grain protein content
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BACKGROUND: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a widely cropped pulse and an important source of proteins for humans. In Mediterranean regions it is predicted that drought will reduce soil moisture and become a major issue in agricultural practice. Nitrogen (N)-fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have the potential to improve plant growth and drought tolerance. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of N-fixing bacteria and AM fungi on the growth, grain yield and protein content of chickpea under water deficit. RESULTS: Plants inoculated with Mesorhizobium mediterraneum or Rhizophagus irregularis without water deficit and inoculated with M. mediterraneum under moderate water deficit had significant increases in biomass. Inoculation with microbial symbionts brought no benefits to chickpea under severe water deficit. However, under moderate water deficit grain crude protein was increased by 13%, 17% and 22% in plants inoculated with M. mediterraneum, R. irregularis and M. mediterraneum + R. irregularis, respectively. CONCLUSION: Inoculation with N-fixing bacteria and AM fungi has the potential to benefit agricultural production of chickpea under water deficit conditions and to contribute to increased grain protein content. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
- MeSH
- Bacteria růst a vývoj MeSH
- Cicer chemie růst a vývoj metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- dusík metabolismus MeSH
- fyziologie bakterií * MeSH
- houby růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- mykorhiza fyziologie MeSH
- očkovadla agrotechnická fyziologie MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny analýza metabolismus MeSH
- symbióza MeSH
- voda analýza metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Proso millet belongs to the oldest cereals that human is using. Eight varieties of proso millet were cultivated in Ceske Budejovice from 1998 to 2000 and Cerveny Dvur from 1999 to 2000. The crude protein content was determined according to Kjehladl method and amino acid content was determined chromatographically after acid and oxidative acid hydrolysis. Although the protein content of proso (11.6% of dry matter) was similar to wheat, the grain of proso was significant richer in essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, methionine) then wheat. Hence, the protein quality of proso (Essential Amino Acid Index) was higher (51%) compared to wheat. The proso grain contained about 3.3 g kg(-1) of the limiting amino acid-lysine. Significant differences in protein and its quality were found among the evaluated proso varieties. The varieties Toldanskoe and Lipetskoe were the most different from the others in protein and amino acid content and Amino Acid Score of individual acids. They had the lowest content and quality of protein. The seed coat of these varieties was red. The amino acid and protein content was significantly influenced by weather during the year. Dry conditions caused an increase of protein but its quality was decreased.
Physico-chemical, functional and antioxidant capacities of 26 oat (Avena sativa L.) lines and cultivars were investigated. The results showed that the contents were considerably variable within samples, starch concentration (44,83-63,79%), carbohydrate (42,08-62,65%), protein (9,67-17,44%), fat (3,06-10,96%), β-glucan (1,37-6,05%) and ash (1,22-5,38%). The analysis of fatty acids composition indicated that, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid and linolenic were the major fatty acids in oat lipids, and that the contents of total UFA in assessed material varied between72, 29-80,11%. Moreover, the phenolic content varied from 23,1 to 56,5 mg GAE/100g, carotenoids content range from 0,98 to 4,34 µg β-carotene equivalents/g and antioxidant activity, evaluated as DPPH radical scavenging activity, from 12,2 to 46,7%. The Protein profiles showed nearly identical nature of electrophoresis patterns, indicating no eventual change in protein quality. It could be concluded here that the flour of issue from these cultivars provide health benefits and high added value, if included as an ingredient for making new functional food products to meet the demands of health conscious generation.
Oats represent a promising alternative to small-grain cereals from Triticeae group (wheat, barley, rye) for persons suffering from any form of gluten intolerance, especially celiac disease (CD), since oat-specific prolamins avenins reveal generally lower gluten content and immunoreactivity. Recent studies on avenin molecular structure revealed large genetic variability in avenin sequences affecting the spectrum of gluten peptides produced by hydrolases in human digestive tract. The aim of the present review is to summarise recent knowledge obtained in laboratory studies focused on the effect of avenin-derived peptides on reactivity of crucial components of human immune system such as dendritic cells (DC) and T-cells. The other part of the review summarises the results of clinical studies with CD patients including oat products in their diet. Since different clinical studies revealed contradictory results regarding potential safety of oats for CD patients, the focus has to be directed at genetic variability in oat avenins. Identification of avenin isoforms with minimum CD immunoreactivity will open up ways leading to designing novel oat cultivars suitable for CD patients. Knowledge on immunoreactivity of gluten peptides together with breeding new oat cultivars revealing minimum avenin immunoreactivity with respect to CD as well as application of food processing technologies leading to gluten content reduction should result in development of gluten-free oats safe for celiacs.
