys. Data was analyzed using the traditional calculations for economic impact as well as offering real-time economic impact data using an sporting event intercept survey procedure. Results showed small-scale events impact the economy of their host city positively, mainly by filling hotel rooms that would otherwise have gone vacant. Results also show that real-time economic impact data may prove more reliable to future decisions of cities hosting events. Previous research on mid-sized cities hosting sporting events as well as the current research related to small-scale sporting events proves more beneficial than large-scale sporting events in large-sized cities. Given the information from the current study, local sports commissions and political figures may effectively advocate hosting small-scale events to their public using the justification of economic impact (traditional or real-time). Additionally, stakeholders of such events should consider maintaining or expanding the current inventory of small-scale events throughout the calendar year.