in vitro toxicity testing Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
Reproductive toxicology, ISSN 0890-6238 Volume 7, Supplement 1, 1993
173 stran : ilustrace, tabulky ; 28 cm
- MeSH
- ekotoxikologie MeSH
- infertilita MeSH
- rozmnožování MeSH
- techniky in vitro MeSH
- testy toxicity MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kongresy MeSH
- sborníky MeSH
- zprávy MeSH
- Konspekt
- Farmacie. Farmakologie
- NLK Obory
- toxikologie
- reprodukční lékařství
This paper provides a brief overview of alternative methods in acute systemic toxicity and focuses on their position in the modern human health risk assessment. Current traditional toxicity testing strategies rely primarily on the observation of adverse health responses in homogeneous groups of animals exposed to high doses of a test agent. However, human reaction to chemicals often differs from that of animals and the animal-based methods are quite expensive, not suitable for high throughput testing and, last but not least, they are ethically controversial. The current advances in science have led to the formulation of a new strategy in human risk assessment based on methods that will be cost effective, with a higher throughput, and will be more comparable to real-life exposures in humans; moreover, they will significantly reduce the number of animals needed for testing. So far, the validated in vitro methods are used to estimate starting doses for acute oral lethality assays, which could potentially reduce animal use by as much as 50 %. They are also useful for determining the skin penetration of a substance and for assessing hematotoxicity. Currently, there is none of the in vitro alternative methods or their combinations which could fully replace in vivo methods for acute systemic toxicity. However, they play an essential role in the prediction of acute systemic toxicity, mainly in tiered-based screening and testing strategy. A promising tiered-based strategy consisting of a test battery assessing basal cytotoxicity, hematotoxicity, neurotoxicity, metabolism and biokinetics was suggested and pre-validated within the ACuteTox project. The whole testing strategy still needs to be validated to fully replace current classical acute toxicity testing approach based on in vivo assays. Despite hopes driven by these new strategies and approaches, the whole process of changes in routine toxicity testing is at the very beginning stage and will be long and hard. The future progress will show us if the expectations are reasonable and achievable, what are the main constraints and limitations and if they can be overcome.
- MeSH
- akutní nemoc MeSH
- biotransformace * MeSH
- chemické modely MeSH
- cytotoxicita imunologická MeSH
- experimenty na zvířatech * MeSH
- farmakokinetika MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- LD50 * MeSH
- techniky in vitro MeSH
- testy toxicity * MeSH
- zdraví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Částice atmosférického aerosolu jsou celosvětově považovány za významné zdravotní riziko. Přestože přesné mechanismy toxicity aerosolu stále nejsou plně známy, několik studií uvádí, že generování reaktivních sloučenin kyslíku je jedním z hlavních mechanismů, který je zodpovědný za chronické i akutní zdravotní problémy. Z tohoto důvodu byl oxidativní potenciál (OP), definovaný jako schopnost aerosolu generovat reaktivní sloučeniny kyslíku, navržen jako relevantní parametr pro hodnocení toxicity aerosolu. Tento článek popisuje různé acelulární in vitro metody stanovení OP a vliv chemického složení a velikosti aerosolu na OP.
Atmospheric aerosol particles are considered to be a significant health risk worldwide. Although the exact mechanisms of aerosol toxicity are still not fully understood, several studies report that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the main mechanisms responsible for chronic and acute health problems. For this reason, oxidative potential (OP) which is defined as the ability of an aerosol to generate ROS, has been proposed as a relevant parameter for assessing aerosol toxicity. This article describes different acellular in vitro methods to determine OP and the influence of chemical composition and aerosol size on OP.
- Klíčová slova
- oxidativní potenciál,
- MeSH
- aerosoly * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- atmosféra analýza chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- oxidační stres * MeSH
- techniky in vitro MeSH
- testy toxicity * metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Bola vyšetrená adsorpčná účinnosť aktívneho uhlia, Amberlitu XAD-2 a XAD-4 pri hemoperfúzii paracetamolu in vitro. Celkove bolo vykonaných 30 hemoperfúzií paracetamolu in vitro v uzavretom systéme pri použití vyššie uvedených sorbentov. Ako perfúzny roztok sme použili 3000 ml 0,9% NaCl. Koncentrácia paracetamolu v perfúznom roztoku bola 604,3±3,8 mg/l. Jednotlivé hemoperfúzie trvali 5 hodín. Pri hemoperfúzii cez aktívne uhlie v 300. minúte bola koncentrácia paracetamolu v roztoku 1,4±0,1 mg/l. Adsorpčná kapacita hemoperfúznej kapsuly s použitím Amberlitu XAD-2 a XAD-4 bola vyčerpaná už v 180. minúte. Autori na základe získaných výsledkov odporúčajú použitie hemoperfúzie cez aktívne uhlie u chorých po otrave paracetamolom. Okrem toho u 17-ročnej chorej, ktorá sa otrávila v samovražednom úmysle paracetamolom, bola vykonaná 5-hodinová hemoperfúzia cez aktívne uhlie. Táto liečba viedla k rýchlemu uzdraveniu.
The absorption efficacy of active charcoal, Amberlite XAD-2, and XAD-4 was investigated during in vitro paracetamol hemoperfusion. Overall, 30 in vitro paracetamol hemoperfusion procedures were performed in a closed system using the above sorbents. 3000 mL of 0.9% NaCl was used as the perfusion solution. Paracetamol levels in the perfusion solution were 604.3±3.8 mg/L. Individual hemoperfusion procedures took 5 hours to complete. At minute 300 of active charcoal-based hemoperfusion, the paracetamol levels in the solution were 1.4±0.1 mg/L. The adsorption capacity of the hemoperfusion capsules using Amberlite XAD-2 and XAD-4 was used up as early as minute 180. Based on their results, the authors recommend to use active charcoal-based hemoperfusion in patients with paracetamol intoxication. In addition, 5-hour active charcoal-based hemoperfusion was undertaken in a 17- year-old female patient taking paracetamol in a suicidal attempt. This therapy resulted in rapid recovery of the girl.
Using the short-term lymphocytic test and bacterial Salmonella/microsomal test, the authors investigated the mutagenic activity of pharmaceutical blac coal tar (Pix lithanthracis). The results of tests revealed that the values of chromosomal aberrations as well as numbers of reverted colonies increased in relation to the applied dose of effective substance. It was also found that in case of the in vitro testing systems used an exogenous metabolic activation mixture must be used.
- MeSH
- chromozomální aberace MeSH
- dehet uhelný terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- psoriáza MeSH
- Salmonella typhimurium MeSH
- techniky in vitro MeSH
- testy genotoxicity MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- antitumorózní látky farmakologie metabolismus MeSH
- chemorezistence fyziologie MeSH
- lékařská onkologie metody MeSH
- léky antitumorózní - screeningové testy metody normy statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádorové buňky kultivované účinky léků MeSH
- nežádoucí účinky léčiv metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