- MeSH
- bezlepková dieta MeSH
- celiakie * MeSH
- gluteny MeSH
- jedlá semena MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- oves * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND: Within last few years, the occurrence of food allergens and corresponding food allergies has been increasing, therefore research into the individual allergens is required. In the present work, the effect of cereal processing on the amounts of allergenic proteins is studied by modern proteomic-based approaches. The most important wheat and barley allergens are low-molecular-weight (LMW) proteins. Therefore we investigated the relative quantitative changes of these proteins after food technological processing, namely wheat couscous production and barley malting. RESULTS: A comparative study using mass spectrometry in connection with the technique of isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) revealed that the amount of wheat allergenic LMW proteins decreased significantly during couscous production (approximately to 5-26% of their initial content in wheat flour). After barley malting, the amounts of the majority of LMW proteins decreased as well, although to a lesser extent than in the case of wheat/couscous. The level of two allergens even slightly increased. CONCLUSION: Suggested proteomic strategy proved as universal and sensitive method for fast and reliable identification of various cereal allergens and monitoring of their quantitative changes during food processing. Such information is important for consumers who suffer from allergies.
- MeSH
- alergeny škodlivé účinky analýza chemie MeSH
- antigeny rostlinné škodlivé účinky analýza chemie MeSH
- dietní proteiny škodlivé účinky analýza chemie MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie s elektrosprejovou ionizací MeSH
- ječmen (rod) chemie MeSH
- jedlá semena škodlivé účinky chemie MeSH
- kontrola potravin metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- manipulace s potravinami * MeSH
- molekulová hmotnost MeSH
- peptidové mapování MeSH
- potravinová alergie etiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- proteomika MeSH
- pšenice chemie MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny škodlivé účinky analýza chemie MeSH
- semenáček chemie MeSH
- spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Semidwarfing genes have improved crop yield by reducing height, improving lodging resistance, and allowing plants to allocate more assimilates to grain growth. In wheat (Triticum aestivum), the Rht18 semidwarfing gene was identified and deployed in durum wheat before it was transferred into bread wheat, where it was shown to have agronomic potential. Rht18, a dominant and gibberellin (GA) responsive mutant, is genetically and functionally distinct from the widely used GA-insensitive semidwarfing genes Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b In this study, the Rht18 gene was identified by mutagenizing the semidwarf durum cultivar Icaro (Rht18) and generating mutants with a range of tall phenotypes. Isolating and sequencing chromosome 6A of these "overgrowth" mutants showed that they contained independent mutations in the coding region of GA2oxA9GA2oxA9 is predicted to encode a GA 2-oxidase that metabolizes GA biosynthetic intermediates into inactive products, effectively reducing the amount of bioactive GA (GA1). Functional analysis of the GA2oxA9 protein demonstrated that GA2oxA9 converts the intermediate GA12 to the inactive metabolite GA110 Furthermore, Rht18 showed higher expression of GA2oxA9 and lower GA content compared with its tall parent. These data indicate that the increased expression of GA2oxA9 in Rht18 results in a reduction of both bioactive GA content and plant height. This study describes a height-reducing mechanism that can generate new genetic diversity for semidwarfism in wheat by combining increased expression with mutations of specific amino acid residues in GA2oxA9.
- MeSH
- centromera genetika MeSH
- chromozomy rostlin MeSH
- gibereliny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- mapování chromozomů MeSH
- mutageneze MeSH
- oxygenasy se smíšenou funkcí genetika metabolismus MeSH
- polyploidie MeSH
- promotorové oblasti (genetika) MeSH
- pšenice genetika růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank, 1781) is a cosmopolitan generalist feeder that prefers foodstuffs of high-fat and high-protein content. Our aim was to investigate the population growth of T. putrescentiae after long-term nutritional adaptation to two distinct diets that are commonly infested in the synanthropic environment. Crushed dry dog food kernels provided a high-fat, high-protein, and low-carbohydrate diet, whereas wholemeal spelt flour provided a low-protein, low-fat, and high-carbohydrate diet. After >6 mo of nutritional adaptation, each of the two populations were used in two 28-d population growth tests: one that mites remained on their adaptation diet (homogenous diet treatment) and one that mites underwent a dietary switch (dietary switch treatment). Dietary treatment, nutritional adaptation, and their interaction all significantly influenced population growth. The homogenous diet treatment showed 7.5 times higher growth on the dog food diet than on flour. In the dietary switch, flour-adapted mites switching to dog food experienced five times greater population growth than the flour-adapted mites remained on flour, whereas the dog food-adapted population showed a 2.8-fold decrease in population growth when transferred to the flour. A comparison of means between the two dietary switch treatments showed a 1.9-fold higher population growth after flour-adapted mites were shifted to dog food than when the dog food-adapted mites were shifted to flour. We demonstrated that T. putrescentiae is able survive and reproduce for many generations on dry dog food and flour with different levels of success. High-fat and -protein food accelerated T. putrescentiae population growth compared with the high-carbohydrate diet.
