... Contents. Obsah. PRACTICAL PART. PRAKTICKÁ ČÁST -- Chapter I. Kapitola I. Healthy living. ... ... Unit 2 64 -- Proteins. Fats. Bílkoviny. Tuky -- Unit 3 74 -- Carbohydrates. Starches. Sacharidy. ... ... Unit 10 129 -- High-energy and protein supplements. Alternative diets. ... ... Unit 3 405 -- The importance of whole grains and dietary fibre. Diabetes mellitus. ... ... Unit 4 415 -- Proteins. Fats. Proteiny. Tuky. \' -- Units 421 -- Vitamins 1. Vitamíny I. ...
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Oats represent a promising alternative to small-grain cereals from Triticeae group (wheat, barley, rye) for persons suffering from any form of gluten intolerance, especially celiac disease (CD), since oat-specific prolamins avenins reveal generally lower gluten content and immunoreactivity. Recent studies on avenin molecular structure revealed large genetic variability in avenin sequences affecting the spectrum of gluten peptides produced by hydrolases in human digestive tract. The aim of the present review is to summarise recent knowledge obtained in laboratory studies focused on the effect of avenin-derived peptides on reactivity of crucial components of human immune system such as dendritic cells (DC) and T-cells. The other part of the review summarises the results of clinical studies with CD patients including oat products in their diet. Since different clinical studies revealed contradictory results regarding potential safety of oats for CD patients, the focus has to be directed at genetic variability in oat avenins. Identification of avenin isoforms with minimum CD immunoreactivity will open up ways leading to designing novel oat cultivars suitable for CD patients. Knowledge on immunoreactivity of gluten peptides together with breeding new oat cultivars revealing minimum avenin immunoreactivity with respect to CD as well as application of food processing technologies leading to gluten content reduction should result in development of gluten-free oats safe for celiacs.
- MeSH
- Diet, Gluten-Free MeSH
- Celiac Disease * MeSH
- Glutens MeSH
- Edible Grain MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Avena * MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Review MeSH
Some viroids-single-stranded, non-coding, circular RNA parasites of plants-are not transmissible through pollen to seeds and to next generation. We analyzed the cause for the elimination of apple fruit crinkle viroid (AFCVd) and citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) from male gametophyte cells of Nicotiana tabacum by RNA deep sequencing and molecular methods using infected and transformed tobacco pollen tissues at different developmental stages. AFCVd was not transferable from pollen to seeds in reciprocal pollinations, due to a complete viroid eradication during the last steps of pollen development and fertilization. In pollen, the viroid replication pathway proceeds with detectable replication intermediates, but is dramatically depressed in comparison to leaves. Specific and unspecific viroid degradation with some preference for (-) chains occurred in pollen, as detected by analysis of viroid-derived small RNAs, by quantification of viroid levels and by detection of viroid degradation products forming "comets" on Northern blots. The decrease of viroid levels during pollen development correlated with mRNA accumulation of several RNA-degrading factors, such as AGO5 nuclease, DICER-like and TUDOR S-like nuclease. In addition, the functional status of pollen, as a tissue with high ribosome content, could play a role during suppression of AFCVd replication involving transcription factors IIIA and ribosomal protein L5.
Being a chilling-sensitive staple crop, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is vulnerable to climate change. The competence of rice to withstand chilling stress should, therefore, be enhanced through technological tools. The present study employed chemical intervention like application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as nitric oxide (NO) donor and elucidated the underlying morpho-physiological and biochemical mechanisms of NO-mediated chilling tolerance in rice plants. At germination stage, germination indicators were interrupted by chilling stress (5.0 ± 1.0 °C for 8 h day-1), while pretreatment with 100 μM SNP markedly improved all the indicators. At seedling stage (14-day-old), chilling stress caused stunted growth with visible toxicity along with alteration of biochemical markers, for example, increase in oxidative stress markers (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde) and osmolytes (total soluble sugar; proline and soluble protein content, SPC), and decrease in chlorophyll (Chl), relative water content (RWC), and antioxidants. However, NO application attenuated toxicity symptoms with improving growth attributes which might be related to enhance activities of antioxidants, mineral contents, Chl, RWC and SPC. Furthermore, principal component analysis indicated that water imbalance and increased oxidative damage were the main contributors to chilling injury, whereas NO-mediated mineral homeostasis and antioxidant defense were the critical determinants for chilling tolerance in rice. Collectively, our findings revealed that NO protects against chilling stress through valorizing cellular defense mechanisms, suggesting that exogenous application of NO could be a potential tool to evolve cold tolerance as well as climate resilience in rice.
