• Publikační typ
• abstrakt z konference MeSH

The content of stereotypes can be shaped by multiple mechanisms, one of them possibly being the "mirroring effect." Mirroring describes a phenomenon whereby people rate their ingroup characteristics as opposite to characteristics typical of a relevant outgroup. The aim of our study was to explore mirroring in three intergroup contexts-in national, regional, and ethnic stereotypes. In Study 1, 2,241 participants rated national ingroup stereotype and outgroup stereotypes of five Central European countries. In Study 2, 741 Czech participants rated regional ingroup and outgroup stereotypes of people living in two distinct parts of the Czech Republic. In Study 3, 463 majority and Hungarian minority participants in Slovakia rated ethnic ingroup and outgroup stereotypes. The results showed a clear presence of mirroring in all three contexts.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• etnopsychologie * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• osobnost * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• skupinové procesy * MeSH
• stereotypizace * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

People construe reality by using words as basic units of meaningful categorization. The present theory-driven study applied the method of a free association task to explore how people express the concepts of the world and the self in words. The respondents were asked to recall any five words relating with the word world. Afterward they were asked to recall any five words relating with the word self. The method of free association provided the respondents with absolute freedom to choose any words they wanted. Such free recall task is suggested as being a relatively direct approach to the respondents' self- and world-related conceptual categories, without enormous rational processing. The results provide us, first, with associative ranges for constructs of the world and the self, where some associative dimensions are defined by semantic polarities in the meanings of peripheral categories (e.g., Nature vs. Culture). Second, our analysis showed that some groups of verbal categories that were associated with the words world and self are central, while others are peripheral with respect to the central position. Third, the analysis of category networks revealed that some categories play the role of a transmitter, mediating the pathway between other categories in the network.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Zrcadlová terapie patří v České republice k poměrně novým neurorehabilitačním metodám, sloužícím k reedukaci hybnosti končetin. Této metodě, využívající odrazových vlastností zrcadla, dal v roce 1992 základ neurovědec, profesor Ramachandram. Primárně se jednalo o techniku určenou pro léčbu fantomových bolestí po amputacích končetin. V současnosti je indikační spektrum metody daleko obsáhlejší a její využití se neustále rozšiřuje.

Mirror therapy belongs to relatively new neurorehabilitation methods in the Czech Republic, which is used for limbs movement reeducation. The basis of this rehabilitation method using the reflective properties of a mirror was given by a neuroscientist Professor Ramachandram in 1992. At that time, he introduced a method primarily designed to treat phantom limb pain after amputations. At present, the method is indicated in clinical practice for a wide range of diagnoses.

• Klíčová slova
• zrcadlová terapie,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fraktury humeru rehabilitace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuroplasticita MeSH
• neurorehabilitace * metody   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• zrcadlové neurony MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

Cíl: Jednou z komplikací u pacientů po amputaci končetin/y je fantomová bolest (FB) vnímaná v chybějící končetině. Zrcadlová terapie (ZT) je nefarmakologickým přístupem k FB a cílem studie je popsat a posoudit možnost využívání, efektivity, aplikovatelnosti a zahraniční zkušenosti se ZT u pacientů s FB po amputaci končetin/y. Metodika: Deskriptivní mapping study analyzující, komparující a klastrující obsahy 22 dohledaných relevantních studií. Vyhledávání v rozmezí let 2000–2017 pomocí klíčových slov a jejich kombinací bylo provedeno v databázích EBSCO, PsychINFO, PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, včetně využití metavyhledávačů. Výsledky: Specifika FB po aplikaci ZT u pacientů po amputacích se liší podle lokace amputované končetiny. ZT přináší (z)mírnění FB u pacientů po amputaci horní končetiny, dolní končetiny, stejně jako u smíšených skupin (po amputaci horní anebo dolní končetiny), a za alternativní přístup je považována ZT virtuální. ZT zůstává spíše experimentální modalitou terapie u pacientů, u kterých byly jiné postupy mírnící FB neúspěšné. Vzhledem k tomu, že dochází k modifikacím ZT a častým kombinacím s dalšími terapiemi (a u různých indikací), nelze dosud efektivitu ZT plně generalizovat. Dominantním zjištěním je doložení krátkodobého efektu ZT na snížení intenzity FB. Závěr: Přestože je oproti dalším terapiím, přístupům a intervencím ZT poměrně novým fenoménem, v zahraničí je známá a stále se rozšiřuje okruh situací pro její indikování. K jejímu obecnému rozšíření a uznání je zapotřebí dalších výzkumů a transferu poznatků do týmů poskytujících komplexní péči těmto pacientům. Výstupy mapping study mohou být využity pro rozpracování tématu v podmínkách České republiky, kde se ZT využívá ojediněle a jako experimentálně doplňková terapie (zejména v ergoterapii).

