Nukleárně medicínská vyšetření jsou na rozdíl od ostatních zobrazovacích metod zaměřena především funkčně. Důležitým předpokladem úspěšného průběhu vyšetření dítěte je jeho přiměřená spolupráce, v některých situacích je však potřebné použít i medikamentózního zklidnění. Spektrum radionuklidových metod používaných v pediatrii odpovídá výskytu nemocí v dětském věku, nejčastěji se provádějí vyšetření nefrourologická, gastrointestinální a scintigrafie kostí, zánětů a tumorů. V posledních letech se i v České republice začala pravidelně používat u dětí s onkologickými onemocněními (především s lymfomy) vyšetření pozitronovou emisní tomografií. Radiační zátěž dětí při scintigrafiích (s výjimkou PET) je obdobná jako při analogických rentgenových vyšetřeních, přitom je však významně nižší než při CT.
The nuclear medicine methods are more functionally oriented than other imaging procedures. An adequate co-operation of the child is an important prerequisite for a successful radionuclide examination. Nevertheless, sometimes the administration of sedatives is inevitable. The spectrum of nuclear medicine methods used in paediatrics reflects the incidence of diseases during childhood. Bone scintigraphy, scintigraphy of inflammations and tumours, as well as examinations of the uropoetic and gastrointestinal tracts are the most frequently practised radionuclide procedures in young patients. Positron emission tomography is regularly performed in children with oncologic diseases (mainly with lymphomas) in the Czech Republic during last years. Radiation burden due to nuclear medicine methods used in young patients (with the expection of PET) is similar to the one by X-ray examinations with the exception of CT, which induces higher effective dose.
- MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Research Support as Topic MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Nuclear Medicine methods instrumentation MeSH
- Body Burden MeSH
- Review Literature as Topic MeSH
- Radionuclide Angiography methods utilization MeSH
- Radioisotope Renography methods utilization MeSH
- Radionuclide Imaging methods utilization MeSH
- Tomography, Emission-Computed methods utilization MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
Fúze obrazu představuje perspektivní cestu při porovnávání více vyšetření pacienta, a to i různých modalit. V článku je nastíněno teoretické pozadí a využití fúze obrazu je ukázáno na čtyřech příkladech: fúze PET/MR pro nejvhodnější cílení biopsie, PET/PET pro odlišení pooperačních reaktivních změn od perzistence tumoru, SPECT/SPECT pro zobrazení změn perfuze mozku po vazodilatačním podnětu a PET/PET/MR pro lokalizaci epileptogenni zóny.
Image co-registration is a perspective way which enables the comparison of several patient studies, even of different modalities. This article shows the theoretical background and shows four examples of image fusion use: PET/MRI fusion for the localization of the biopsy, PET/PET fiision used for differentiating reactive surgery changes from tumour persistence, SPECT/SPECT co-registration to display the changes of brain perfusion after vasodilatation challenge and PET/PET/MRI fusion to localize the seizure focus.
- MeSH
- Research Support as Topic MeSH
- Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted MeSH
- Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
- Brain pathology MeSH
- Nuclear Medicine MeSH
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed MeSH
- Tomography, Emission-Computed MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
NCoR and SMRT are two paralogous vertebrate proteins that function as corepressors with unliganded nuclear receptors. Although C. elegans has a large number of nuclear receptors, orthologues of the corepressors NCoR and SMRT have not unambiguously been identified in Drosophila or C. elegans. Here, we identify GEI-8 as the closest homologue of NCoR and SMRT in C. elegans and demonstrate that GEI-8 is expressed as at least two isoforms throughout development in multiple tissues, including neurons, muscle and intestinal cells. We demonstrate that a homozygous deletion within the gei-8 coding region, which is predicted to encode a truncated protein lacking the predicted NR domain, results in severe mutant phenotypes with developmental defects, slow movement and growth, arrested gonadogenesis and defects in cholinergic neurotransmission. Whole genome expression analysis by microarrays identified sets of de-regulated genes consistent with both the observed mutant phenotypes and a role of GEI-8 in regulating transcription. Interestingly, the upregulated transcripts included a predicted mitochondrial sulfide:quinine reductase encoded by Y9C9A.16. This locus also contains non-coding, 21-U RNAs of the piRNA class. Inhibition of the expression of the region coding for 21-U RNAs leads to irregular gonadogenesis in the homozygous gei-8 mutants, but not in an otherwise wild-type background, suggesting that GEI-8 may function in concert with the 21-U RNAs to regulate gonadogenesis. Our results confirm that GEI-8 is the orthologue of the vertebrate NCoR/SMRT corepressors and demonstrate important roles for this putative transcriptional corepressor in development and neuronal function.
- MeSH
- Caenorhabditis elegans genetics physiology MeSH
- Gene Deletion MeSH
- Gonads growth & development MeSH
- Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 1 genetics MeSH
- Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 2 genetics MeSH
- Co-Repressor Proteins genetics metabolism MeSH
- Microarray Analysis MeSH
- Molecular Sequence Data MeSH
- Neurons physiology MeSH
- Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins genetics metabolism MeSH
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear metabolism MeSH
- Gene Expression Regulation genetics MeSH
- Amino Acid Sequence MeSH
- Base Sequence MeSH
- Sequence Analysis, DNA MeSH
- Sequence Alignment MeSH
- Gene Expression Profiling MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Ovlivnění rodiny jaderných receptorů označovaná jako PPAR (receptory aktivované proliferátory peroxisomů) je jednou z nejperspektivnějších oblastí farmakoterapie. Běžně se dnes týká problematiky antidiabetik a hypolipidemik (PPAR gama a alfa receptorů). Velký rozvoj lze očekávat v oblasti ovlivnění tzv. PPAR beta receptorů a v oblasti léků ovlivňujících více receptorů najednou (double a triple senzitizéry). Farmaka působící na PPAR budou v budoucnosti využívána také v oblasti dermatologie, obezitologie, onkologie, chirurgie, gastroenterologie a také neurologie a psychiatrie.
Modulation of the function of nuclear receptors PPAR (peroxisome proliferators activated receptors) is one of most attractive fields in pharmacological research. Today it represents an important part of the clinical use of antidiabetic and hypolipidemic drugs (PPAR alpha and gamma). Significant development is expected in PPAR beta modulation and in the complex intervention of several receptor families (double and triple sensitisers) Drugs influencing PPAR will be used in future in dermatology, surgery, obesitology, oncology, gastroenterology and also in neurology and psychiatry.
Right-ventricular (RV) function has both diagnostic and prognostic relevance; thus the ability to accurately evaluate and quantify the RV is critical. Nuclear techniques provide an accurate and reproducible assessment of RV systolic function. Additionally, nuclear techniques can assess RV physiology, thus providing insight into the pathogenesis of common conditions affecting the RV. In this review, we describe the role of nuclear imaging in assessing RV systolic function, perfusion, and metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS: Nuclear techniques to quantify RV function have been available for many years, but newer methods to evaluate RV function are emerging. Recent investigations into the pathophysiology of RV failure from a variety of causes have identified RV ischemia and alterations in RV metabolism as major contributors. Because nuclear-imaging techniques also allow evaluation of RV ischemia and metabolism, nuclear imaging may allow a comprehensive assessment of RV function and physiology. SUMMARY: In addition to providing a reliable determination of RV systolic function, nuclear-imaging techniques are emerging as clinically useful tools to assess RV perfusion and metabolism. As these novel uses of nuclear imaging for RV assessment continue to be studied and validated across a variety of clinical settings, an expanded role of nuclear imaging of the RV is anticipated.
- MeSH
- Ventricular Function, Right physiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Heart Ventricles metabolism MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
xv, 381 s. : il.
- MeSH
- Nuclear Medicine MeSH
- Conspectus
- Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
- NML Fields
- radiologie, nukleární medicína a zobrazovací metody
The nuclear lamina supports many functions, including maintaining nuclear structure and gene expression control, and correct spatio-temporal assembly is vital to meet these activities. Recently, multiple lamina systems have been described that, despite independent evolutionary origins, share analogous functions. In trypanosomatids the two known lamina proteins, NUP-1 and NUP-2, have molecular masses of 450 and 170 kDa, respectively, which demands a distinct architecture from the ∼60 kDa lamin-based system of metazoa and other lineages. To uncover organizational principles for the trypanosome lamina we generated NUP-1 deletion mutants to identify domains and their arrangements responsible for oligomerization. We found that both the N- and C-termini act as interaction hubs, and that perturbation of these interactions impacts additional components of the lamina and nuclear envelope. Furthermore, the assembly of NUP-1 terminal domains suggests intrinsic organizational capacity. Remarkably, there is little impact on silencing of telomeric variant surface glycoprotein genes. We suggest that both terminal domains of NUP-1 have roles in assembling the trypanosome lamina and propose a novel architecture based on a hub-and-spoke configuration.
The organization of the nuclear periphery is crucial for many nuclear functions. Nuclear lamins form dense network at the nuclear periphery and play a substantial role in chromatin organization, transcription regulation and in organization of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). Here, we show that TPR, the protein located preferentially within the nuclear baskets of NPCs, associates with lamin B1. The depletion of TPR affects the organization of lamin B1 but not lamin A/C within the nuclear lamina as shown by stimulated emission depletion microscopy. Finally, reduction of TPR affects the distribution of NPCs within the nuclear envelope and the effect can be reversed by simultaneous knock-down of lamin A/C or the overexpression of lamin B1. Our work suggests a novel role for the TPR at the nuclear periphery: the TPR contributes to the organization of the nuclear lamina and in cooperation with lamins guards the interphase assembly of nuclear pore complexes.
- MeSH
- HeLa Cells MeSH
- Nuclear Lamina metabolism ultrastructure MeSH
- Nuclear Envelope metabolism ultrastructure MeSH
- Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins antagonists & inhibitors genetics metabolism MeSH
- Lamin Type A antagonists & inhibitors genetics metabolism MeSH
- Lamin Type B genetics metabolism MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- RNA, Small Interfering genetics metabolism MeSH
- Molecular Imaging MeSH
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins antagonists & inhibitors genetics metabolism MeSH
- Gene Expression Regulation MeSH
- Signal Transduction MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