- MeSH
- Nitric Oxide Donors pharmacology MeSH
- Homeostasis drug effects MeSH
- Germination drug effects MeSH
- Malondialdehyde metabolism MeSH
- Nitroprusside pharmacology MeSH
- Cold Temperature MeSH
- Crop Protection methods MeSH
- Nitric Oxide metabolism MeSH
- Hydrogen Peroxide metabolism MeSH
- Lipid Peroxidation drug effects MeSH
- Peroxidases metabolism MeSH
- Cold-Shock Response physiology MeSH
- Oryza drug effects MeSH
- Seedlings drug effects MeSH
- Superoxides metabolism MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Overpopulation of domestic pigeons is considered to be one of the major problems of urban centers, as these birds are responsible for the dissemination of relevant pathogens to animal and human health. The aim of this study was to detect potentially pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in domestic pigeons captured in areas near silos used for grain and feed storage, analyzing the antimicrobial sensitivity and the presence of virulence-associated genes. We evaluated 41 pigeons. From each bird, cecal contents and a pool of viscera (heart, spleen, and liver) were collected. Fifty strains of E. coli and three strains of S. Typhimurium were isolated. The antimicrobial susceptibility assay showed that 2% of the isolates of E. coli were resistant to chloramphenicol and the combination of sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim and 4% to tetracycline, doxycycline, and sulfonamide. The three S. Typhimurium strains were sensitive to all antimicrobials tested. The pathogenicity profile demonstrated that no E. coli isolates showed a STEC compatible profile. Regarding the APEC pathotype, all genes were observed in 8% of E. coli, 6% had only the iss gene and 4% presented ompT, hlyF, and iutA genes. invA, hilA, avrA, and lpfA genes were detected in 100% of Salmonella isolates. The sitC and pefA genes were only present in one strain and the remaining genes were detected in two. In conclusion, it was found that pigeons living in the vicinity of silos are carriers of important pathogens, and control measures should be taken to minimize animal and human health risks.
- MeSH
- Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology MeSH
- Bacterial Infections epidemiology microbiology veterinary MeSH
- Drug Resistance, Bacterial drug effects genetics MeSH
- Bacterial Proteins genetics MeSH
- Columbidae microbiology MeSH
- Escherichia coli drug effects genetics isolation & purification pathogenicity MeSH
- Phylogeny MeSH
- Animals, Domestic microbiology MeSH
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests MeSH
- Poultry Diseases epidemiology microbiology MeSH
- Salmonella drug effects genetics isolation & purification pathogenicity MeSH
- Virulence genetics MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Brazil MeSH
A therapeutic gluten-free diet often has nutritional limitations. Nutritional qualities such as high protein content, the presence of biologically active and beneficial substances (fiber, beta-glucans, polyunsaturated fatty acids, essential amino acids, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals), and tolerance by the majority of celiac patients make oat popular for use in gluten-free diet. The health risk of long-time consumption of oat by celiac patients is a matter of debate. The introduction of oat into the diet is only recommended for celiac patients in remission. Furthermore, not every variety of oat is also appropriate for a gluten-free diet. The risk of sensitization and an adverse immunologically mediated reaction is a real threat in some celiac patients. Several unsolved issues still exist which include the following: (1) determination of the susceptibility markers for the subgroup of celiac patients who are at risk because they do not tolerate dietary oat, (2) identification of suitable varieties of oat and estimating the safe dose of oat for the diet, and (3) optimization of methods for detecting the gliadin contamination in raw oat used in a gluten-free diet.
- MeSH
- Diet, Gluten-Free * adverse effects MeSH
- Celiac Disease diagnosis diet therapy immunology MeSH
- Gliadin adverse effects immunology MeSH
- Risk Assessment MeSH
- Edible Grain * adverse effects classification immunology MeSH
- Clinical Decision-Making MeSH
- Food Contamination MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Nutritive Value MeSH
- Avena * adverse effects classification immunology MeSH
- Patient Selection MeSH
- Recommended Dietary Allowances MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Cell-penetrating and some antimicrobial peptides can translocate across lipid bilayers without disrupting the membrane structure. However, the molecular properties required for efficient translocation are not fully understood. We employed the Metropolis Monte Carlo method together with coarse-grained models to systematically investigate free-energy landscapes associated with the translocation of secondary amphiphilic peptides. We studied α-helical peptides with different length, amphiphilicity, and distribution of hydrophobic content and found a common translocation path consisting of adsorption, tilting, and insertion. In the adsorbed state, the peptides are parallel to the membrane plane, whereas, in the inserted state, the peptides are perpendicular to the membrane. Our simulations demonstrate that, for all tested peptides, there is an optimal ratio of hydrophilic/hydrophobic content at which the peptides cross the membrane the easiest. Moreover, we show that the hydrophobicity of peptide termini has an important effect on the translocation barrier. These results provide general guidance to optimize peptides for use as carriers of molecular cargos or as therapeutics themselves.