Objective: One of the complications in patients after limb amputation is phantom pain (PP) in the missing limb. Mirror therapy (MT) is a non-pharmacological approach to PP. The objective of the study is to describe and assess possible applications, effectiveness, practicability, and international experience with MT in patients with PP after limb amputation. Methods: A descriptive mapping study that analyses, compares, and clusters the content of 22 relevant studies. The search was performed between 2000 and 2017 using the keywords and their combinations in the following databases: EBSCO, PsychINFO, PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, including metasearch engines. Results: The specificities of PP after the application of MT in post amputation patients vary by the location of the amputated limb. MT alleviates PP in patients after amputation of the upper limb, lower limb, as well as in mixed groups (after amputation of the upper limb or lower limb); virtual MT is considered an alternative approach. MT remains a rather experimental therapeutic modality aimed at patients, where other attempts to alleviate PP have failed. Regarding the fact that MT is frequently modified and combined with other approaches (including various indications), the effectiveness of MT cannot be fully generalized. The main finding is the evidence of a short-term effect of MT on decreasing the intensity of PP. Conclusions: Although MT is a relatively new phenomenon compared with other therapies, approaches and interventions, it is well known in foreign countries, and the range of indication is increasing. For MT to be generally spread and acknowledged, further research is needed together with a transfer of knowledge to teams providing comprehensive care to these patients. The outcomes of the mapping study will be used for a detailed analysis of the issue in the Czech Republic, where MT is used rarely and as an experimental additional therapy (particularly in occupational therapy).

• Klíčová slova
• mapping study,
• MeSH
• amputace rehabilitace   MeSH
• fantomová končetina * rehabilitace   MeSH
• klinická studie jako téma MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• management bolesti metody   MeSH
• ukládání a vyhledávání informací metody   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• zrcadlová terapie v rehabilitaci * metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Due to its ability to map an observed action onto the observer's own cortical motor circuits, the mirror neuron system (MNS) has been implicated in many facets of social cognition. As such, achieving an understanding of the typical development of this intriguing brain system seems obvious. Only now, however, are studies attempting to explore the processes and principles behind the emergence of the MNS. This article critically reviews a number of experimental paradigms employed in this endeavor. We conclude by suggesting that future neuroscientific investigations should incorporate a response-stimulus procedure, whereby action execution results in, not from, novel sensory stimuli.

• MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• psychomotorický výkon fyziologie   MeSH
• zrcadlové neurony fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Aim: To present the current knowledge about possible applications, effectiveness, and other aspects of mirror therapy in adult stroke clients, with an emphasis on the performance of Activities of Daily Living (ADL), or on supporting independence and self-care, including limitations. Design: A descriptive mapping study. Methods: A systematic literature search and an interpretative content analysis (according to predetermined criteria) of 34 identified relevant studies (2000-2017) and conceptualization of findings in relation to ADL performance / limitation among adult stroke clients. Results: Mirror Therapy (MT) is a simple and undemanding approach which improves the function of extremities with respect to performance of ADL. However, due to smaller research samples, it is impossible to clearly confirm its effectiveness and extrapolate the conclusions. MT is also used to complement other therapeutic approaches, or various approaches can be combined with it (e.g., micro-sensory electrical stimulation or observation imitation). Assessment of ADL was primarily performed with the Barthel Index, Modified Barthel Index, and Functional Independence Measures, Functional Ambulation Categories, and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure tests. Conclusion: It seems desirable to apply task-oriented MT - an approach that includes functional tasks to prevent clients from becoming bored during therapy. The performance of MT tasks need not always be supervised by a physiotherapist. Good cooperation between nurses from clinical practice and physiotherapy is desirable. In order to be able to widen the conclusions and clearly confirm the effectiveness of MT in the context of ADL, other randomized controlled (pilot) studies are desirable.