- MeSH
- Acaridae metabolismus MeSH
- aklimatizace fyziologie MeSH
- dietní proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- dietní tuky metabolismus MeSH
- fyziologie výživy zvířat MeSH
- krmivo pro zvířata MeSH
- mouka MeSH
- populační růst MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
An interlaboratory study with 10 participants was performed to obtain validation and performance data for an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit developed for quantitative gluten determination in foods. The ELISA kit used for this study is based on 2 monoclonal and 1 polyclonal antibody developed by Immunotech, a Beckman Coulter Co. This kit did not show any false positive results or cross-reactivity with oat, rice, maize, and buckwheat. The gliadin standard from the Working Group on Prolamin Analysis and Toxicity was included in the kit as reference material for calibration. All participants obtained a gliadin ELISA kit with Standard Operational Procedure and a form for recording test results. The study included 13 samples labeled as "gluten-free" and 2 samples spiked by wheat flour. Seven samples had gliadin content below the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of the method, and 1 sample exceeded the highest calibration level. Gliadin content in the range from 10 to 157 mg/kg (1st day) and from 11 to 183 mg/kg (2nd day) was found in 7 samples (including 2 spiked samples). Results of these samples were used for further statistical analysis and evaluation. The Cochran, Dixon, and Mandel statistical tests were applied for detection of outliers. The LOQ of the kit was estimated.
- MeSH
- analýza potravin metody MeSH
- chemické techniky analytické metody MeSH
- ELISA metody MeSH
- Fagopyrum metabolismus MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- gliadin chemie MeSH
- gluteny analýza MeSH
- jedlá semena metabolismus MeSH
- kalibrace MeSH
- kukuřice setá metabolismus MeSH
- oves metabolismus MeSH
- prolaminy MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- rýže (rod) metabolismus MeSH
Cereals and legumes rank among the most important group of crop plant production. The aim of this paper was to point out the suitability of cereals and legumes in the diet of people living with an autoimmune disease of the small intestine, the celiac disease. Cereals match the best current ideas of healthy and balanced diet and provide decisive part of the energy intake from food in human nutrition and no small share from the total protein intake. Some cereals contain celiac active polypeptides and in susceptible individuals cause allergic reactions. Celiac active ingredients are found in the prolamin fraction. If the content of prolamine is in an amount of 4-8%, the products can be considered appropriate for the celiac diet. Wheat, barley, rye and oat should be excluded from the diet, if a person has confirmed celiac disease. On a worldwide basis, legumes contribute to about one-third of humankind's direct protein intake. Legumes also accumulate natural products (secondary metabolites) such as isoflavonoids that are considered beneficial to human health through anticancer and other health-promoting activities. The biggest advantage of legumes is that they are gluten-free and are suitable for gluten-free diet.
From a nutrition point of view, wheat flour as basic recipe component of cereal products is a valuable source of plant proteins, some vitamins and minerals; at the same time, it is rightfully considered deficient in content of other components with nutritional benefit, which are necessary in diet of recent population. Non-traditional components prepared from seeds or fruits of seven plants (oak tree, fonio, chestnut tree, chia, hemp, nopal and teff) are known as donors of not only dietary fibre constituents, but also of further appreciated photo-chemicals. Owing to non-gluten nature of proteins in these materials, they rather have a negative effect on technological properties of wheat flour. To screen and predict an expected impact, values of the Falling Number and the Zeleny sedimentation test were determined for all flour composites tested. Changes in the physical stage of starch and the pentosans content were described by the SRC (Solvent Retention Capacity) method.
- Klíčová slova
- chia, nopál, konopí, Zelenyho test,
- MeSH
- gluteny analýza MeSH
- mouka * analýza MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