- MeSH
- Cell Membrane metabolism MeSH
- Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions * MeSH
- Protein Conformation MeSH
- Monte Carlo Method MeSH
- Peptides chemistry metabolism MeSH
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation MeSH
- Thermodynamics MeSH
- Protein Transport MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Semidwarfing genes have improved crop yield by reducing height, improving lodging resistance, and allowing plants to allocate more assimilates to grain growth. In wheat (Triticum aestivum), the Rht18 semidwarfing gene was identified and deployed in durum wheat before it was transferred into bread wheat, where it was shown to have agronomic potential. Rht18, a dominant and gibberellin (GA) responsive mutant, is genetically and functionally distinct from the widely used GA-insensitive semidwarfing genes Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b In this study, the Rht18 gene was identified by mutagenizing the semidwarf durum cultivar Icaro (Rht18) and generating mutants with a range of tall phenotypes. Isolating and sequencing chromosome 6A of these "overgrowth" mutants showed that they contained independent mutations in the coding region of GA2oxA9GA2oxA9 is predicted to encode a GA 2-oxidase that metabolizes GA biosynthetic intermediates into inactive products, effectively reducing the amount of bioactive GA (GA1). Functional analysis of the GA2oxA9 protein demonstrated that GA2oxA9 converts the intermediate GA12 to the inactive metabolite GA110 Furthermore, Rht18 showed higher expression of GA2oxA9 and lower GA content compared with its tall parent. These data indicate that the increased expression of GA2oxA9 in Rht18 results in a reduction of both bioactive GA content and plant height. This study describes a height-reducing mechanism that can generate new genetic diversity for semidwarfism in wheat by combining increased expression with mutations of specific amino acid residues in GA2oxA9.
- MeSH
- Centromere genetics MeSH
- Chromosomes, Plant MeSH
- Gibberellins genetics metabolism MeSH
- Chromosome Mapping MeSH
- Mutagenesis MeSH
- Mixed Function Oxygenases genetics metabolism MeSH
- Polyploidy MeSH
- Promoter Regions, Genetic MeSH
- Triticum genetics growth & development metabolism MeSH
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant MeSH
- Plant Proteins genetics metabolism MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Resveratrol is a polyphenol found in different plant species and having numerous health-promoting properties in animals and humans. However, its protective action against deleterious effects of ethanol is poorly elucidated. In the present study, the influence of resveratrol (10 mg/kg/day) on some hormones and metabolic parameters was determined in rats ingesting 10 % ethanol solution for two weeks. Blood levels of insulin, glucagon and adiponectin were affected by ethanol, however, resveratrol partially ameliorated these changes. Moreover, in ethanol drinking rats, liver lipid accumulation was increased, whereas resveratrol was capable of reducing liver lipid content, probably due to decrease in fatty acid synthesis. Resveratrol decreased also blood levels of triglycerides and free fatty acids and reduced gamma-glutamyl transferase activity in animals ingesting ethanol. These results show that resveratrol, already at low dose, alleviates hormonal and metabolic changes induced by ethanol in the rat and may be useful in preventing and treating some consequences of alcohol consumption.
- MeSH
- Adiponectin blood MeSH
- Ethanol administration & dosage toxicity MeSH
- Glucagon blood MeSH
- Insulin blood MeSH
- Liver drug effects metabolism MeSH
- Rats MeSH
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified blood MeSH
- Lipid Metabolism drug effects physiology MeSH
- Rats, Wistar MeSH
- Stilbenes pharmacology MeSH
- Triglycerides blood MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Rats MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
From a nutrition point of view, wheat flour as basic recipe component of cereal products is a valuable source of plant proteins, some vitamins and minerals; at the same time, it is rightfully considered deficient in content of other components with nutritional benefit, which are necessary in diet of recent population. Non-traditional components prepared from seeds or fruits of seven plants (oak tree, fonio, chestnut tree, chia, hemp, nopal and teff) are known as donors of not only dietary fibre constituents, but also of further appreciated photo-chemicals. Owing to non-gluten nature of proteins in these materials, they rather have a negative effect on technological properties of wheat flour. To screen and predict an expected impact, values of the Falling Number and the Zeleny sedimentation test were determined for all flour composites tested. Changes in the physical stage of starch and the pentosans content were described by the SRC (Solvent Retention Capacity) method.
- Keywords
- chia, nopál, konopí, Zelenyho test,
- MeSH
- Glutens analysis MeSH
- Flour * analysis MeSH
- Statistics as Topic MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