• Klíčová slova
• activities of daily living, adult stroke patients, mirror therapy, stroke, task-oriented mirror therapy,
• MeSH
• cévní mozková příhoda * terapie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurorehabilitace MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• zrcadlové neurony MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

It has been repeatedly shown that schizophrenia patients have immense alterations in goal-directed behaviour, social cognition, and social interactions, cognitive abilities that are presumably driven by the mirror neurons system (MNS). However, the neural bases of these deficits still remain unclear. Along with the task-related fMRI and EEG research tapping into the mirror neuron system, the characteristics of the resting state activity in the particular areas that encompass mirror neurons might be of interest as they obviously determine the baseline of the neuronal activity. Using resting state fMRI, we investigated resting state functional connectivity (FC) in four predefined brain structures, ROIs (inferior frontal gyrus, superior parietal lobule, premotor cortex and superior temporal gyrus), known for their mirror neurons activity, in 12 patients with first psychotic episode and 12 matched healthy individuals. As a specific hypothesis, based on the knowledge of the anatomical inputs of thalamus to all preselected ROIs, we have investigated the FC between thalamus and the ROIs. Of all ROIs included, seed-to-voxel connectivity analysis revealed significantly decreased FC only in left posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG) and the areas in visual cortex and cerebellum in patients as compared to controls. Using ROI-to-ROI analysis (thalamus and selected ROIs), we have found an increased FC of STG and bilateral thalamus whereas the FC of these areas was decreased in controls. Our results suggest that: (1) schizophrenia patients exhibit FC of STG which corresponds to the previously reported changes of superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenia and might contribute to the disturbances of specific functions, such as emotional processing or spatial awareness; (2) as the thalamus plays a pivotal role in the sensory gating, providing the filtering of the redundant stimulation, the observed hyperconnectivity between the thalami and the STGs in patients with schizophrenia might explain the sequential overload with sensory inputs that leads to the abnormal cognitive processing.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• mapování mozku * MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozek patofyziologie   MeSH
• nervové dráhy patofyziologie   MeSH
• schizofrenie patofyziologie   MeSH
• spánkový lalok patofyziologie   MeSH
• zrcadlové neurony fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• funkční lateralita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurotoxiny škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• znečištění životního prostředí škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kresby MeSH

Touch is one of the primary communication tools. Interestingly, the sensation of touch can also be experienced when observed in another person. Due to the system of mirror neurons, it is, in fact, being mapped on the somatosensory cortex of the observer. This phenomenon can be triggered not only by observing touch in another individual, but also by a mirror reflection of the contralateral limb. Our study aims to evaluate and localize changes in the intracerebral source activity via sLORETA imaging during the haptic stimulation of hands, while modifying this contact by a mirror illusion. A total of 10 healthy volunteers aged 23-42 years attended the experiment. The electrical brain activity was detected via scalp EEG. First, we registered the brain activity during resting state with open and with closed eyes, each for 5 min. Afterwards, the subjects were seated at a table with a mirror reflecting their left hand and occluding their right hand. The EEG was then recorded in 2 min sequencies during four modifications of the experiment (haptic contact on both hands, stimulation of the left hand only, right hand only and without any tactile stimuli). We randomized the order of the modifications for each participant. The obtained EEG data were converted into the sLORETA program and evaluated statistically at the significance level of p ≤ 0.05. The subjective experience of all the participants was registered using a survey. A statistically significant difference in source brain activity occurred during all four modifications of our experiment in the beta-2, beta-3 and delta frequency bands, resulting in the activation of 10 different Brodmann areas varying by modification. The results suggest that the summation of stimuli secured by interpersonal haptic contact modified by mirror illusion can activate the brain areas integrating motor, sensory and cognitive functions and further areas related to communication and understanding processes, including the mirror neuron system. We believe these findings may have potential for therapy.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH